• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.08a
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• pp.94.2-94
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• 1998

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.08a
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• pp.93.3-93
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• 1998

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.6
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• pp.144-169
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• 1993

As a result, a study of honshu(本輸) theory of Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑) was led to the next conclusions. 1. In Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑), the connection of bonshu(本輸) flows and jingmai(經脈)'s can be compared to that of the earth's surface water flows and subterranean's. Bonshu(本輸) exists on qi flows which is formed in consquence of running over of twelve jingqi(經氣) and fifteenth luoqi(絡氣) in four extremities. 2. While jingluo(經絡) is composed of twelve mai(脈), bonshu(本輸) is composed of eleven mai(脈), it is because xin(心) has no disease and also has no bonshu(本輸). Bonshu(本輸) is used to treat disease of viscera and entrails, and frequently used in autumn and winter, also used when the outer layer or the inner layer of human body is become a fighting area of zhengxie(正邪). Physiologically, jingmai(經脈) nourishes the whole body and it's acting is prospered in four extremities. Bonshu(本輸) flows is just described as the process of gathering and storing the fruits of jingmai(經脈)'s acting. 3. In wuxing(五行) attachment of bonshu(本輸), from a ti(體) point of view, jing(井) xing(榮) shu(兪) jing(經) he(合) is oderly attached to shui(水) mu(木) huo(火) tu(土) jin(金), and from a yong(用) point of view, which is divided into two, bonshu(本輸) of yang(陽) area is oderly attached to jin(金) shui(水) mu(木) huo(火) tu(土), while bonshu(本輸) of yin(陰) area is oderly attached to mu(木) huo(火) tu(土) jin(金) shui(水). 4. Huangfu mi(皇甫 謐) had stated the bonshu(本輸) of xin(心) in Jiayijing(甲乙經), his writings, and therefore have faded the meaning of the concept of Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑)'s "only xin(心) has no bonshu(本輸)". Hua shou(滑 壽) had stated bonshu(本輸) in oder of jingmai(經脈) flows in his writings, Shisijingfahui(十四經發揮) and therefore completely have faded the meaning of Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑)'s bonshu(本輸).

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-118
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• 2017

Purpose : This paper explores the extent to which ZangFu diagrams made after Northern Song Dynasty were influenced by ZangFu diagrams made before Northern Song Dynasty, and how diagrams of the whole body and heart originated from MingTangZangFuTu and affected each other when quoted in books published after Northern Song Dynasty. Method : The author used four form factors including heart shape, internal curved lines, cylinder-like structures above heart, and wuzangxi (五臟系) which resembles a lotus flower which has not yet bloomed, to analyze and compare different ZangFu diagrams before and after the Northern Song Dynasty. Results : Two form factors, the shape of heart and wuzangxi, are described in ZangFu diagrams before Northern Song, and may have influenced ZangFu diagrams after Northern Song. However, the other two form factors (internal curved lines and cylinder-like structures above the heart) did not influence ZangFu diagrams after Northern Song. All form factors of heart found in WuCangLiuFuZhiTu (within the whole body) and diagram of heart in ZhenJiuJuYing (鍼灸聚英) were most similar, but the two paintings became less similar as they were cited in several books. With the exception of the form factor with structures above heart, the three other form factors are almost identical between two paintings produced after Northern Song dynasty, as displayed in the same book. Conclusion : ZangFu diagrams of the heart produced after Northern Song Dynasty, were not completely based on ZangFu diagrams made before Northern Song Dynasty. Diagrams of whole body and those of the heart were changed, while influencing each other after Northern Song.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 1997

For the ultimate goal of efficient retrovirus vector-mediated transgenic animal production, we tried to increase virus titer by employing three methods: boosting virus production by treating virus-producing cells with sodium butyrate, concentration of virus stock by either filtration or ultracentrifugation. Compared to the control, applications of sodium butyrate (5 mM) treatment and filtration resulted in only 3 and 3. 6 folds of titer increases on bovine EBTr target cells, respectively. However, concentration of virus-containing medium by ultracentrifugation showed 12.5 folds of titer increase compared to the control (10${\times}$10$^5$ LacZ$^+$ TU Im), indicating the best method which can enhance retrovirus vector-mediated transgenic animal production.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.354-362
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• 2012

Recently, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is under development jointly by MPEG and ITU-T for the next international video coding standard. Compared to the previous standards, HEVC supports variety of splitting units, such as coding unit (CU), prediction unit (PU), and transform unit (TU). Among them, it has been known that the recursive quadtree structure of CU can improve the coding efficiency while the encoding complexity is increased significantly. In this paper, a simple conditional probability to predict the early termination condition of recursive unit structure is introduced. The proposed conditional probability is estimated based on Bayes' formula from local statistics of rate-distortion costs in encoder. Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the total encoding time by about 32% according to the test configuration while the coding efficiency loss is 0.4%-0.5%. In addition, the encoding time can be reduced by 50% with 0.9% coding efficiency loss when the proposed method was used jointly with HM4.0 early CU termination algorithm.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2015

The toxicity of red mud (RM) pellets for water purification was evaluated using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Daphnia magna in a lab-scale experiment. According to the algal growth inhibition test, both specific growth rates and relative growth rates of P. subcapitata decreased, and the growth inhibition rates increased ($R^2=0.97$, p<0.001) as the concentration of RM pellets in the aqueous solution increased (>1.6 g/L). Also, based on the acute toxicity evaluation test on D. magna, toxic unit (TU) values ranged between 0.00 and 2.83, and increased with an increase in the concentration of RM pellets in the aqueous solution. A correlation analysis indicated that the pH of RM pellets was statistically correlated with TU values ($R^2=0.77$, p=0.02). The environmental implication from this study is that the concentration of RM pellets in an aqueous solution needs to be lower than 4.4 g/L to keep the maximum permissible TU value less than 1.0.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.21.1-21.11
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• 2016

Background: The evaluation of suitable reference genes as normalization controls is a prerequisite requirement for launching quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR)-based expression study. In order to select the stable reference genes in abalone Haliotis discus hannai tissues (gill and hepatopancreas) under heavy metal exposure conditions (Cu, Zn, and Cd), 12 potential candidate housekeeping genes were subjected to expression stability based on the comprehensive ranking while integrating four different statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ${\Delta}CT$ method). Results: Expression stability in the gill subset was determined as RPL7 > RPL8 > ACTB > RPL3 > PPIB > RPL7A > EF1A > RPL4 > GAPDH > RPL5 > UBE2 > B-TU. On the other hand, the ranking in the subset for hepatopancreas was RPL7 > RPL3 > RPL8 > ACTB > RPL4 > EF1A > RPL5 > RPL7A > B-TU > UBE2 > PPIB > GAPDH. The pairwise variation assessed by the geNorm program indicates that two reference genes could be sufficient for accurate normalization in both gill and hepatopancreas subsets. Overall, both gill and hepatopancreas subsets recommended ribosomal protein genes (particularly RPL7) as stable references, whereas traditional housekeepers such as ${\beta}-tubulin$ (B-TU) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes were ranked as unstable genes. The validation of reference gene selection was confirmed with the quantitative assay of MT transcripts. Conclusions: The present analysis showed the importance of validating reference genes with multiple algorithmic approaches to select genes that are truly stable. Our results indicate that expression stability of a given reference gene could not always have consensus across tissue types. The data from this study could be a good guide for the future design of RT-qPCR studies with respect to metal regulation/detoxification and other related physiologies in this abalone species.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2017

This paper aimed to evaluate the results of alternative acute toxicity test on 83 wastewater samples. Each sample was tested by traditional method (using laboratory cultured D. magna as a test organism) and alternative method (using Toxikit which can be purchased from a specialized company). The relationship between Lab. culture toxicity and Toxkits toxicity indicated good relation ($r^2=0.84$, p<0.01, n = 83). Number of samples which showed a small difference of lower than 0.5 between two test methods were 52 and they account for 63 percent of collected samples. In addition, these 52 samples had a lower average toxicity of TU 0.5 (Lab. culture method) and TU 0.45 (Toxkits method). Whereas samples which indicated big difference of test results between two methods, had a tendency to show higher toxicity. From these results, alternative toxicity test method could be applied to the official test method, if samples would have a lower toxicity less than TU 2. Also, Toxikit standard toxicant test results indicated $EC_{50}$ values between 0.93 and 1.68 mg/L and these results were considered as valid for quality control standard.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.2 s.31
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• pp.93-100
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• 1977

This is the fist report on detailed aphid transnsmission studies of cruciferous virus in Korea, and experiments aimed to get basic informations for control of vectors. Aphid transmission of turnip mosaic virus prevalent on radish in the field was studied. Results obtained were as follows: 1. Myzus persicae, Lipaphis erysimi, Aphis gossypii and Aphis craccivora were found to transmit turnip mosaic virus. 2. The proper time for turnip mosaic virus transmission by Myzus persicae was 1 hour of fasting, 3 minutes for acquisition, and 1 minute for inoculation: Lipaphis erysimi was 2 hours for fasting, 5 minutes for acquisition, and 3 miuutes for inoculation: while Aphis gossypii needed 1hour for fasting, and 3 minutes for each of the acquisition and inoculation periods. 3. There was Po great difference in probing patterns between nonfasted and fasted aphids for 2 hours. All the fasted aphids began feeding after 4 minutes, 4. When Myzus persicae were transferred artificially at 1-2 minute intervals, the number of probes with aphids fasted for 2 hours was much greater than that of nonfasted aphids. Aphids fasted for 2 hours mainly transmitted the virus before 4 minutes, with an acquisition feeing period of less than 3 minutes