• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.61-72
• /
• 2014

This paper analyzed transition pathways toward a low carbon society in Korea to meet global $2^{\circ}C$ climate target. Lower economic growth, industrial structure change, enhance of energy demand management, decarbonization of power sector, and replacement of low carbon fuel could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from fuel combustion in 2050 by 67% against in 2011, or by 74% against in BAU (Business-As-Usual). Lower economic growth contributes to 13% of cumulative emission reduction relative to BAU, industrial structure change 9%, enhance of energy demand management 72%, decarbonization of power sector 5% and replacement of low carbon fuel 1% respectively. Final energy consumption in 2050 needs to be reduced to 50% relative to 2011, or to 41% relative to BAU. Nuclear, coal and renewable energy represent 31%, 40%, 2% respectively among electricity generation in 2011, but 38%, 2%, 32% in 2050. CCS represents 23% of total generation in 2050. Emission intensity of electricity in 2050 was decreased to 19% relative to 2011, or to 24% relative to BAU. Primary energy in 2050 was decreased to 64% compared to 2011, or to 44% compared to BAU. Final energy consumption, primary energy supply and GHG emission from fuel combustion from 1990 to 2011 increased by 176%, 197%, 146%. Radical change from historical trend is required to transit toward a low carbon society by 2050. Appropriate economic growth, structural change to non-energy intensive industries, energy technology research, development and deployment (RD&D) in terms of enhancement of energy efficiency and low carbon energy supply technologies, and fuel change to electricity and renewable energy are key instruments.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.208-217
• /
• 2020

A biopolymer based on microorganism-derived β-glucan and xanthan gum is being studied as a new eco-friendly material that stabilizes the riverbank slope, and also promotes vegetation growth. However, it is still inconclusive whether biopolymers have a positive effect on plant performance in the riverbanks which are subjected to various climatic factors and plant competitions. For a practical ecological evaluation of the biopolymers, their effect on plant growth promotion was studied in a natural environment. Considering the relationship between competition and plant community formation, the effects of biopolymers on competition were also investigated. For four plant species (Echinochloa crus-galli, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Leonurus japonicus, and Coreopsis lanceolata), the biopolymer effects under intra/interspecific competition were tested at the riverbank (20 m × 10 m) near Samjigyo Bridge in Damyang-gun, Jeollanam-do. A biopolymer powder was mixed with water and commercial soil following the manufacturer's recommendations. The soil mixed with the biopolymer was filled in a pot or applied to the surface of the commercial soil with a thickness of 3 cm. Across the competition treatments, the biopolymer treatment promoted root growth of the target plant species and decreased the specific leaf area. The total biomass and shoot dry weight of P. alopecuroides increased in response to the biopolymer treatment. The competition treatment decreased the total biomass and shoot dry weight compared to the case without competition. Notably, such a competitive effect was similar in all the biopolymer treatments. Thus, biopolymers, when mixed with soil, promote the growth of some plant species, but do not appear to affect the competitive ability of plants.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.279-286
• /
• 2019

Currently, feather-sexing, which is based on differences in feather development at hatching, is a widely used chick sexing method in the poultry industry. For effective chicken feather-sexing, paternal early-feathering (EF) chickens and maternal late-feathering (LF) chickens must be bred. Therefore, it is critical to identify the effect of EF and LF patterns on production traits in chickens. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the production performances between 522 EF and 232 LF chickens in order to establish the Korean native chicken feather-sexing lines. The results showed that the survival rate of the LF group was significantly higher than that of the EF group from hatching to 52 weeks of age (P<0.05). Body weight, however, was not significantly different between the two groups at all ages. LF and EF groups did not significantly differ in age at first egg laying. However, the hen-day and hen-housed egg production of the LF group were significantly higher than those of EF group (P<0.01). No significant differences were found between the EF and LF groups in all egg quality indicators such as egg weight, eggshell color, albumin height and Haugh unit. Because the breeding target of Korean native commercial chicken is meat-type chicken, feather-sexing strains of Korean native chicken should be established using weighing-based paternal EF lines and laying-based maternal LF lines. Therefore, these results are critical for establishing desirable and effective feather-sexing strains.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.111-114
• /
• 2010

Purpose: There has been recent interest in the radioactivity uptake and image acquisition of radioactivity concentration. The degree of uptake is strongly affected by many factors containing $^{18}F$-FDG injection volume, tumor size and the density of blood glucose. Therefore, we investigated how radioactivity uptake in target influences 2D or 3D image analysis and elucidate radioactivity concentration that mediate this effect. This study will show the relationship between the radioactivity uptake and 2D,3D image acquisition on radioactivity concentration. Materials and Methods: We got image with 2D and 3D using 1994 NEMA PET phantom and GE Discovery(GE, U.S.A) STe 16 PET/CT setting the ratio of background and hot sphere's radioactivity concentration as being a standard of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 respectively. And we set 10 minutes for CT attenuation correction and acquisition time. For the reconstruction method, we applied iteration method with twice of the iterative and twenty times subset to both 2D and 3D respectively. For analyzing the images, We set the same ROI at the center of hot sphere and the background radioactivity. We measured the radioactivity count of each part of hot sphere and background, and it was comparative analyzed. Results: The ratio of hot sphere's radioactivity density and the background radioactivity with setting ROI was 1:1.93, 1:3.86, 1:7.79, 1:8.04, 1:18.72, and 1:26.90 in 2D, and 1:1.95, 1:3.71, 1:7.10, 1:7.49, 1:15.10, and 1:23.24 in 3D. The differences of percentage were 3.50%, 3.47%, 8.12%, 8.02%, 10.58%, and 11.06% in 2D, the minimum differentiation was 3.47%, and the maximum one was 11.06%. In 3D, the difference of percentage was 3.66%, 4.80%, 8.38%, 23.92%, 23.86%, and 22.69%. Conclusion: The difference of accumulated concentrations is significantly increased following enhancement of radioactivity concentration. The change of radioactivity density in 2D image is affected by less than 3D. For those reasons, when patient is examined as follow up scan with changing the acquisition mode, scan should be conducted considering those things may affect to the quantitative analysis result and take into account these differences at reading.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.9 no.7
• /
• pp.529-533
• /
• 2015

VCUG(Voiding Cystourethrography) study is being performed to check urinary reflex symptom from bladder to ureter or kidney in the method of filling the bladder with radiation opaque contrast agent. However, VCUG study have been performed impersonally, patients have to be naked and open their legs and then void. This method is so impersonal that it is immediately needed to improve the way of testing and crete new aid. Therefore, this study through producing underwear for VCUG, analysis and compares the test time of VCUG, patient radiation dose and patient satisfaction. The target of this study was 79 Male and Female patients who visited genitourinary clinic of PNUYH for their VCUG tests AXIUM Iconos R200(Siemens Medical System : Germany) and self-produced plastic underwears made by vinyl and plasic molding machine were used. The 79 patient were divided into two groups : experiment of patient and comparison group of we patient (using aid) in order to compare, testing time, DAP (dose area product) and patient satisfaction. There was time reduction, from 35.3min of comparison group to 27.8min experimentation group by 7.5min decrease. And comparison group of $4566.6{\mu}Gym^2$(DAP) decreased experimental group (using aid) of $3411.9{\mu}Gym^2$ by $1154.7{\mu}Gym^2$. In the case of patients satisfaction study, anxiety had a drop by 3.45 of comparison group to 2.51 experimentation group by 0.94 decrease. in experimental group. And shame had a drop by 4.02 of comparison group to 3.08 experimentation group by 0.94 increase. in experimental group. Difference of the smooth voiding had a drop by 1.90 of comparison group to 2.84 experimentation group by 0.94 increase. in experimental group. In addition satisfaction had a rise by 1.19 in experimental group. There were also other opinions of uncomfortableness on it and troublesome to wear. VCUG is one of the sensitive care required test. Therefore staff and the aid can give patients such comfortable and the aid can consentive on voiding. As a result test time and DAP can be reduced. It is needed to make testing at more comfortable for patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.130-138
• /
• 2002

Purpose : This study analyzed the prognostic factors affecting the survival rate and evaluated the role of radiation therapy in muscle-invading bladder cancer. Materials and Methods : Twenty eight patients with bladder cancer who completed planned definitive radiotherapy in the Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital between Jan. 1986 to Dec. 1998 were retrospectively analyzed. The reviews were peformed based on the patients' medical records. There were 21 males and 7 females in this study. The median of age was 72 years old ranging from 49 to 84 years. All patients were confirmed as having transitional cell carcinoma with histological grade 1 in one patient, grade 2 in 15, grade 3 in 9, and uninformed in 3. Radiation therapy was peformed using a linear accelerator with 6 or 10 MV X-rays. Radiation was delivered daily with a 1.8 or 2.0 Gy fraction size by 4 ports (anterior-posterior, both lateral, alternatively) or 3 ports (Anterior and both lateral). The median radiation dose delivered to the isocenter of the target volume was 61.24 Gy ranging from 59 to 66.6 Gy. The survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was peformed on the prognostic factors affecting the survival rate. Results : The survival rate was $76\%,\;46\%,\;33\%,\;33\%$ at 1, 2, 3, 5 years, respectively, with 19 months of median survival. The potential factors of age (less than 70 years vs above 70), sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hydronephrosis, 1-stage (T3a vs T3b), TUR, chemotherapy, total duration of radiotherapy, radiation dose (less than 60 Gy vs above 60 Gy), and the treatment response were investigated with uniand multivariate analysis. Un univariate analysis, the T-stage (p=0.078) and radiation dose (p=0.051) were marginally significant, and the treatment response (p=0.011) was a statistically significant factor on the survival rate. Multivariate analysis showed there were no significant prognostic factors affecting the survival rate. Conclusion : The treatment response and radiation dose are suggested as th은 statistically significant factors affecting the survival rate of muscle invasive bladder cancer. A Further prospective randomized study is needed to confirm these prognostic factors.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.319-326
• /
• 2001

Purpose : Planning target volume (PTV) for tumors in abdomen or thorax includes enough margin for breathing-related movement of tumor volumes during treatment. Depending on the location of the tumor, the magnitude of PTV margin extends from 10 mm to 30 mm, which increases substantial volume of the irradiated normal tissue hence, resulting in increase of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). We developed a simple and handy method which can reduce PTV margins in patients with liver tumors, respiratory motion reduction device (RRD). Materials and methods : For 10 liver cancer patients, the data of internal organ motion were obtained by examining the diaphragm motion under fluoroscope. It was tested for both supine and prone position. A RRD was made using MeV-Green and Styrofoam panels and then applied to the patients. By analyzing the diaphragm movement from patients with RRD, the magnitude of PTV margin was determined and dose volume histogram (DVH) was computed using AcQ-Plan, a treatment planning software. Dose to normal tissue between patients with RRD and without RRD was analyzed by comparing the fraction of the normal liver receiving to $50\%$ of the isocenter dose. DVH and NTCP for normal liver and adjacent organs were also evaluated. Results : When patients breathed freely, average movement of diaphragm was $12{\pm}1.9\;mm$ in prone position in contrast to $16{\pm}1.9\;mm$ in supine position. In prone position, difference in diaphragm movement with and without RRD was $3{\pm}0.9\;mm$ and 12 mm, respectively, showing that PTV margins could be reduced to as much as 9 mm. With RRD, volume of the irradiated normal liver reduced up to $22.7\%$ in DVH analysis. Conclusion : Internal organ motion due to breathing can be reduced using RRD, which is simple and easy to use in clinical setting. It can reduce the organ motion-related PTV margin, thereby decrease volume of the irradiated normal tissue.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.207-213
• /
• 1997

Purpose : Intracranial germinoma is the most radiocurable tumor of theprimary intracranial neoplasm. But, the optimum radiation dose and target volume remain controversial In this retrospective study, we analysed the spreading pattern at presentation and the pattern of the failure and survival of intracranial germinoma, Materials and Methods : From 1989 to 1996, 23 Patients were treated for intracranial germinoma at Department of Radiation Oncology, Twenty-one Patients were treated at their initial Presentation and 2 Patients were treated for recurrent disease. Six patients had multiple tumor masses on MRI and 7patients had ventricular seeding on MRI. The examination of cerebrospinal fluid cytology was done in 15 patients and 3 out of 15 patients had positive cerebrospinal cytology. In tumor marker study of $\alpha-FP\;and\;\beta-hCG$, 6 patients had mildly elevated $\beta-hCG$ in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. Twentyone Patients were treated with whole craniospinal axis irradiation and 2 Patients were given whole ventricular radiation therapy. The total dose was ranged between 4500cGy and 5600cGy to primary tumor site (median 5580cGy) Dose to the entire ventricular system ranged from 1980cGy to 3960 cGy (median 2700cGy) and dose to the spinal axis ranged from 2160cGy to 3900cGy (median 2700cGy) Results : Of 23 patients, 21 Patients are alive without evidence of diseasefor median 4 years follow-up. One Patient who had markedly elevated $\alpha-FP\;and\;\beta-hCG$, suffered from Persistent disease after radiation therapy and received 2 cycles of chemotherapy. She died 9 months after chemotherapy One patient who developed ventricular seeding after gamma-knife was treated with whole craniospinal irradiation, he died after 1 year due to probably brain necrosis. The hematologic toxicity of 3 or 4 grade were seen in 7 patients and patient's endocrinologic dysfunction was not deteriorated after radiation therapy. One patient had been treated with growth hormone replacement due to short stature. Conclusions : This retrospective study has confirmed the excellent result of radiation therapy in intracranial germinoma. The complication rate during or after radiation therapy is considered within acceptable range. ft is necessary to further investigate the optimal dose and treatment volume of radiation therapy. The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of intracranial germinoma should be further investigated.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.166-176
• /
• 2010

Purpose: To determine the appropriate prostate planning target volume (PTV) margins for 3-dimensitional (3D) conformal radiotherapy (CRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) patients treated with an endorectal balloon (ERB) under our institutional treatment condition. Materials and Methods: Patients were treated in the supine position. An ERB was inserted into the rectum with 70 cc air prior to planning a CT scan and then each treatment fraction. Electronic portal images (EPIs) and digital reconstructed radiographs (DRR) of planning CT images were used to evaluate inter-fractional patient's setup and ERB errors. To register both image sets, we developed an in-house program written in visual $C^{++}$. A new method to determine prostate PTV margins with an ERB was developed by using the common method. Results: The mean value of patient setup errors was within 1 mm in all directions. The ERB inter-fractional errors in the superior-inferior (SI) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions were larger than in the left-right (LR) direction. The calculated 1D symmetric PTV margins were 3.0 mm, 8.2 mm, and 8.5 mm for 3D CRT and 4.1 mm, 7.9 mm, and 10.3 mm for IMRT in LR, SI, and AP, respectively according to the new method including ERB random errors. Conclusion: The ERB random error contributes to the deformation of the prostate, which affects the original treatment planning. Thus, a new PTV margin method includes dose blurring effects of ERB. The correction of ERB systematic error is a prerequisite since the new method only accounts for ERB random error.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.213-219
• /
• 2012

The recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) has been used for increasing milk production of dairy cows without adverse health effects. This study was conducted to compare effects of supplementation with $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 containing 250 mg of rbST on milk production with those of $Posilac^{(R)}$ and $Boostin^{(R)}$-S. And safety of rbST supplementation on target animals was also observed. Each twenty-five lactating dairy cows were assigned randomly to one of four groups. $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 and vehicle (control) were administered weekly. $Boostin^{(R)}$-S and $Posilac^{(R)}$ were administered two week intervals. Milk yield, milk components, milk somatic cell count, health status, and body condition score of cows were examined. Supplementation with $Posilac^{(R)}$, $Boostin^{(R)}$-S, and $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 induced more milk yield than control group by 2.9 kg/day (12.3%), 4.2 kg/day (17.9%), and 4.1 kg/day (17.4%), respectively. There was a significant difference in milk yield among three rbST treatment groups and control group (${\alpha}$ = 0.05). The rbST supplementation did not increase the incidence of clinical mastitis and milk somatic cell counts. Supplementation with rbST did not significantly affect milk components (milk fat, protein, and solid not fat). The rbST supplementation of the dairy cows after peak milk yield did not cause negative effect on BCS. However, some cows less than 100 days in milking had decreased BCSs after rbST supplementation. In conclusion, milk production in 250 mg of rbST administered cows every week was similar to that of 500 mg of rbST administered cows every 2 weeks. And supplementation of 250 mg of rbST every week could reduce metabolic stress in cows.