• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.47-51
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• 2009

The low latency encoder for high data rate duo-binary turbo codes with tail biting trellises is considered. Encoder hardware architecture is proposed using inherent encoding property of duo-binary turbo codes. And we showed that half of execution time as well as the energy can be reduced with the proposed architecture.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.10b
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• pp.117-118
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• 2008

The low latency encoder for high data rate duo-binary turbo codes with tail biting trellises is considered. Encoder hardware architecture is proposed using inherent encoding property of duo-binary turbo codes. And we showed that half of execution time as well as the energy can be reduced with the proposed architecture.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.26 no.9B
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• pp.1329-1335
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• 2001

부호화 시스템의 성능 분석은 일반적으로 BER(Bit Error Rate)을 이용하여 이루어지는데, 많은 시간을 요하는 정확한 BER을 구하는 대신 근사치인 상한값(upper bound)을 이용하는 경우도 많다. 그러므로 실제 값과 가까운 BER 상한값을 구하는 것은 중요한 일이다. 터보부호의 경우 테일 비트(tail bit)에 의한 영향이 무시되는 블록 길이가 긴 경우[1]에 BER 상한값이 보고되었다. 그러나 테일 달기(tail terminating) 기법을 사용하면서 블록 길이가 짧을 경우 추가되는 테일 비트가 BER 상한값에 미치는 영향은 무시할 수 없게 된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 테일비트를 고려한 터보부호의 BER 상한값 계산 방법을 제시한다. 그리고 테일 달기 기법보다 복잡하지만 테일 비트가 없으므로 블록 길이가 짧은 경우 효율적으로 사용될 수 있는 테일 물기(tail-biting) 기법을 이용하느 터보부호의 BER 상한값 계산 방법도 제시한다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.6A
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• pp.537-543
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose a new stopping criterion for the turbo processing (Turbo-BLAST) of MIMO-OFDM system. To reduce the high computational complexity of turbo-BLAST, it is desirable to lessen the outer-loop iteration number. In a system such as IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMax, no CRC bits are available except the last encoding packet of a transmitted burst, so early stopping criteria without the help of CRC bits are needed. The proposed criterion counts the sign differences between received parity bits and the re-encoded parity bits from received information bits. With the tail-biting code which is accepted for IEEE 802.16e, a method that the re-encoder operates at half complexity is also proposed. Computer simulations show that the proposed stopping criterion approaches the performance of GENIE aided criterion with less average number of iterations than the other early stopping criteria.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2019

Dysregulation of excitatory neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacological inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is widely used to model neurobehavioral pathologies and underlying mechanisms. There is ample evidence that overstimulation of NMDA-dependent neurotransmission may induce neurobehavioral abnormalities, such as repetitive behaviors and hypersensitization to nociception and cognitive disruption, pharmacological modeling using NMDA has been limited due to the induction of neurotoxicity and blood brain barrier breakdown, especially in young animals. In this study, we examined the effects of intraperitoneal NMDA-administration on nociceptive and repetitive behaviors in ICR mice. Intraperitoneal injection of NMDA induced repetitive grooming and tail biting/licking behaviors in a dose- and age-dependent manner. Nociceptive and repetitive behaviors were more prominent in juvenile mice than adult mice. We did not observe extensive blood brain barrier breakdown or neuronal cell death after peritoneal injection of NMDA, indicating limited neurotoxic effects despite a significant increase in NMDA concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings suggest that the observed behavioral changes were not mediated by general NMDA toxicity. In the hot plate test, we found that the latency of paw licking and jumping decreased in the NMDA-exposed mice especially in the 75 mg/kg group, suggesting increased nociceptive sensitivity in NMDA-treated animals. Repetitive behaviors and increased pain sensitivity are often comorbid in psychiatric disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). Therefore, the behavioral characteristics of intraperitoneal NMDA-administered mice described herein may be valuable for studying the mechanisms underlying relevant disorders and screening candidate therapeutic molecules.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 1982

The biting behaviors of tuna were studied based on the remains of saury (Cololabis saira), which was used as bait, in the stomach contents of tuna. The saury remains were classified into four segmental groups (A-segment: Whole fish; B-segment: anterior partion with head: C-segment: middlepart without both head and tail: D-segment : posterior part without head). The tuna stomachs were independently named and grouped into three subsamples according to bait segments remaining in the stomach. The subsamples have the extra number of the stomach-naming segments and the distributions of the bait tegments are biased from tile random distribution. The distribution of the bait segments except the extra segments are hypothetically assumed to be random, and was subjected to the chi-square test of significance. The inferred conclusions are as follows:1. Most of the tuna having the B-segment had previously taken the C and/or D-segment. 2. The catchability of the yellowfin tuna having the B-segment seems higher than that of the fish having the A-segment in the stomach. 3. Tuna which had two or more bait heads should have taken the extra bait heads without being hooked detaching the head from the hook by biting the Posterior porting of tile bait.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2006

We researched the reproductive ecology of pale chub, Zacco platypus that inhabits Gajeong-cheon and Wonju-cheon that are a tributary to the Han river. The nuptial organ was formed on the head part, the anal fin and the tail part in male, the change of nuptial color was outstanding. By their changing body shape, the anal fin was extended and body depth came to be high during the spawning season in both sexes. Territorial male of defending behavior were head butting, rotated fighting, parallel swimming, biting and expelling. After pale chub located himself from the upper of the female that was approached to the side parallelling with the female, male and female spawned digging sand with their anal fin by vibrating and any parental care of the eggs was not taken. The spawning interval and lasting time were relevant to individuals density of spawning ground.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.313-317
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• 2010

This study was conducted in the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) for the occurrence of various surgical affections with their clinical management. During the period of January 2006 to June 2008, a total of 68 adult crocodiles were considered as reference population from the Reptiles Farm Ltd. at Bhaluka, Mymensingh. The occurrence of surgical affections of adult female (88.9%) was significantly (P<0.01) higher than male (11.1%). Prevalence of common surgical affections were wound: 72.2%, fibroma: 11.1% abscess: 5.6%, fracture: 5.6%, tail necrosis: 2.8%, myiasis: 2.8%. Wound was the highest among the affections. Among the identified wounds, biting wound was higher. In summer (57.7%) the occurrence of wound was higher compared to other seasons. In winter season (7.7%) the occurrence of abscess, myiasis, fibroma were higher compared to other seasons. Wounds and fibroma are the major surgical affections in salt water crocodile. The most common site of surgical affection was recorded in crocodile's tail (30.6%). It was suggested that minimal stress, allowing constant and easy access to water, removal of roots of the tree in the basking land of crocodiles pen, basking land of the pen is better filling up by sand, clinical surgical managements are essential for better health and production.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.595-602
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• 2016

In pigs, individuals in the same pen may show aggressive behavior toward each other, such as tail biting. Such social interactions among pen mates may considerably affect their welfare and performance, both in negative and positive ways. The present study was conducted to investigate social genetic effects on days to 90 kg using data from 12,208 Duroc and Yorkshire pigs that were born between 2008 and 2012. Heritability was estimated using the five following animal models: a basic model with direct heritable effects only (Model 1), a social model with direct and social heritable effects (Model 2), a model accounting for covariance between direct and social heritable effects (Model 3), and two models considering a dilution factor with direct and social heritable effects (Models 4 and 5). The optimal model to represent Duroc pigs was Model 1 which only uses direct heritable effects. Direct heritability (0.21) was higher than total heritability (0.09) and covariance was negative. Model 2 was evaluated as the optimum model for Yorkshire pigs. Yorkshire data showed that total heritability (0.5) was twice as high as direct heritability (0.25) and covariance was positive. Our results suggest that the efficiency of social effects differed among breeding lines. Further research on social effects related to breeds by group size would clarify which is the most efficient selection method that accounts for social genetic effects.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.501-508
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• 2008

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Clematidis Radix (CR)-distillates were investigated in three different pain animal models. Highly purified distillate of CR was injected to Zusanli (ST36) acupoint, called CR herb-acupuncture in the Korean traditional medicine. In tail flick latency test, the CR herb-acupuncture treatment did not show a significant effect of relieving acute phasic pain. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of CR herb-acupuncture, inflammatory pain was induced by subcutaneous injection of formalin to the plantar tissue or intra-articular injection of carrageenan to the tibio-tarsal joint in the rats. And the medicinal effect of CR herb-acupuncture was evaluated by analyzing pain behavior such as licking or biting behavior, or by measuring weight distribution ratio between two foot and ankle circumference. In the rat formalin test, the analgesic effect of CR herb-acupuncture was more pronounced in the late phase (for 20 min after the early phase) than in the early phase (for the first 10 min post formalin injection). It also significantly alleviated the carrageenan-induced monoarthritis, in terms of weight distribution ratio and ankle edema. These results revealed that CR herb-acupuncture was effective to treat the inflammatory pain and could be used as an analgesic treatment with an antiinflammatory effect.