• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2015

This study was carried out simulating domestic utilization conditions of a wood pellet stove and a wood pellet boiler in order to determine emission factors (EFs) of macro-pollutants, i.e., carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ammonia, particulate matters (total suspended particulate, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, black carbon) and trace pollutants (i.e., ten different volatile organic compounds). The composite pollutants EFs for the pellet stove were: for TSP 4.58 g/kg, for $PM_{10}$ 3.35 g/kg, for $PM_{2.5}$ 2.48 g/kg, CO 119.23 g/kg, NO 14.40 g/kg, $SO_2$ 0.17 g/kg, TVOC 37.73 g/kg, $NH_3$ 0.02 g/kg and emissions were similar to the pellet boiler appliance: for TSP 4.73 g/kg, for $PM_{10}$ 3.41 g/kg, for $PM_{2.5}$ 2.63 g/kg, CO 161.51 g/kg, NO 13.67 g/kg, $SO_2$ 0.19 g/kg, TVOC 45.22 g/kg, $NH_3$ 0.02 g/kg.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2015

Manually fed firewood burning appliances, i.e., stove and boiler, were tested in order to determine emission factors (EFs) of macro-pollutants, i.e., carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ammonia, particulate matters (total suspended particulate, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, black carbon) and trace pollutants (i.e., ten different volatile organic compounds). The composite pollutants EFs for the wood stove were: for TSP 15.45 g/kg, for $PM_{10}$ 6.53 g/kg, $PM_{2.5}$ 4.16 g/kg, CO 175.49 g/kg, NO 1.58 g/kg, $SO_2$ 0.15 g/kg, TVOC 48.02 g/kg, $NH_3$ 0.02 g/kg and emissions were similar to the wood boiler appliance: for TSP 12.23 g/kg, for $PM_{10}$ 5.84 g/kg, $PM_{2.5}$ 3.66 g/kg, CO 146.74 g/kg, NO 1.42 g/kg, $SO_2$ 0.15 g/kg, TVOC 47.78 g/kg, $NH_3$ 0.01 g/kg.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2020

This study serves as basic research for the development of a new wood-based building finishing material that improved the weakness of inorganic materials such as gypsum board and magnesium board widely used as interior finishing materials and brought out the strength of the wood. The results of evaluating the physical and mechanical properties and the environmental effect related to hazardous substance discharge having manufactured a wood-magnesium laminated composite are as follows. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of WML board was improved by about 28~109 percent over magnesium board due to the low thermal conductivity of wood. The adhesive strength of WML board showed a similar result to that of plywood as it exceeds 0.7N/㎟, the adhesive standard of wood veneer which is presented by KS F 3101. Bending strength and screw holding strength were more improved by manufacturing WML board than magnesium board. The WML board manufactured in this study satisfied the criteria for emissions of hazardous substances prescribed in the Indoor Air Quality Control Act, and confirmed the possibility of development as a new wood-based composite material that can replace existing inorganic materials.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.20 no.3 s.57
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

Recently, indoor air quality (IAQ) in workplace, residential environments and schools has been concerned of people, scientists and related the public, and has recognized the healthy effectsrelated to IAQ, specially in schools in Korea. Therefore, objectives of this study in this study were to measure and compare the perception of TAQ of selected air pollutants in Seoul from April to September 2004. Measurement place measured 2 schools of Seoul and local 9 schools (by Kyonggi Province, Chungchong-bukdo Chungchong-namdo, Chollado-bukdo, Cholla-namdo, Kyongsang-bukdo, Kyongsang-namdo, Kwangju, schoolin Pusan each 1 place). Temperature, humidity, illumination, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, TBC (total bacteria count), noise, PM10, TVOC(total volatile organic compounds), HCHO (formaldehyde) were measured simultaneously. Also, we Performed a questionnaire survey of 250 students and 50 teachers about their awareness for the importance of IAQ in their schools. Among this article, we handled noise, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, TBC, TVOC, HCHO, PM 10 in our conclusion. Major results were as follows ; Carbon monoxide (CO) was lower than indoor air standard of Korea. Carbon dioxide $(CO_2)$ appeared that 4 schools among our sample target school exceeded in normal standard. 4 schools were almost similar with normal standard. TBC appeared that 7 schools among 11 schools were higher than standard. Noise measured school's mean value passed exceeded standard. And school which passed over standard appeared to 7 schools among 11 schools. HCHO was exceeded 4 schools by standard that excess and certainly interrelation between school's establishment year and facilities of construction was detected. PM10 was exposed all schools by fitness in standard. TVOC appeared that 9 schools among 11 measurement school was exceeded health effect standard of Japan.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.200-210
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the exposure to ozone and total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) generated during welding work at a shipyard and recommend respiratory protective equipment(RPE) adequate against these hazards. Method: Ozone was collected for about 30 minutes at two-minutes intervals using a direct reading instrument, specifically an ozone analyzer(Serinus 10, Ecotech, Australia). TVOCs were collected for about 30 minutes at three-minute intervals using a portable GC (Alpha 115, Synspec BV, the Netherlands), and were determined simultaneously by area sampling at the welding plume closest to the welder's breathing zone. The total measurements were 162 for ozone($CO_2$ welding 47, TIG 60, stick 55), and 136 for TVOCs($CO_2$ 65, TIG 50, stick 21). Based on these measurements, a literature survey was conducted to assess the adequacy of RPE. Results: Relative to Korean OEL, measurements above STEL 0.2 ppm were 23.4% for $CO_2$, 63.3% for TIG and 14.5% for stick welding. There were significant differences(p=<0.0001) among welding types. Compared with ACGIH peak exposure of 0.4 ppm for ozone, which is not applied in Korea, $CO_2$ welding exceeded it by 10.6%, TIG by 40.0% and stick by 7.3%. Although it was not feasible to compare them directly since there are no Korean OEL, TVOCs had very high levels similar to the concentrations before moving into a new apartment and about 10-20 times the indoor air quality recommendations for some individual measurements. Conclusions: As ozone removal RPE has been recommended in welding environments for a long time(Lunau, 1967), this fact was demonstrated based on the results of the on-site work environment measurements(ozone and TVOCs). In conclusion, for all welding at a shipyard, gas/vapor and particulate combination RPE are recommended. If this is not possible, it should at least be present for TIG welding.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.344-354
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a small chamber sampling and analytical method for the measurement of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and formaldehyde (HCHO) emission from building materials. While VOC was determined by the adsorbent tube sampling and sequential thermal desorption coupled with GC/MSD analysis, formaldehyde sampled with DNPH-silica cartridge was analyzed by HPLC. Wide-range performance criteria such as repeatability, desorption efficiency, emission chamber recovery test, duplicate precision, breakthrough volume and method detection limits were investigated for the evaluation of small chamber method. The overall precision of the small chamber sampling and analytical methods was estimated within 20~30% for target compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the small chamber sampling and analytical method can be reliably applied for the measurement of building materials pollutants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.24-37
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• 2007

The Korean Ministry of Environment started controlling indoor air quality (IAQ) in 2004 through the introduction of a law regulating the use of pollutant emitting building materials. The use of materials with formaldehyde emission levels above $1.25 mg/m^2{\cdot}h$ (JIS A 1901, small chamber method) has been prohibited. This level is equivalent to the $E_2$ grade ($>5.0mg/{\ell}$) of the desiccator method (JIS A 1460). However, the $20{\ell}$ small chamber method requires a 7-day test time to obtain the formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission results from solid building interior materials. As a approach to significantly reduce the test time, the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) has been proposed in Europe with a total test time less than one hour. This paper assesses the reproducibility of testing formaldehyde and TVOC emissions from wood-based composites such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), laminate flooring, and engineered flooring using three methods: desiccator, perforator and FLEC. According to the desiccator and perforator standards, the formaldehyde emission level of each flooring was ${\le}E_1$ grade. The formaldehyde emission of MDF was $3.48 mg/{\ell}$ by the desiccator method and 8.57 g/100 g by the perforator method. To determine the formaldehyde emission, the peak areas of each wood-based composite were calculated from aldehyde chromatograms obtained using the FLEC method. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were detected as aldehyde compounds. The experimental results indicated that MDF emitted chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xy-lene, styrene, and o-xylene. MDF emitted significantly greater amounts of VOCs than the floorings did.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2022

Background and Purpose: In 2021, lung cancer in school food workers was first recognized as an occupational cancer. The classification of the carcinogenicity of cooking fumes by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was based on Chinese epidemiological data. This study aimed to determine the hazard levels of school cooking fumes in Korea. Materials and Methods: Based on public school cafeterias in one area, 25 locations were selected for the survey according to the number per school type, ventilation states, and environmental pre-assessments of cafeterias. Two inside cooking areas using a heat source and one outside cooking area were selected as control measurement points. Measurements of CO, CO₂, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), including benzene, formaldehyde, and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, respectively), were taken. The concentrations and patterns of each substance in the kitchens were compared with the outdoor air quality. Result: Known carcinogens, such as the concentrations of PAHs, formaldehyde, TVOC (benzene), and particulate matter in school cooking fumes, were all detected at similar or slightly higher levels than those found outside. Additionally, substances were detected at relatively low concentrations compared to the Chinese cooking fumes reported in the literature. However, the short-term exposure to high concentrations of CO (or composite exposure with CO₂) and PM2.5 in this study were shown. Conclusion: The school cooking fumes in South Korea was a relatively less harmful than Chinese cooking fumes, however short-term, high exposure of toxic substances can cause a critical health effect.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2008

This study was used particleboard with urea-formaldehyde resin and cross linking vinyl resin. Manufactured particleboard had high cross linking vinyl resin content that internal bonding strength was low value but flexural strength was increased. For emission test of particleboard using VOC Analyzer, it was confirmed that more cross linking vinyl resin had reduced 4 volatile organic compounds (Toluene, Ethylbenzen, Xylene, Styrene) but also TVOC (Total VOC), 5 VOCs (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzen, Xylene, Styrene) and formaldehyde emissions from manufactured particleboard were also lower emission factor than particleboard with only urea formaldehyde resin.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.243-252
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• 2005

Purpose: Indoor air quality (IAQ) in the radiation treatment center which is generally located underground is important to the health of hospital workers and patients treated over a long period of time. this study was conducted to measure and analyze the factors related to IAQ and subjective symptoms of sick building syndrome, and to establish the causes influencing IAQ and find a solution to the problems. Methods and Materials : Self administrated questionnaire was conducted to check the workers' symptoms and understanding of the work environment. Based on a preliminary investigation, the factors related to IAQ such as temperature, humidity, fine particulate. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and radon gas were selected and measured for a certain period of time in specific sites where hospital workers stay long in a day. And we also evaluated the surrounding environment and the efficiency of the ventilating system simultaneously, and measured the same factors at the first floor (outdoor) to compare with outdoor all quality, All collected data were assessed by the recommended standard for IAQ of the domestic and international environmental organizations. Results: Hospital workers were discontented with foul odors, humidity and particulate. They complained symptoms related to musculo-skeletal system, neurologic system, and mucosal-irritatation. Most of the factors were not greater than the recommended standard, but the level of TVOC was third or fourth times as much as the measuring level of some offices in the United States. The frequency and the amount of the ventilating system were adequate, however, the problem arising in the position of outdoor-air inlets and indoor-air outlets involved a risk of the indraft of contaminated air. A careful attention was a requirement in handling and keeping chemical substances including a developing solution which has a risk of TVOC emissions, and repositioning the ventilating system was needed to solve the contaminated-air circulation immediately Conclusion We verified that some IAQ-related factors and inadequate ventilating system could cause subjective symptoms in hospital workers. The evaluation of IAQ was surely needed to improve the underground working environments for hospital workers and patients. On the basis of these data, from now on, we should actively engage in designs of the department of radiation oncology or improvement in environments of the existing facilities.