• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2018

Gul (oyster) jeotgals (GJs) were prepared using different types of salt (23%, w/v): purified salt, solar salt aged for 3 years, and bamboo salt crystalized 3 times. One set of GJs was fermented with Bacillus subtilis JS2 ($10^6CFU/g$), while the other GJ set was fermented without starter. During fermentation for 24 weeks at $15^{\circ}C$, the starter GJs showed 10-fold higher bacilli counts than the no-starter GJs, where the maximum bacilli count was $8{\times}10^3CFU/g$. All 28 bacilli strains isolated from the 6-week GJs were identified as B. subtilis by using a RAPD-PCR, indicating that some of the B. subtilis JS2 cells remained viable. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts were present at low levels, $10^1-10^2CFU/g$. LAB with protease activities isolated from 10-week samples were identified as Enterococcus species. The isolates obtained at 16 weeks were all Staphylococcus species. The GJs with bamboo salt showed higher pH and lower titratable acidity (TA) values than the other GJs due to the strong alkalinity of bamboo salt. The amino-type nitrogen in the GJs increased slowly during the fermentation. At 24 weeks, the GJs with purified salt showed the highest amino-type nitrogen (412-430 mg%), followed by the GJs with solar salt (397-406 mg%) and GJs with bamboo salt (264-276 mg%). Meanwhile, the GJs with bamboo salt showed the highest ammonia-type N (63.67 mg%), followed by the GJs with purified salt (49 mg%) and solar salt (48 mg%).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.500-506
• /
• 2011

The deep mixing method, which is generally considered as a method for improving soft ground, is assessed in terms of its applicability for urban construction. Using small equipment tailored to perform deep mixing in congested urban areas, deep mixing was performed to reinforce the foundation ground of a retaining wall in a redevelopment site in Seoul. Strengths characteristics, construction vibrations and displacements induced to an adjacent old masonry wall were evaluated by laboratory tests and field monitoring. The results indicate that the strength of ground was improved appropriately whilst the vibrations and displacements induced by deep mixing were slight enough to satisfy the general requirements for construction works in urban environments. Therefore, it is concluded that deep mixing method can be a practical option for foundation methods in urban construction works where minimizing noise and vibrations is an important concern.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.913-918
• /
• 2014

Five mol % tungsten-doped tin oxide ($W_{0.05}Sn_{0.95}O_2$, TTO5) was prepared by co-precipitation of $SnCl_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ and $WCl_4$, followed by calcination at $1000^{\circ}C$. The as-prepared TTO5 was in the pure cassiterite phase with a particle size of ~50 nm and optical bandgap of 2.51 eV. Herein it was applied for the formation of TTO5/$TiO_2$ heterojunctions by covering the TTO5 surface with $TiO_2$ by sol-gel method. Under visible-light irradiation (${\lambda}{\geq}420$ nm), TTO5/$TiO_2$ showed a significantly high photocatalytic activity in removing gaseous 2-propanol (IP) and evolving $CO_2$. It is deduced that its high visible-light activity is caused by inter-semiconductor holetransfer between the valence band (VB) of TTO5 and $TiO_2$, since the TTO5 nanoparticle (NP) exhibits the absorption edge at ~450 nm and its VB level is located more positive side than that of $TiO_2$. The evidence for the hole-transport mechanism between TTO5 and $TiO_2$ was also investigated by monitoring the holescavenging reaction with 1,4-terephthalic acid (TA).

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
• /
• 1996.06a
• /
• pp.5-18
• /
• 1996

The solid state cesium ion source os alumino-silicate based zeolite which contains cerium. The material is an ionic conductor. Cesiums are stably stored in the material and one can extract the cesiums by applying electric field across the electrolyte. Cesium ion bombardment has the unique property of producing high negative ion yield. This ion source is used as the primary source for the production of a negative ion without any gas discharge or the need for a carrier gas. The deposition of materials as an ionic species in the energy range of 1.0 to 300eV is recently recognized as a very promising new thin film technique. This energetic non-thermal equilibrium deposition process produces films by “Kinetic Bonding / Energetic Condensation" mechansim not governed by the common place thermo-mechanical reaction. Under these highly non-equilibrium conditions meta-stable materials are realized and the negative ion is considered to be an optimum paeticle or tool for the purpose. This process differs fundamentally from the conventional ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique such that the ion beam energy transfer to the deposition process is directly coupled the process. Since cesium ion beam sputter deposition process is forming materials with high kinetic energy of metal ion beams, the process provider following unique advantages:(1) to synthesize non thermal-equilibrium materials, (2) to form materials at lower processing temperature than used for conventional chemical of physical vapor deposition, (3) to deposit very uniform, dense, and good adhesive films (4) to make higher doposition rate, (5) to control the ion flux and ion energy independently. Solid state cesium ion beam sputter deposition system has been developed. This source is capable of producing variety of metal ion beams such as C, Si, W, Ta, Mo, Al, Au, Ag, Cr etc. Using this deposition system, several researches have been performed. (1) To produce superior quality amorphous diamond films (2) to produce carbon nitirde hard coatings(Carbon nitride is a new material whose hardness is comparable to the diamond and also has a very high thermal stability.) (3) to produce cesiated amorphous diamond thin film coated Si surface exhibiting negative electron affinity characteristics. In this presentation, the principles of solid state cesium ion beam sputter deposition and several applications of negative metal ion source will be introduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2004.07b
• /
• pp.965-968
• /
• 2004

Effective transverse Piezoelectric Coefficients $(e_{31,f})$ of thick PZT $(Pb(Zr_{0.52}Ti{0.48}Ti_{0.48})O_3)$ films on $SiN_x/Si$ substrates were measured with PZT thicknesses and top electrode dimensions. $e_{31,f}$ is one of important Parameters characterizing Piezoelectricity of PZT films. Thick PZT films have been used as various sensors and actuators because of their high driving force and high breakdown voltage. Thick PZT films were fabricated on Pt/Ta/$SiN_x$/Si substrates using sol-gel method. Thicknesses of PZT films were $1{\mu}m$ and $1.8{\mu}m$. $|e_{31,f}|$ values of $1.8{\mu}m$-thick-PZT films were higher than those of $1{\mu}$-thick-PZT films. Maximum $|e_{31,f}|$ of $1.8{\mu}$-thick-PZT films was about $50^{\circ}C/m^2$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.870-875
• /
• 2011

The $(Na_{0.52}K_{0.44})(Nb_{0.9}Sb_{0.06})O_3-0.04dLiTaO_3$ (NKNS-LT) ceramics with various $Cu_2O$ concentration were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction method. The $Cu_2O$ content was varied in the range of 0.1~0.4 wt%. The effects of Cu on microstructure, crystallographic phase transition, and piezoelectric properties were investigated. The material with perovskite structure had a tetragonal phase (T1) when $Cu_2O$ concentration was less than 0.3 wt% and it transformed to another tetragonal phase (T2) when the $Cu_2O$ amount was greater than 0.3 wt%. The phase boundary between T1 and T2 phases appeared at around 0.3 wt% of $Cu_2O$ concentration. The piezoelectric properties were shown the maximum values at the composition of the phase boundary. The electro-mechanical coupling factor ($k_p$) was 0.42 and the piezoelectric charge constant ($d_{33}$) was 245 pC/N at the 0.3 wt% of $Cu_2O$ concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 1999.07a
• /
• pp.134-134
• /
• 1999

스퍼터링 소스는 전자기 박막 등 기능성 박막을 비롯하여 결질피막, 장식성 피막등의 제조에 이용되는 것으로 각종 증발원 중에서 가장 널리 사용되는 증발원이다. 70년대 이후 스퍼터링 소스는 마그네트론 스퍼터링으로 대표되는 방식이 사용되어 왔으며 지금까지도 가장 일반적인 방식이 되어 왔다. 마그네트론 스퍼터링 증발원은 증발율에서는 기술적인 향상이 이루어진 반면 이온화율의 향상은 그다지 이루어지지 않아 경질피막과 같은 화합물 피막의 특성 향상에는 한계를 드러내게 되었다. 그러다가 186년 Window 등 이 자장의 세기를 변형시킨 비평형 마그네트론 소스(Unbalanced Magnetron;UBM)를 처음 발표하여 이온화율의 향상이 가능하다는 것이 알려지면서 이에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되었다. UBM 소스는 마그네트론 스퍼터링 소스의 외부에 전자석을 설치하여 기판에 흐르는 이온의 양을 증가시킴으로써 소스와 기판사이의 거리를 증가시킬 수 있고 따라서, 복잡한 형상의 부품코팅이 가능하며 피막 특성을 향상시킬 수 있는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 UBM 스퍼터링 소스를 설계, 제작하여 그 특성을 다양한 측면에서 조사하였다. 특히, 자작의 최적 설계를 통해 전자석의 조건을 도출하였음, Dual UBM 소스의 특성을 동시에 조사하였다. 자기장의 simulation에는 Quick field 프로그램을 이용하였고 기존의 방식과의 비교를 통해 최적의 조건을 도출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 inner pole의 크기를 30mm, outer pole의 크기를 26mm로 고정하여 설계하였고, 외부에 전자석이 설치된 UBM 소스를 제작하였다. 본 UBM 소스는 4" 타겟을 사용할 수 있으며 전자석의 조건을 10A까지 변화시켜 자기장의 세기를 변화시킬 수 있게 하였다. 제작된 소스의 동작조건 설정과 최적화를 위한 스퍼터링 장치를 함께 제작하여 UBM 소스의 최적 동작 조건을 도출하였다. 전자석의 전류가 4.5A일 때 Inner Pole과 Outer Pole의 자기장의 세기가 도일함을 알 수 있었다. 기판과 타겟의 거리가 200mm일 경우에 기판에 흐르는 전류밀도는 2mA/cm2이상이 됨을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 기존의 마그네트론 소스가 기판과 타겟사이의 거리가 100mm일 때 1mA/cm2 정도가 되는 것과 비교하면 이온화율이 획기적으로 향상된 것임을 알 수 있다.수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.420-425
• /
• 2012

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramic/epoxy composites with '0-3' connectivity were prepared by cold-pressing with a temperature controlled curing method. A ceramic powder with a composition of $(Na_{0.51}K_{0.47}Li_{0.02})(Nb_{0.8}Ta_{0.2})O_3$ was synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction route. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ceramic/epoxy composites were characterized as a function of the volume fraction (${\phi}$) of piezoelectric ceramics, which was varied from 70 to 95 vol%. The results indicated that the piezoelectric properties of composites were significantly affected by the volume fraction of ceramics. In terms of the piezoelectric properties, specimens showed the best performance at ${\phi}$= 85 vol%, resulting in the piezoelectric constant $d_{33}$ of 39 pC/N and the figure of merit as a piezoelectric energy harvester ($d_{33}{\cdot}g_{33}$) of 1.24 $pm^2/N$.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.52-57
• /
• 2011

Termites play an important role in the degradation of dead plant materials and have acquired endogenous and symbiotic cellulose digestion capabilities. The feruloyl esterase enzyme (FAE) gene amplified from the metagenomic DNA of Coptotermes formosanus gut was cloned in the TA cloning vector and subcloned into a pET32a expression vector. The Ft3-7 gene has 84% sequence identity with Clostridium saccharolyticum and shows amino acid sequence identity with predicted xylanase/chitin deacetylase and endo-1,4-beta-xylanase. The sequence analysis reveals that probably Ft3-7 could be a new gene and that its molecular mass was 18.5 kDa. The activity of the recombinant enzyme (Ft3-7) produced in Escherichia coli (E.coli) was 21.4 U with substrate ethyl ferulate and its specific activity was 24.6 U/mg protein. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 7.0 and $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. The substrate utilization preferences and sequence similarity of the Ft3-7 place it in the type-D sub-class of FAE.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.102-112
• /
• 1996

The precious serpentine, referring to a rare and highly valuable gem variety of serpentine group minerals, is found to occur in serpentinite from Booyo Gren Jade Mine which is located in Oesan-myun, Booyo-gun of Chungchungnam-do. Geommological properties of the precious serpentine have been investigated by use of polarizing microscope, specific gravity balance, refractometer, hardness pencils, X-ray diffractometer, XRF, ICP-MS analyser, and infrared absorption spectroscope.The precious serpentine from Booyo is colored deep green with oily luster and semi-transparent. It is highly tough and Mohs's scale of hardness is measured to be 5-6. Specific gravity is determined to be 2.67, and a single refractive index ND=1.56 is observed by a spot method, using sodium light source. X-ray powder diffraction data is represented by the reflection lines at 7.40(100), 4.64(25), 3.68(68), 2.757(69), 2.530(49), 2.549(32), and 1.710(21${\AA}$), which compares very well with that of antigorite of serpentine group minerals. The major chemical compositions of the precious serpentine group minerals. The major chemical compositions of the precious serpentine are SiO2 42.49%, MgO 39.08%, Fe2O3 3.85%, and H2O 11.87%. Besides, trace elements such as Cr(2188), Ni(1110ppm), Co(58ppm), and Ta (108ppm) are relatively spectrum shows peaks at 3670, 1190, 1070, 980 and 610cm-1. Strong absorption at 3670cm-1 is due to OH stretching, and 1190, 1070 and 980cm-1 due to SiO stretching. The absorption 610cm-1 is formed by alteration of pre-existing ultramafic rock, namely peridotite, with an introduction of fluid with very little content of CO2, under 400$^{\circ}C$ environment. Magnetite inclusions, finely disseminated in the precious serpentine, may be a result of Fe precipitation, during serpentinization of olivine-bearing country rock.