• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.288-292
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• 1998

대두유, 우지, 팜유에서 증숙면을 튀겨내면서 튀김유의 가열산화안정성을 살펴보았다. 튀김유를 $150^{\circ}C$로 가열하고 증숙면을 30분 간격으로 70초간 튀기는 도중 8시간 간격으로 튀김유를 채취하여 과산화물가와 유리지방산의 함량, 지방산 조성의 변화, 토코페롤 및 토코트리엔올을 분석하였다. 튀김과정중 대두유에서의 과산화물가 및 유리지방산가는 별다른 변화를 보이지 않은 반면, 우지와 팜유에서는 급격한 증가를 보였다. 구성 지방산의 불포화도는 대두유가 가장 높았고 다음이 팜유, 우지의 순이었다. 대두유의 지방산 조성은 튀김과정 동안 거의 변하지 않았으나 우지와 팜유에서는 불포화지방산의 함량이 줄어드는 대신 포화지방산의 함량이 증가하여 산화에 대한 민감성을 나타내었다. 리놀레산과 팔미틴산의 함량비는 대두유의 경우 튀김시간에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 우지와 팜유에서는 튀김시간에 따라 높은 상관관계로 감소하였고 우지보다는 팜유에서 그 속도가 빨랐다. 이것은 대두유가 가열 산화에 가장 안정하고 우지, 팜유가 그 뒤를 따르고 있음을 암시한다. 토코페롤은 대두유에서 튀김과정에 의해 파괴되어 8, 16, 24시간 후 87.5, 81.1, 73.1%가 잔존하였으며 그 파괴 속도는 ${\gamma}$-토코페롤이 가장 컸고 ${\beta}-,\;{\alpha}$-토코페롤 순으로 나타났다. 그러나 대조군 우지와 팜유에 각각 34.2, 169.0 ppm 존재하던 토코페롤과 토코트리엔올은 튀김 8시간을 지나면서 모두 파괴되었다. 따라서 높은 불포화도에도 불구하고 대두유에서 나타난 가열산화안전성은 토코페롤의 높은 잔존량에 기인하였고, 팜유가 우지보다 낮은 가열산화안전성을 보인 것은 구성 지방산의 높은 불포화도에서 일부 기인한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1999

우지에 항산화제로 ascorbyl palmitate (AP), ${\alpha}-tocopherol\;({\alpha}-Toc)$, BHA 및 ascorbyl $palmitate+{\alpha}-tocopherol\;(AP+{\alpha}-Toc)$을 첨가하여 $0{\sim}10\;kGy$의 선량으로 감마선을 조사하였고, 감마선 조사된 시료는 조사직후와 $50^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 저장기간에 따른 과산화물 형성 억제능을 측정하였다. 감마선 조사직후의 과산화물가는 감마선 조사선량의 높아짐에 따라 증가하였다. 그러나 우지에 항산화제를 첨가한 경우에는 감마선 조사에 의한 과산화물 형성을 억제하였고, 억제 활성은 $AP>BHA>AP+{\alpha}-Toc>{\alpha}-Toc$로 AP가 초기산화 억제능을 가진 천연항산화제로 나타났다. 저장기간에 따른 과산화물가는 감마선 조사에 의해 자동산화를 상당히 촉진시키지만 항산화제를 첨가한 경우에는 과산화물 형성을 유의적으로 억제하였으며, 이때의 항산화능은 $BHA>AP+{\alpha}-Toc>{\alpha}-Toc>AP$의 순으로 나타났다. 특히 저장말기까지도 효과가 높았던 천연 항산화제 혼합물인 $AP+{\alpha}-Toc$은 BHA와 유의차가 인정되지 않았다(p>0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.253-262
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigated the effect of dietary fat sources on renal senescence in aged rats. Seventeen month old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups according to urinary protein excretion. Four month old rats were used as a control group. The rats were fed one of three different experimental diets ; 20% beef tallow, 20% corn oil 20% fish oil diet. They were fed experimental diets ad libitum for 16 weeks . The results are summarized as follows. Serum lipid concentrations were higher in aged rats than in control rats, with the beef tallow group showing the highest level, followed by the corn oil and fish oil groups. Old rats showed higher HDL and lower LDL levels than the control groups. Age and dietary fat had no effect on VLDL. GFR for the both age groups were increased with experimental period with the beef tallow group showing the highest value. Urinary protein excretion was also increased with experimental period in both age groups. There was a large increase in urinary protein in old rats that were fed beef tallow and corn oil, but not in old rats fed fish oil. On the contrary , the effect of dietary fat on urinary protein was not found in control groups. There was individual susceptibility in the effect of dietary fat on urinary protein. Old rats fed beef tallow with high initial urinary protein showed highest increase, but , the change was not significant in rats with a low initial value . It was also found that the increase was kept low in rats of the fish oil group with high initial urinary protein. The corn oil group showed in between values. There were no differences in urine and renal tissue concentrations of TXB2 . Aged rats showed a tendency of having higher urinary PGE2 excretion and lower renal cortex content. Since higher PGE2 excretion was reported to be associated with decreased renal function, this might suggest that the aged rats show renal function reduction. Light microscopic examination showed that glomerular segmental sclerosis, mesangial matrix expansion and tubular atrophy were more frequently present in aged rats, and that these changes were more significant in the beef tallow group, followed by corn oil and fish oil groups. The percentage of urinary protein excretion was increased in aged rats in association with increased glomerular sclerosis and mesangial matrix . This change could be partly due to a change in eicosanoids metabolism . Therefore, modification of dietary fat could affect the eicosanoids metabolism in kidney and renal senescence.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 추계학술발표대회 및 bio-venture fair
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• pp.601-603
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• 2000

Enzyme production of calcium stearate was attempted by lipase. Lipase having the highed hydrolyzing activity at $60^{\circ}C$, a melting point of substrate (hydrogenated beef tallow),was selected. 60% of hydrogenated beef tallow was converted into calcium stearate in 48hr. This result showed the possible replacement of conventional waste-producing process into enzymetic reaction.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 1961

The hydroxydation of the saturated fatty acids in order to prepare hydroxy fatty acids in the presence of catalysts was reported by several workers. The considering commercial applications of this reaction, authors studied on the hydroxydation of natural fats composed of nonhydroxy saturated fatty acids. Tallow and stearic acid were tested with manganese dioxide as catalyst, $110 {\pm}3^{\circ}C,$ and under atmospheric oxygen. The highest hydroxyl values were obtained at 20 hours for tallow, 107.6 and at 14 hours for stearic add, 116.0.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1035-1040
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fat sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum traits and intestinal morphology in weaning pigs. A total of 128 weaning pigs (Landrace${\times}$Large White${\times}$Duroc, $21{\pm}2$ days of age, $5.82{\pm}0.13kg$ of average initial body weight) were allotted in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with four treatments: 1) corn oil, 2) soybean oil, 3) tallow and 4) fish oil. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. During phase I period (d 0 to 14), pigs fed corn oil or soybean oil diet tended to show higher ADG and FCR than any other treatments although there was no significant difference. During phase II period (d 15 to 28), pigs fed corn oil diet showed better ADG and ADFI than pigs fed soybean oil, tallow or fish oil. For overall period, growth performance of weaning pigs was improved (p<0.05) when pigs were fed soybean oil or corn oil. Apparent digestibility of energy and fat was improved when pigs were fed corn oil diet (p<0.05). Supplementation of corn oil resulted in higher serum triglyceride concentration than the other treatments (p<0.05). However, there was a lower cholesterol concentration when corn oil was provided compared to tallow or fish oil. Pigs fed corn oil tended to have increased villus height compared with soybean oil, tallow or fish oil treatment (p<0.05). This experiment suggested that vegetable oils such as corn oil or soybean oil, were much better fat source for improving growth performance of weaning pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate effects of dietary fat content and degree of saturation on the function of the immune system. Sixty male BALB/c mice average-weighing 17g were divided into three dietary groups: 5% safflower oil group, 20% safflower oil group, 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group. Food intake and body weight were measured every day. At 4th, 7th, 10th week after dietary treatment, organ weight measurements, delayed-type hypersensitivity test, plaque forming cell test, agglutination test, differential white cell count and histological examination of spleen were performed. Results are follows; 1) Body weight, food intake and calorie intake were not different in the three dietary groups during the experimental period($\alpha$=0.05). 2) Liver weight was significantly higher in 5% safflower oil group($\alpha$=0.05). Spleen index was slightly higher in mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil. Thymus index in all mice was decreased by aging. 3) Delayed-type hypersensitivity of the mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil was significantly higher than that of the mice fed 20% safflower oil. 4) The number of plaque forming cell was significantly reduced at 10th week compared to 7th week in all group($\alpha$=0.05). Although there was no difference in plaque forming cell among three groups at 10th week, 5% safflower oil group showed slightly higher plaque forming cell than 20% safflower oil group at 7th week. 5) At 4th week, agglutination test seems to be higher in 5% safflower oil group and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group compared to 20% safflower oil group. 6) Percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil was slightly reduced in 20% safflower oil group. 7) Spleen tissue was not affected by and dietary treatments. According to our results, the higher the fat content & unsaturation of the diet the lower the cell-mediated immunity of the mice. Humoral-immunity did not appear to be affected by the dietary manipulation. However humoral-immunity was decreased significantly by aging in all dietary groups.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.215-221
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• 1995

This paper examines the effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (p/s) ratios and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the hepatic microsomaI mixed-function oxidase sy. stem in 2~acetylaminofiuorene (2-AAF) treated rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the diet of beef tallow (p/s 0.08), beef tallow plus soybean oil (p/s 1.0), and soybean oil (p/s 4.0) at the level of 15%fat and with or without 0.3% BHT. After 2-AAF was injected twice at the ages of 23 and 27 weeks, cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, cytochrome P450, cytochrome $b_5$, NADPH-cytochrome $b_5$, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity were measured from isolated hepatic microsomal fractions. In the beef tallow (p/s 0.08) and beef tallow plus soybean oil (p/s 1.0) groups, cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio showed decreasing tendency by 2-AAF and BHT. Cytochrome P-450 content was decreased in the group of soybean oil (p/s 4.0) and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was increased by 2-AAF and BHT in all the dietary groups. While TBARS levels were increased by 2-AAF in all the dietary groups, they were reduced by BHT in the soybean oil (p/s 4.0) group. These results suggest that long term intake of soybean oil (p/s 4.0) diet induced changes in the nature of microsomal membrane and induced less cytochrome P-450, low level feeding of BHT increased cytochrome c reductase activity and lowered microsomal lipid peroxidation levels, which were increased by 2-AAF treatment.

• 월간양계
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• 제11권6호통권116호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1979

In order to evaluate the effect of lipids on the utilization of the energy and protein of the diet, the isocaloric and isoprotein diets added with mutton fat, tallow, and lecithin at the levels of two percent and five percent were prepared. The growth of chicken and the feed efficiency were observed on hatched chicken which were fed a commercial diet for the first week, with starters for the next four weeks, and with finisher diets for the last three weeks respectively during the eight weeks of the experiment. Growth rate, feed efficiency, and average body weight gain per day were similar among the chicken fed diets containing various lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The metabolize energy of the diets was found to be from 2.713 kcal to 3.059 kcal per gram, and the metabolizability of the gross energy was from 62 percent to 70 percent. Also the metabolizability of basal diet was higher as compared with the diets containing lipids. And the lower energy utiliztion was found in the broilers fed diets containing five percent lipids than those of two percent, showing not significant difference between them. Daily matabolizable energy of three week old brids ranged from 0.631 gr to 0.738 gr, which showed an increasing tendency on the birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow in comparison with those of two percent. But the lecithin brought about a reverse tendency. The digestibility of crude fats was found to be from 48 percent to 76 percent, but bot significant difference among diets plus lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow showed a tendency of lower digestibility as compared with those fed two percent, but the similar results were found between two percent and five percent lecithin fed to the birds. Then, it was tentatively concluded that the effect of the mutton fat on the energy and protein utilization was similar to tallow but resulted different tendency with lecithin.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.418-426
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• 1990

발암물질인 2-acetylaminofluorence(2-AAF)과 Choline 결핍이 서로 다른 지방을 섭취한 쥐간의 지질과산물, Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase)와 Glutathione S-transferase(GST) 활성도에 미치는 영향을 연구 하였다. 식이 지방은 쇠기름과 옥수수유를 사용하였으며 각 식이 지방군을 Choline 결핍군과 대조군으로 나누어 실험하였다. 식이섭취 3주와 5주째, 2-AAF 처리군과 비처리군으로 나누어 처리군에 매주 2회씩 총4회 2-AAF를 주사 한 뒤 식이섭취 10주 루 동물을 희생 시켰다. MIcrosome의 지질과산화물 함량은 2-AAF와 Choline결핍(CD)식이에 의해 옥수수유 군에서 증가하여 지질과산화 반응에 있어 2-AAF와 CD식이의 역활이 쇠기름을 섭취하였을때 보다 옥수수유를 섭취한 경우 더 중요함을 알 수 있었다. Microsome의 G6Pase활성은 유의적이지는 않으나 2-AAF와 CD식이에 의해 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 옥수수유의 섭취에 의해서는 유의적으로 감소하였다. GST활성은 식이지방에 따라 2-AAF나 CD식이에 의해 증가하였으며 이때 증가된 GST는 발암물질의 대사와 지질과산화물 형성에 대해 방어 작용을 한것으로 보인다.