• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.10
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• pp.1278-1285
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• 2018

For saving electricity bill, energy storage system(ESS) is being installed in factories, public building and commercial building with a Time-of-Use(TOU) tariff which consists of demand charge(KRW/kW) and energy charge(KRW/kWh). However, both of peak reduction and ESS special tariff are not considered in an analysis of initial cost payback period(ICPP) on ESS. Since it is difficult to reflect base rate by an amount of uncertain peak demand reduction during mid-peak and on-peak periods in the future days. Therefore, the ICPP on ESS can be increased. Based on this background, this paper presents the advanced analysis method for the ICPP on ESS. In the proposed algorithm, the representative days of monthly electricity consumption pattern for the amount of peak reduction can be found by the k­means clustering algorithm. Moreover, the total expected energy costs of representative days are minimized by optimal daily ESS operation considering both peak reduction and the special tariff through a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP). And then, the amount of peak reduction becomes a value that the sum of the expected energy costs for 12 months is maximum. The annual benefit cost is decided by the amount of annual peak reduction. Two simulation cases are considered in this study, which one only considers the special tariff and another considers both of the special tariff and amount of peak reduction. The ICPP in the proposed method is shortened by 18 months compared to the conventional method.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.221-235
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• 2005

In this paper, we analyzed the dynamic structure of optimal tariff levied on importing non-renewable resources such as petroleum, iron, coal, etc. According to the previous literature that have studied this objective, the time inconsistent open loop tariff has been suggested to be imposed in order to improve the welfare level of importing country. We set up the efficient model to identify how to impose the optimal tariff over time. Based on this model, we have found that the previous literature ignored that the costate variable for the stock for non-renewable resource decomposed between the scarcity effect and the cost effect. On the basis of the role of costate variable, we, however, have found that the proposition of the previous literature has led into errors. Hence, we suggest that the dynamically consistent open loop tariff for non-renewable resources would improve the welfare level of importing country.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.381-398
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• 2011

Recently, electricity peaks have frequently occurred in winter, and the concerns about failure in power supply are soaring. One of reasons is due to the increase in industrial demand with economic recovery, and the increases in household and commercial demand with unusual cold waves are spotted as a primary cause. Especially, the diffusion of electricity heat pumps (EHP) has led to the rapid increase in commercial electricity demand. The EHP diffusion is mainly associated with low electricity tariff and cheaper heating and cooling costs compared to those of gas-engine heat pumps (GHP). The problem is that distorted electricity tariff and herd behaviour toward heating and cooling devices could bring about nation-wide inefficiencies in resource allocation. The key countermeasures are as follows. The electricity tariff should be readjusted to a realistic level. The tariff scheme should be so modified that consumers rationally respond to the tariff. In addition, one should find ways to effectively manage electricity demand.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.19-26
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• 2021

A purpose of this study is to suggest distribution tariff regulation that encourages private investment on the energy efficiency industry of Ukraine. As the electricity market reform and the regulation introduction to encourage energy efficiency are ongoing in Ukraine, it is best time for Korean companies to enter to the market. Therefore, studies on the regulation and the market of Ukraine are required in advance. A simulation of private investment feasibility on AMI business is conducted on one of 32 DSOs in Ukraine. Through the simulation, the directions of RAB tariff regulation, which is the core of the distribution service tariff regulation, were derived. It is essential for DSOs to permit AMI lease assets, introduced by private investors, as regulated assets while other regulations are maintained as it is for investment. This study provides a practical basis by presenting objective data through simulation. It is expected to be helpful for overseas expansion of companies if the study is expanded to the various energy efficiency industries.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.25-45
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• 2018

This paper estimates the export losses of the Korean domestic automobile industry due to US trade pressure and its economic ripple effects. Using the HS 6 digit tariff and export data from 2010 to 2017, this paper estimates the tariff elasticity of Korea's US automobile exports against a US tariff increase by applying the Poisson Pseudo maximum likelihood estimation method. After estimating Korea's export losses to the US in three trade pressure scenarios, we estimate its impact on Korean domestic production, value-added and job creation by applying the tariff impact accumulation model based on the industry input-output analysis. Empirical results show that the impact of 25% global tariff by the US on the Korean domestic economy is estimated to result in $30.8 billion in export losses for the five years from 2019 to 2023, about 300 thousand job losses, 88.0 trillion in production inducement losses, and 24.0 trillion in value-added inducement losses. The impacts of withdrawal of the automobile tariff concession are estimated at $4.27 billion export losses and 41.7 thousand job losses. A 15% tariff rate on automobile parts for 3 years is estimated to result in $1.93 billion export losses and 18.7 thousand job losses.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.191-225
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• 2014

Most of all, this paper analyzes the current situation of EU(European Union) and ascertain EU's economic condition in terms of tariff lines and non-tariff barriers. and the purpose of this article is to find out the problems of EU's tariff lines and non-tariff barriers. Next, We suggest some future direction of export promotion from Korea to EU more largely for our companies. First, this paper describes the characteristics and outline of EU. The EU is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are primarily located in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) and the European Economic Community(EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. After that, The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. There are a combined population of over 500 million inhabitants and generated a nominal gross domestic product(GDP) of 16.692 trillion US dollars in EU. The results are as follows ; First of all, In terms of tariff lines and customs duties, Our companies have to know precisely EU's real tariff lines and other customs duties, and such as value added tax and exercise tax, corporate tax regulated by EU commission and EU's 28 members. second, our companies have to confirm EU's non-tariff barriers. such as RoHS, WEEE, REACH. These non-tariff barriers could be hindrances or obstacles to trade with foreign companies in other countries. We perceive all companies exporting to EU are related with these Technical Barriers to Trade irrespective of their nationality. So, Our companies fulfill the requirements of EU Commission concerning safety, health, environment etc. Also, Our companies choose market-driven strategy to export more largely than before in the field of marketing and logistics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.102-112
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• 2008

The main purpose of this study is to provide informations by comparing and analyzing tariff structures for the upcoming FTA negotiation between Korea and China. China is the biggest trade partner of Korea, sharing 33% of total trade value of forest products. However, import takes majority of trade value and it grows constantly. The results of FTA negotiation may have large impacts on Korean forest industry. The conclusions indicate that China subdivides items more complicatedly, and impose lower tariffs on forest products except stone than Korea. Besides, China has tariff escalation system that imposes lower duties on raw material than the manufactured, and also charges different rates of tariff on items of the same heading number according to the degrees of manufacturing. Furthermore, Korea imposes adjustment duties and didn't grant concessions on plywood and board items for protection of domestic industries, however, China already made concessions on all items. As a result of this, it will be unavoidable for Korea to increase import value from China, and tariff removal will have more negative impacts on Korea than China.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.545-566
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• 2011

This paper study on the effect of the removal or reduction of the tariff on Korea-India trade by CEPA between Korea & India and then examines the effects of increased exports & imports to Korea on India. Despite the analysis is based on data over a short period of time, this paper shows that CEPA between Korea & India has substantially increased Korean exports(42.7%) and imports(37%) to India in 2010. It is also shown that CEPA between Korea & India has had a considerable impact on market. As a result can be summarized as follows. The potential fields of expanding the trade between the two countries due to the tariff concessions of the removal or reduction. Consequently the effect of the removal or reduction of tariff will be low our expectation but CEPA between Korea & India would have a positive effect on Korea's exports to India in the long term. This paper has examined the impact of CEPA between Korea & India on general economy. It needs a further study to estimate trade diversion effect of CEPA and to find out the impacts on specific industry.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.35-56
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• 2006

Korea is implementing strong regulatory derives such as Feed in Tariff to provide incentives for renewable energy developers. But if the government is planning to increase the renewable capacity with only "Price policy" not considering the investors behavior in the competitive electricity market, the policy would be failed. It is necessary system thinking and simulation model analysis to decide government's incentive goal. This study is focusing on the assesment of the competitiveness of renewable energy with the current Feed in Tariff incentives compared to the traditional energy source, specially coal and gas. The simulation results show that the market penetration of renewable energy with the current Feed-in-Tariff level is about 60-70% of the government goal under condition that the solar energy and fuel cell are assumed to provide the whole capacity set in the governmental goal. If the contribution from solar and fuel cell is lower than planned, the total penetration of renewable energy will be dropped more. Notably, Wind power turned out to be proved only 10% of government goal because of its low availability.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.912-918
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• 2008

In this study, the exergy which could be reflected on energetic and economic value was used to assess on heat tariff of district heating system instead of enthalpy. Exergy is difficult to apply directly to present heat charge system because of complex calculation. Therefore, the difference between supply and return temperature was converted to the exergy temperature difference for easily calculating the amount of heat. As a result of exergy analysis for a DH substation, the exergy temperature difference were not affected on surrounding temperature and pressure loss. Supply temperature, maximum difference between supply temperature and return temperature had a main effect on the exergy temperature difference. The new heat charge of a DH user was slightly reduced in winter compared with previous heat charge. Heat charges in other seasons were almost same. It is thought that heat tariff using exergy will be appropriate in terms of both DH supplier and consumer.