• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2000

Mature foliose thalli of P. suborbiculata f. Iatifalia were collected at Chindo, Chonnam Prefecture on 24 February 1996. Growth and reproduction were observed at selected temperatures (5~30tt photon flux densities (10-80 ${\mu}$mol m$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$) and photoperiods (14L:I00, 10L:140). The thalli grew fastest at 15 t under both photoperiods and produced archeospores at 10-$25^{\circ}C$ under both photoperiods, but zygotospores at 10-15$^{\circ}C$ under 10L:140 and at only 15$^{\circ}C$: under 14L:I00. Size and shape of the thalli at 1$0^{\circ}C$: under short photoperiod were similar to the field materials. The optimum temperature and photoperiod for growth of the conchocelis colony were 20-$25^{\circ}C$: under both photoperiods. The foliose thalli and the conchocelis filaments could not survive at 30 t. Conchosporangial branches were produced at 15-$25^{\circ}C$ under 14L:100 and 10L:140.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1429-1437
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• 2003

Browse tree legume leaves from Acacia spp (A. nilotica, A. tortilis, A. polyacantha), Dichrostachys sp, Flagea villosa, Piliostigma thonningii, Harrisonia sp were evaluated for nutritive potential (chemical compositions and degradability characteristics) compared to Gliricidia sepium. Effect of tannins anti-nutritive activity on digestibility was also assessed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) tannin bioassay. Crude protein (CP), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) differed (p<0.05) between legume foliages. Mean CP, ash, NDF, ADF and ADL for fodder species tested were 158, 92, 385, 145, and 100 g/kg DM, respectively. CP ranged from 115 (P. thonningii) to 205 g/kg DM (G. sepium). Acacia spp had moderate CP values (g/kg DM) of 144 (A. nilotica), to high CP in A. tortilis (188) and A. polyacantha (194) comparable to G. sepium. The forages had relatively lower fiber compositions. A. nilotica had (p<0.05) lowest NDF, ADF and ADL (182, 68 and 44) compared to P. thonningii (619, 196 and 130) g/kg DM, respectively. Except G. sepium, all fodder species had detectable high phenolic and tannin contents greater than 5% DM, an upper beneficial level in animal feeding and nutrition. Mean total phenolics (TP), total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) (or proanthocyanidins) for fodder species tested were 139, 113 and 43 mg/g DM, respectively. F. villosa had (p<0.05) lowest TP and TT of 65 and 56 mg/g DM, respectively, compared to A. nilotica (237 and 236 mg/g DM, respectively). The CT varied (p<0.05) from 6 (F. villosa) to 74 mg/g DM (Dichrostachys sp). In vitro organic matter (OM) degradability (OMD) differed (p<0.05) between fodder species. G. sepium had (p<0.05) high degradability potential compared to A. polyacantha that had (p<0.05) the lowest OMD values. Forage degradability ranked: G. sepium>A. nilotica>P. thonningi>F. villosa>Dichrostachys sp>A. tortilis>A. polyacantha. Addition of PEG resulted to (p<0.05) improvement in in vitro OM digestibility (IVD). Increase in IVD was mainly due to binding action of PEG on tannins; and represents potential nutritive values previously depressed by tannins anti-nutritive activity. Browse fodder has potential as sources of ruminal nitrogen especially for ruminants consuming low quality roughages due to high protein, lower fiber compositions and high potential digestibility. However, utilization of browse supplements in ruminants is hampered by high phenolic and tannin contents. Deactivation of tannin anti-nutritive activity, possibly by feeding tanniniferous browse with other readily available nitrogen sources to dilute tannin anti-nutritive activity could improve utilization of browse fodder supplements. Further studies are needed to assess browse fodder palatability and intake, and their effect on growth performance in ruminants.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 2007

Objectives : Schizophrenia is equally distributed in both sexes. However, later-onset, milder psychopathology, and better outcome are associated with the females. This reason is thought to be partly due to the estrogen system. Recently, it was suggested that estrogen receptor 1(ESR1) gene polymorphisms might affect the expression of ESR1 and were associated with several psychiatric disorders. Thus, we investigated the association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the ESR1 gene and Korean schizophrenic patients in this study. Methods : Genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of the two SNPs(rs 2234693 and rs 2228480) were analyzed between 218 Korean controls and 158 Korean schizophrenic patients. Also, age of onset and negative symptom scale scores according to genotypes were analyzed in the patients with schizophrenia. Results : There was a significant difference in allele frequencies of rs 2234693 between the schizophrenic patients and the controls(p=0.03). Genotype distributions(p=0.03) and allele frequencies(p=0.01) of rs 2234693 were significantly different between the female schizophrenic patients and the female controls. The frequency of TC-CC genotypes compared with TT genotype in the female schizophrenic patients was significantly higher than that in the female controls(OR=2.36). The mean age of onset in the schizophrenic patients with TC-CC genotypes was significantly lower than that in the patients with TT genotype. The frequency of rs 2234693C- rs 2228480G haplotype in the female schizophrenic patients was relatively higher than that in the female controls. Conclusions : These results of our study support the possibility that the ESR1 gene polymorphisms might be involved in the susceptibility of females to schizophrenia and play a role in sex difference of schizophrenia.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate the effects of genotype for chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B-LB genes on economic traits. To detect polymorphism, 400 bp fragments of MHC B-LB genes were obtained and sequenced. After digestions using restriction enzyme Hea III, two restriction enzyme sites were observed. There were two mutations at position 427 and 651 those were decided as Type I and Type II, respectively. Using RFLP analyses, type I were genotyped to TT, TC and CC, and type II to MM, Mm and mm. The relatively higher TC genotype frequencies (0.8) of Type I and Mm genotype frequencies (0.88) of Type II were observed in Korean native chickens. The effects of the genotype on 150 days body weight trait were investigated by the associations of CC and Mm genotypes (P<0.05) in Korean native chickens. This result suggests that a significant association exists between the SNP and 150 days body weight.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1168-1173
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• 2014

The homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene, which consists of 14 exons and spans approximately 42630bp on Bos taurus autosome 1 (BTA 1), is one of the six enzymes required for catabolism of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. It has been reported that BTA1 harbors quantitative trait loci that effect marbling score (MS), carcass weight (CW), and longissimus muscle area (LMA) in cattle. The aim of this study was to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HGD gene and to analyze their association with economic traits in Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Genetic polymorphisms were screened by direct sequencing, which detected 10 SNPs (T11187C, T11301A, T11398G, G29833A, G34256T, G34257C, T34284C, T42333G, T42348C, and T42468C). Six polymorphic sites were selected for genotyping, and economic traits were analyzed using a general linear model in Korean cattle (n=90). The observed genotype frequencies for G34256T were 0.5843(GG), 0.3708(GT), and 0.0449(TT). In addition, 0.3596(GG), 0.3708(GC), and 0.2697(CC) were observed for the G34257C mutation. Statistical association analysis revealed that G34256T polymorphisms were significantly associated with MS, and G34257C polymorphisms were significantly associated with MS and LMA (p<0.05). Further study is needed in order to use the genetic variant as a marker for marker-assisted selection in Korean cattle.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3101-3109
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• 2015

Background: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is involved in amino acid synthesis and DNA function. Two common polymorphisms are reported, C677T and A1298C, that are implicated in a number of human diseases, including cancer. Objective: The association between MTHFR C677T and A1298C genotype and haplotype frequencies in risk for lung cancer (LC) was investigated in the Jordanian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 98 LC cases were studied for MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, compared to 89 controls taken from the general population, employing the PCR-RFLP technique. Results: The frequency of the genotypes of MTHFR C677T among Jordanians was: CC, 59.6%, CT, 33%; and TT, 7.4% among LC cases and 49.4%, 40.2% and 10.3% among controls. No significant association was detected between genetic polymorphism at this site and LC. At MTHFR A12987C, the genotype distribution was AA, 29.5%; AC, 45.3%, and CC 25.3% among LC cases and 36.8%, 50.6% and 12.6% among controls. Carriers of the CC genotype were more likely to have LC (OR=2.5; 95%CI: 1.04-6; p=0.039) as compared to AA carriers. Smokers and males with the CC genotype were 9.9 and 6.7 times more likely to have LC, respectively ($OR_{smokers}=9.9$; 95%CI: 1.2-84.5, p=0.018; $OR_{men}=6.6$; 95%CI: 1.7-26.2, p=0.005). Haplotype analysis of MTHFR polymorphism at the two loci showed differential distribution of the CC haplotype (677C-1298C) between cases and controls. The CC haplotype was associated with an increased risk for lung cancer (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.03-2.4, p=0.037). Conclusions: The genetic polymorphism of MTHFR at 1298 and the CC haplotype (risk is apparently lower with the C allele at position 677) may modulate the risk for LC development among the Jordanian population. Risk associated with the 1298C allele is increased in smokers and in males. The results indicate that a critical gene involved in folate metabolism plays a modifying role in lung cancer risk, at least in the Jordanian population.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3931-3936
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• 2012

Background: Epidemiological studies evaluating the association of two variants rs9340799 and rs2234693 on estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) with prostate risk have generated inconsistent results. Methods: A meta-analysis was here conducted to systematically evaluate the relationship of these two variants with prostate cancer susceptibility. Results: For rs9340799, heterozygosity of T/C carriers showed a significant increased prostate cancer risk with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.34 (95% CI = 1.06-1.69) while homozygote C/C carriers showed an increased but not statistically significant association with prostate cancer risk (pooled OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.94-1.79). Compared to the homozygous TT carriers, the allele C carriers showed a 31% increased risk for prostate cancer (pooled OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.06-1.63). No significant association between the rs2234693 and prostate cancer risk was found with the pooled OR of 1.15 (95% CI = 0.97-1.39, T/C and C/C vs. T/T) under the dominant genetic model. Compared to the homozygote T/T carriers, the heterozygous T/C carriers did not show any significantly different risk of prostate cancer (pooled OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.94-1.36) and the homozygous C/C carriers also did not show a significant change for prostate cancer risk compared to the wide-type T/T carriers (pooled OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.98-1.62). Conclusion: These data suggested that variant rs9340799, but not rs2234693, on ESR1 confers an elevated risk of prostate cancer.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.359-366
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• 2010

Large-scale preparation steps of antithrombotic materials from wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricular-judae) were established as follows. Grounded dry wood ear mushroom was extracted with 75% ethanol and its precipitate was extracted with $76^{\circ}C$ water for 2 hr followed by filter pressing. The filtrate was then concentrated by vacuum and extracted with 80% ethanol, and the resulting precipitate was then freeze-dried. The formula of the product was determined using consumer susceptibility tests as follows; mushroom extract 90.5%, high fructose corn syrup 2.0%, $\beta$-cyclodextrin 1.5%, fructo-oligosaccharide 2.0%, pear puree 4.0%. When the packed products were stored at 25, 37, or $45^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks, there were no noticeable changes in water activity, moisture content, pH, and acidity. The viable cell number of total bacteria was slightly increased during the storage period at 25 and $37^{\circ}C$, The total bacteria were not detected in the product when stored at $45^{\circ}C$. When the product was injected intravenously into rat at the level of 1,000 mg/kg, antithrombotic activities such as activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, prothrombin time, and FIB were increased when compared with the control group. When the product was administrated orally into rat at the level of 500 mg/kg, it showed the same antiplatelet activity to aspirin.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2002

Objective : Previous studies have suggested that hyperhomocysteinemia and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T) mutations are associated with increased risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Recently, a second site polymorphism in MTHFR, 1298A-->C, which changes a glutamic acid into an alanine residue, was shown to be associated with a decreased enzyme activity. We tested whether the variant alleles of MTHFR C677T and A1298C are risk factor (biomarker) for RSA. Materials and Methods: We analyzed DNA from a case-control study in the Korean DNA was extracted from blood samples of 118 patients with RSA and 123 healthy fertile patients as the controls. MTHFR variant alleles were determined by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Results: We found no evidence for an association between 677TT genotype and risk of RSA (OR=1.95, 95% CI=$0.84{\sim}4.50$, p=0.12). However, the MTHFR 1298AC (OR=0.36, 95% CI=$0.20{\sim}0.63$, p=0.0004) and 1298AC+CC (OR=0.35, 95% CI=$0.20{\sim}0.61$, p=0.0002) genotypes were lower among 118 RSA cases compared with 123 controls, conferring a 2.8-fold decrease in risk of RSA, respectively. Moreover, the combined genotypes of MTHFR 677CC/1298AC (OR=0.30, 95% CI=$0.10{\sim}0.88$, p=0.029) and 677CT/1298AC (OR=0.77, 95% CI=$0.60{\sim}0.99$, p=0.043) also showed significantly lower risk than those with MTHFR 677CC/1298AA type. Conclusion: MTHFR 1298AC, MTHFR 677CC/1298AC and 677CT/1298AC genotypes may represent genetic markers for the protection of RSA at least in Korean women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1987-1992
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• 2015

The aim of this research was to investigate the possible association between gastric carcinoma (GC) and polymorphisms of the IL-$1{\beta}$ gene in the Kashmiri population using peripheral blood DNA from 150 gastric carcinoma cases and 250 population controls with detailed data for clinicopathological characteristics of the disease. Two SNPs in the IL-$1{\beta}$ gene were selected for this study. Expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ was studied in 50 gastric carcinoma cases using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR and then correlated with genotype. The frequency of the IL-$1{\beta}$-511 C allele was significantly higher in the GC case group (53.3%) than in controls (45.4%) with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.73 and a P value of 0.03. Multivariate regression analysis showed associations of gastric carcinoma with mutant form of IL-$1{\beta}$-511 TT (OR 0.309; P value <0.001) and the CC genotype of IL-$1{\beta}$-31 (OR 0.313; P value of 0.002). Haplotype analysis of IL-$1{\beta}$-31 and IL-$1{\beta}$-511 showed decreased association of IL-$1{\beta}$-31 T with IL-$1{\beta}$-511 C with gastric carcinoma (OR 0.728; P value 0.03). Expression study of 50 samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR showed association with grade III and stage III+IV. After correlating the expression with polymorphism no association was found.