• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetation structure of Zone 2 of Mudeungsan National Park Old Trail. A total of 60 survey plots were installed to survey the forest structure, and TWINSPAN and DCA analysis classified them into 5 communities. The community I was classified into Deciduous broad-leaf tree, II into Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, III into Quercus serrata, IV into Lindera erythrocarpa, and V into Quercus mongolica. The grouped communities showed some differences in species compositions according to elevation. In the four communities except for community IV, Styrax japonicus and Sasa borealis formed a dominant population in understory layers and in shrub layers, respectively, and the current community forms are expected to be maintained. Monitoring of vegetation succession of lower vegetation after temporary flowering and withering in the ridges developed in the shrub layers in communities II through IV is required. In the long-term aspect, the competition between the pine tree and oak tree communities requires observation of a decrease in the power of the pine tree community. Mudeungsan National Park's Old Trail ecologically valuable as it has a vegetation structure that is distinctively classified according to altitude and is a habitat of Lindera sericea, the flagship species of Mudeungsan National Park. It means that the excellent forest ecosystem of Old Trail must be conserved through sustainable utilization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2020

This study was conducted to compare and analyze forest vegetation distributed in Geumosanseong-inside in Geumosan Provincial Park from 2017.10 to 2019.6. The vegetation structure was classified by the phytosociological method and TWINSPAN and the correlation between the community structure and the environmental factors was analyzed using DCCA ordination analydsis. The vegetation structures are Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Q. acutissima, Larix leptolepis, Prunus padus and Morus alba community by the phytosociological method and 16 communities under TWINSPAN. The importance value of Q. mongolica(64.5) was the highest, and followed by F. mandshurica, L. leptolepis, Acer pseudosieboldianum, M. alba, P. padus, Q. acutissima, Sorbus alnifolia, P. serrulata var. pubescens, F. sieboldiana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Castanea crenata which is consistent with species having the dominance status by analysis of the vegetation structure. As the results of DBH analysis for taxon with high importance values, Q. mongolica and M. alba represented normal distribution, and thus, the dominance status of these species is likely to continue. L. leptolepis will maintain the dominance status due to high density of large individuals as compared with species above medium size. However, it will decrease because of high mortality after increase in age class. F. mandshurica and P. padus continue to show dominance status due to high density of young individuals as compared with species above medium size. Q. acutissima have high density of individuals above intermediate size and low density of young individuals, and thus, will maintain the dominance status. A. pseudosieboldianum, F. sieboldiana and R.schlippenbachii which are arborescent will present continuously high dominance status because of high density of young individuals. Soil analysis shows that whereas pH, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the research area were lower than the average values of overall forest soil and O.M, T-N, C.E.C and P₂O₅ were higher. We expected that these results were due to agricultures until 50 years ago in Geumosanseong-inside. As a result of DCCA ordination analysis using eleven environmental factors and communities classified by the phytosociological method analysis showed that Q. mongolica was distributed in the environment with higher elevation and O.M and steep slope, and lower P₂O₅, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. In contrast to F. mandshurica, Q. acutissima was distributed in higher K⁺ and lower pH. L. leptolepsis was distributed in various environment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.934-940
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• 2012

This study was carried out to serve the structure of Carpinus laxiflora community in the Moojangsa valley, Tohamasan district, Gyeongju National Park. We designated 16 quadrats ($10m{\times}10m(100m^2)$) for looking at the continuation of Carpinus laxiflora community as the climax forest community. As a result of TWINSPAN, plant community was classified into 5 different communities. 3 communities are Carpinus laxiflora community which have a little different subdominant species; 1) with ombrophilous broadleaf species, 2) with Quercus serrata, 3) with others. Species diversity index was ranged from 0.4899 to 0.9490. Carpinus laxiflora communities were expected to continue as the Carpinus laxiflora community, but Carpinus laxiflora - Quercus serrata communities were expected continue or shrink up of the Carpinus laxiflora. As this study, if we insist the Carpinus laxiflora community as the climax in the temperate zone in Korea then should be analyze more survey data in various area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to classify community and to analyzse vegetation-environment relationships in the forest community of Ulleung Island. The forest community of Ulleung Island was classified into Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Neolitsea sericea community, Pinus parviflora community, and Fagus multinervis - Sorbus commixta community. Since the results of phytosociological community classification were consistent with that of TWINSPAN, it proved that these two methods could complement when one does a community classification. There was a difference in chemical characteristic of soil among study communities. The community had high soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and cation exchange capacity compared to forest soil of Korea. The soil pH ranged from 4.66 to 5.80. The soil texture in the study communities was loam or sandy loam. According to the ordination analysis, elevation, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, soil pH, and content of sand and silt affect the distribution of community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.725-740
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• 2014

To figure out the vegetation situation in the ridge of the Naknam-Jeongmaek, six intensive survey sites were selected considering environmental factors and human interferences, 132 quadrats (area $100m^2$) were installed to survey appearing species of trees and major environmental factors, and the characteristics of vegetation structures were analyzed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; Quercus mongolica-Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora-Q. dentata community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community, P. koraiensis community, Rhododendron spp.-Lespedeza cyrtobotrya community. P. densiflora-Q. dentata community, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community, and P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community are expected to be succeeded by deciduous oaks because the power of deciduous oaks is strong in their lower layer. C. obtusa community, P. densiflora community, and Rhododendron spp.-L.cyrtobotrya community are artificial forests that were artificially formed and are expected to be maintained in the current state for some time because the dominance value of planted species of trees is high. Most vegetations in Naknam-Jeongmaek were secondary forests or artificial forests formed for forest tree production and forestation for erosion control. In particular the top regions and hilly sections of the mountain were mostly dominated by deciduous oaks such as Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis showed some P. densiflora community competing with deciduous oaks. On the other hand, low sections and regions adjacent to the city showed severe artificial interference since exotic species such as P. thunbergiil, C. obtusa, P. koraiensis, and Rhododendron spp. were planted.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2013

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for Paryeongsan Zone in the Dadohaehaesang National Park incorporated in National Park in 2011. To do so, seventy-five plots($100m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; (I) Quercus acutissima community, (II) Q. serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii community, (III) Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, (IV) Q. variabilis community, (V) P. rigida-Q. variabilis-P. densiflora community, (VI) Chamaecyparis obtusa community. The results of vegetation structure analysis were. I, IICommunity, were expected that the deciduous oak trees with deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. III, VCommunity, were expected that the P. densiflora and P. rigida competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. IVCommunity, have expanded the influence of Q. variabilis, but understory will be developed next ecological succession by a high percentage of Machilus thunbergii in frequency of warm-temperate trees. VI Community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community were expected continue. This Chamaecyparis obtusa community is picked thinning Chamaecyparis obtusa as moving purpose of National Park, it will be inducement a plant vegetation succession to the natural forest. Frequency of warm-temperate trees in the Paryeongsan Zone of warm temperate climate zone was a total 9 species, Machilus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Elaeagnus macrophylla, etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 1996

To propose basic information for national resource management and planting disign, plant community structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest was investigated. Fifty-two plots(each size 300m$^{2}$) were set up at Ch'omch'alsan area of Chindo, Korea. TWINSPAN and DCA methods were used for classification and ordination analysis. Fifty-two plots were divided into seven groups, which were Quercus variabilis-Carpinus tschonoskii community, Q. glauca community, Castanepsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Q. stenophylla community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Camelia japonica community, Q. acuta-Camelia japonica community, Carpinus coreaca-Q spp. community, C. coreana community. Pinus densiflora almost have been selected. Carpinus tschomoskii, Q. variabillis and Q. serrata were to be succeeded by Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii, Q. stenophylla, Q. acuta and Neolitsea sericea in canopy layer. And Neolitsea sericea, Q. glauca and Camellia japonica was showed high importance values in fertile soil condition. Future restoration plan was necessary for a tourist resort or national forest in warm temperate region. And evergreen broad-leaved plants shall be planted in considering of environmental condition at warm temperate and industrial complex area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.581-589
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure of vegetation dominated by deciduous broad-leaved trees at the Beomeosa(Temple) Valley of Mt. Kumjungsan in Busan. To this end, 28 plots were set up and surveyed. The result analyzed by TWINSPAN, one of the classification technique, showed that the communities were divided into six groups which are Carpinus tschonoskii-Deciduous broad-leaved forest community(I), Quercus serrata-C. tschonoskii community(II), C. tschonoskii-Q.s serrata-Pinus densiflora community(III), C. tschonoskii-Quercus serrata-Q. mongolica communtiy(IV), Q. serrata-Deciduous broadleaved forest community(V) and Chamaecyparis obtusa-C. tschonoskii community (VI). Species diversity ranged from 0.3832 to 0.0450. The lowest diversity was Chamaecyparis obtusa community(VI) but the highest was Carpinus tschonoskii-Deciduous broad-leaved forest community(I) and Q. serrata-Deciduous broadleaved forest community(V). The average number of species was 6.8${\pm}$3.2 in the unit area(100$m^2$). Carpinus tschonoskii community at the Beomeosa Valley of Mt. Geumjeongsan was a climatic climax forest having a value to preserve, so a continuous management will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.539-551
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation structure and ecological characteristics of the coastal forest Pinus thunbergii community in Busan Metropolitan City (BMC) and to establish reference information for the management of the coastal forest in BMC in the future. We set up 97 plots with an area of $100m^2$ each for the analysis and investigation of the vegetation characteristics. The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Pinus thunbergii-Quercus aliena community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica(1) community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica(2) community, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica(1) community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica(2) community, and Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica-Camellia japonica community. According to the analysis of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii was a main dominant species at the canopy layer in all sites while Eurya japonica and Camellia japonica were dominant species at the understory layer. Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community is predicted in the forest succession because of the competition between Pinus thunbergii and Quercus serrata in the canopy layer and the understory layer. As such, it is necessary to observe changes by continually monitoring this community. Tree species with strong salinity tolerance, including Pinus thunbergii, have formed community groups because of the environmental characteristics of coastal forests, strong with salinity tolerance species are forming community groups. Therefore, all community groups except for the Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata community will maintain the current vegetation structure unless drastic environmental changes occur.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.464-471
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• 2009

Vegetation types of the native conifer forests in the ridge of the Baekdudaegan, South Korea, were classified using the Braun-Blanquet method and TWINSPAN and its ecological characteristics analyzed with special repect to floristic composition. The vegetation type was classified into two types (Pinus densiflora-Carex humilis and Pinus koraiensis-Dryopteris crassirhizoma types) and seven groups. Mean species richness and total plot cover per unit area ($/100m^2$) were $21.9{\pm}8.9$ spp. and $146.9{\pm}32.3$%, respectively. The plant species composed of 82 families, 217 genera, and 387 species and the three major families, Compositae, Liliaceae, and Rosaceae, made up about 25.6% of the total species. The 7.8% of total families were the families with occurrence of only one species. The highest relative importance value was 19.2, the species belonged to Pinaceae and the pattern was different from species richness pattern of other families.