• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-56
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• 2008

It is a remarkable phenomenon that tattoos has been rapidly spreading among women of modern years. The extremism of feminine ornaments, and pricking and piercing of the skin seem to have deep connection with women's consciousness changing to being independent, active and aggressive. The objective of this study is to analyze the potential quality of today's women, who appears emblematically through tattoo, and to search out the whole aspect and keynote of female tattoos. The methods of research are by examining the general characteristics including concept and history, considering the type and significance of ethnic female tattoos, and then comparing with the symbolism of today's female tattoos. The sphere is limited to women's tattoos from ancient times to today's modern lift, examined from large portions of Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas, and Arctic regions. As a result, the following had been reflected in female tattoos in the past. First, incantation, tribe, adult age, adornment, marital status, domestic ability and sex distinction, where among others, the incantatory, ornamental symbol, and domestic sign were representatives. Second, the most popular body parts for having a tattoo were around the lips, hands and abdominal region. Third, the more harsh the environment becomes such as tropical forests, isolated islands, and polar regions, the more number of females have tatoos. Fourth, women's tattoos were much less glamorous and smaller compared to those of men, distinguishing one's sex. On the other hand, today's female tattoos can be classified as five symbols: masculinity, independence, voluptuousness, affection, and purity. These symbols contain women's mentality to pass the limit, and to overcome social inferiority. In modern society, where women must compete with met it has become necessary for women to educe their potential masculine qualities. Being violent accessories for them, tattoos became a mark of such potential. Therefore, in the future, women's interest and demand for tattoos are expected to rise in proportion to the social demand of women's force.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2014

Objective : This study was aimed to discover the correlation between those getting tattoos and their psychopathology relating to their delinquent behavior and emotional problems. Methods : Data for this study was collected from 19-year-old men who were receiving a physical examination for conscription at the Military Manpower Administration. 400 data sheets were collected among them. All of the subjects were evaluated on the following measures : sociodemographic variants, Juvenile delinquency scale, State-trait anger expression inventory, Beck depression inventory, State-trait anxiety inventory, and Positive affect and negative affect schedule. Results : In comparison with those without tattoos, those with a tattoo scored higher in the scales that were related to delinquency, anger, depression, and negative emotion. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between the number of tattoos and the scores for the Juvenile delinquent tendency and behavior scale as well as on the, State-trait anxiety scale. Conclusion : Those with tattoos had experienced anger, anxiety and depression more strongly in comparison with those without tattoos. These results recommend that tattooed males should be evaluated more on their regarding psychopathology compared to those without tattoos.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.485-502
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• 2018

In this research, we conducted an empirical study using the theory of sociologist Jean Baudrillard to examine the phenomenon of contemporary people in Korea acquiring tattoos. The researcher classified the consumption behavior of modern society, as described by Baudrillard in The Consumer Society, into three keyword phrases: consumption by personal taste, coded consumption, and recyclage of consumption. Using this as the premise of the study, 18 men and women in their 20s and 30s completed questionnaires and interviews, and the results supported labeling tattoo consumption as consumption by personal taste, tattoos as coded consumption, and recyclage of tattoo consumption, similar to the consumption pattern that Baudrillard sees. First, the younger generations have consumed tattoos according to their personal preferences. They express themselves by tattooing for self-complacency, self-marking, pursuing individuality, overcoming the appearance complex, and seeking pleasure. Second, they have consumed socially coded tattoos. They say that tattoos domestically act as negative codes and symbolize individuals. Although tattoos are a symbol of artists who are relatively free from social norms, they are still a symbol of social misfits created as such by negative perceptions. Third, the pattern of tattoo consumption is like that of contemporary consumption. Tattoos already have become part of popular culture in Korea, and there has been a changing trend in tattoo culture. This study has significance in that tattoos were regarded as a consumption behavior that deviated, from the perspective of deviance. That phenomenon of today's tattoo culture of today was confirmed through the empirical study.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2022

Objectives : This article examines the validity of the argument by Dorfer et al. that the tattoos of the 5200-year-old mummy, found in Tyrolean Alps in 1991, are the oldest remains of acupoints or meridians. Methods : Firstly, I reviewed the arguments by Dorfer et al. and the rebuttal by Ma et al. Secondly, I investigated whether the tattoo locations were in accordance with the acupoint locations and meridians documented in Chinese medical classics. Finally, I examined the alternative explanations on the reasoning of their locations by Kean et al. Results : Among the 18 groups of tattoos in total, only 3 groups coincided with classical acupoints, which accounts for 16.7% of total groups. Although 4 groups may also have been acupoints locations, this hypothesis could not be confirmed through an accurate standard of measurement. Conclusions : It is highly possible that the tattoos of the Tyrolean mummy do not have any relationship with classical acupoints and meridians. The tattoos are not decorative, but meant for medicinal purposes. They correspond to chronic musculoskeletal trauma and pain sites.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.106-110
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• 2021

Background and Objectives As the popularity of tattooing has increased, the number of people regretting their tattoos, and therefore seeking tattoo removal services has also increased. This study aimed to highlight the reasons for tattoo regrets. We explore herein, the reasons for seeking tattoo removal at a specialized laser center in South America. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study of over 757 surveys, including patients who sought tattoo removal services between August 2017 and February 2020. The surveys were conducted using questionnaires which were sent to the patients through email and WhatsApp messages. Results Sixty percent of the patients seeking tattoo erasing services were women (α=0.001), an average of 30 years, with a high educational level (46.6% of them were university or tertiary). Most of the tattoos (89%) had a professional origin, 60% were done with black color and 65% were in exposed areas. More than half of the patients (51%) gave dissatisfaction as the main reason for erasing their tattoos. More than half of patients (51.2%) regretted their tattoos between the same day of being tattooed and five years later. Conclusion In the present study, in South America, tattoo regrets were mostly common among educated (university or tertiary level) women in their 30s. The most preferred color for a tattoo was black. Exposed areas, especially the arms, were preferred more than the covered areas. Most of the participants regretted their tattoos within five years of being tattooed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.87-98
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine the tattoo look in modern fashion from the aspects of 'expression techniques' and 'aesthetic properties'. Tattoos are one of the body decoration which have been continued for a long time all over the world and have contained various meanings in : invocation. symbolization. solidification, exotic tastes, and body decoration. While tattoos have been progressed for the past time, they have been enlarged into body painting, make-up, and even into body art. Besides, their technical skills and equipments have been also developed. Therefore, tattoos are neither tabooed nor restricted in lower class, such as gangsters, bickers, prostitutes, etc., any longer. They are showed in everywhere of our society, running on the fashion. Specially, in fashion, they are shown through the 'tattoo look' designed by talented fashion designers. Futhermore, tattoos are one of the things which have gotten a new value under the Post-modernism and the turning of the century. The various tattoo looks in modern fashion are classified into four categories, according to the expression techniques, the use of see-through, reappearance of primitive body-decoration, application of tattoo patterns, application of street styles'tattoo patterns, make-up & body painting. And, they are also classified into four categories, according to the aesthetic properties Exoticism, Eroticism, Primitivism, and Grotesque.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.315-318
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• 2020

Side effects of tattoos can occur due to unexpected body responses. Concerns about the side effects of tattoos are growing concomitantly with the increasing number of tattooed individuals. We report a rare case of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on a tattooed eyebrow. A 48-year-old woman with no family history or occupational risk of skin cancer had her eyebrows tattooed 6 years prior, and she noticed a black mass on her right eyebrow 1 year before presentation. Staged excision was planned due to the patient's reluctance regarding the possibility of a wide scar. After the first surgical procedure, a histopathological examination confirmed BCC. Wide excision and primary closure were performed for remnant BCC, and no recurrence was observed. The mechanism of skin neoplasms involving tattoos has not been clearly identified. Unapproved tattoo inks contain carcinogenic substances, and previous case reports indicate that skin neoplasms may differ depending on the tattoo color. Therefore, the carcinogenic effects of these unknown components of tattoo ink might cause skin neoplasms. Accurate component analysis and systematic management of tattoo ink is necessary, and medical practitioners must also pay attention to this possibility because it is easy to overlook tattoos as a causal factor contributing to cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.113-128
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• 2001

The objective of this study is to research the costume of Three Han to be recorded in -$\ulcorner$Samkukgy$\urcorner$ Tongyjeon. They were written tattoos, broad head, physique, hair style, dress. accessories-lnsu, beads, head dress, shoes and cloths in Tongy-jeon. The results of this study are as fellows: Tattoos were common in Three Han. Those may be carved by chinese ink on body except a face. Broad head was Byonhan and Jinhan s customs. The physique of Mahan and Byonhan s men was tall and big. The hair style was just topknot not to put on a hat in Mahan, long hair In Byonhan and short hair for slaves in Jinhan. And then tattoos, flat head and skull, long hair style were the southern style. The dresses were two piece style-po and trousers. The shoes were made of leather. Those were the northern style. Eui-Chek, In-Su were royal gift of china. And they put valuable on beads, not gold, silver and golden embroidery cloths. This was different from other countries, And so we can find the variety of cultures at that time. The varieties came from the southern, northern, china and unique style.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.348-354
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• 2023

A tattoo is a cultural form that has been handed down to mankind for a long time. Traditional tattoo customs that have been handed down and developed in the various cultures of mankind have the important value of academic research in various fields such as history, art, society, etc. The Derung people, one of the minorities living in Yunnan Province and nearby areas in the southwest of China, have 'facial tattoo' customs. The traditional culture of the Derung people, which had maintained the form of primitive society until 1949 when the People's Republic of China was established, was passed down through oral tradition, so there are no preserved materials about their tattoo culture, showing the need for research on the culture. Therefore, it was conducted in two ways: a research on modern and contemporary literature and a field trip to Yunnan Province. The exact reason and time of facial tattoo customs are unknown, but the customs disappeared after being banned in 1966 due to the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The symbols and functions of facial tattoos can be largely divided into four categories, including religious worship, coming-of-age ceremonies, aesthetic decorations, and ethnic and social history, through an on-site survey and research by modern and contemporary scholars. And, it is known that women of the Derung People get tattoos from the age of 7 to 8. The design of facial tattoos became more complicated for upper-class women and simpler for lower-class women depending on the area they live. Tattoos are mainly performed by relatives, and mainly bamboo skewers and lixivium extracted from the bottom of the pot are used as the materials. Currently, there are fewer than 25 women of the Derung people with facial tattoos, and most of them are elderly. Therefore, they seem to disappear altogether within a few decades. Therefore, it is urgent to have documentation on the unique facial tattoo culture of the Derung people.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.298-299
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• 2004