• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bacterial inoculation (Lactobacillus plantarum or combo inoculant mixed with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri) and addition of fibrolytic enzyme on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of whole crop barley (WCB) and triticale (TRT) silage, their ruminal in vitro fermentation, and digestibility. In TRT silage, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.01) decreased NDF content compared to no enzyme addition treatment. Organic acids such as lactate and acetate contents in WCB and TRT silages were significantly (p<0.01) higher compared to those in the control. Particularly, lactate content was the highest in L. plantarum treatment. Fibrolytic enzyme treatment on both silages had relatively higher lactic acid bacteria content, while mold content was lower in both treatments compared to that in the control. In vitro dry matter digestibility was generally improved in WCB silages. It was higher (p<0.01) in TRT with mixed treatment of L. plantarum, L. buchneri, and enzyme compared to others. In vitro ruminal acetate production was relatively higher in treatments with both enzyme and inoculant additions compared to that in the control. Therefore, the quality of silage and rumen fermentation could be improved by inoculants (L. plantarum and L. buchneri) regardless whether whole crop barley (WCB) or triticale (TRT) silage was used. Although it was found that fibrolytic enzyme addition to both silages had various quality and rumen fermentation values, further study is needed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.24-30
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• 2016

Vertical and standing column well ground heat exchangers have mostly been installed for ground source heat pump systems (GSHP) and thermal response tests (TRT) have been applied to evaluate the thermal characteristics for these heat exchangers. In this paper, the TRT coupled with a line source method was applied to evaluate the thermal characteristics of the horizontal ground heat exchanger (HGHX). Load tests of a HGHX were also performed to examine the daily variations of the ground and fluid temperatures associated with the daily intermittent operation of GSHP. For this test, the straight HGHX (depth 2 m, length 50 m, 8 line) was installed in Ansan city. The results showed that the variations of ground thermal conductivity of HGHX during one year were relatively small with the range of $1.43{\sim}1.64W/m{\cdot}K$, and the maximum and minimum values appeared in December and May, respectively. Load tests with heat injection rate of 6.0 kW for 10 hours per day to HGHX during twelve days were performed in June, September and December, and resulted in a ground initial temperature rise of $4.31^{\circ}C$, $3.14^{\circ}C$, and $1.21^{\circ}C$ during these days, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.404-413
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• 2008

Major objectives were to evaluate effects of three schemes of bST-supplementation of Holstein cows (142.8 mg/14 d, POSILAC) during the prepartum and/or postpartum periods through 63 d (${\pm}3d$) of lactation. Measures evaluated the potential of treatments to improve body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS), provoke changes in plasma concentrations of somatotropin (ST) and IGF-I, and improve milk yield, milk composition (percentages of protein and fat, and somatic cell counts), and several calving variables. Multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments (TRT) to give four groups (I = no bST, n = 26; II = bST postpartum, n = 25; III = bST prepartum, n = 27; IV = bST prepartum and postpartum, n = 25). During the prepartum period, cows in groups I and II were not supplemented but those in groups III and IV were supplemented every 2-wk beginning 21 d before expected calving date through calving. During the first 63 DIM only cows in groups II and IV were supplemented with bST. From 64 DIM through the end of lactation cows in all groups were supplemented with the full lactation dose of bST (500 mg/14 d). The BW and BCS were recorded weekly throughout the prepartum and postpartum periods and every 2-wk beyond 70 DIM. Blood samples were collected 3-times a week for analyses of ST and IGF-I. Milk yields were recorded daily though 150 DIM. Prepartum supplementation of bST did not affect BW or BCS, but mean concentrations of ST were increased 12.2% and were 15.5% greater at calving. Overall, mean concentration of IGF-I was not affected by treatment but concentrations were greater at 1 and 2 wk before calving in bST-supplemented cows. During the first 63 DIM the BW and BCS were not affected by treatment. Significant effects of bST-supplementation were detected on concentrations of ST, IGF-I and on milk yield compared to non-supplemented cows in group I. Postpartum concentrations of ST were greater in bST-supplemented cows (TRT II and IV; +41.9 and 54.6%). However, concentrations of IGF-I were greater only in cows in group IV (+25.9%) during the postpartum period. Overall, the three bST-supplemented groups had greater actual milk yield than the control group (I) during the first 63 and 150 DIM. The actual milk yields during 63 and 150 DIM were 6.5 and 4.6 kg/d greater for cows in group IV than cows in group I and the 305-d ME milk yield also was 15.6% greater. No adverse effects of TRT were observed on calf birth weight, colostrum immunoglobulins, ease of calving or other measures evaluated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.198-207
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• 2020

This experiment was performed to evaluate the optimal proportion of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) to net energy (NE) proportion in growing to finishing pigs. A total of seventy-two pigs were used at phase 1 (initial body weight 37.23 ± 0.23 kilogram, for 42 d) and at phase 2 (initial body weight 54.16 ± 0.20 kilogram, for 77 d). They were arbitrarily assigned to three treatments groups consisting of four duplicates per treatment (six pigs in duplicates, respectively). Diet treatments were as follows: CON = basal diets (phase 1, crude protein (CP): 19.1%; SID Lys: 0.94%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.91 g/MJ / phase 2, CP: 17.0%; SID Lys: 0.84%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.79 g/MJ), TRT1 (phase 1, CP: 18.0%; SID Lys: 0.92%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.89 g/MJ / phase 2, CP: 15.8%; SID Lys: 0.8%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.75 g/MJ), TRT2 (phase 1, CP: 17.3%; SID Lys: 0.82%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.79 g/MJ / phase 2, CP: 14.8%; SID Lys: 0.7%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.65 g/MJ). In phase 1 and 2, growth performance did not meaningfully be affected when SID Lys: NE proportion decreased with reducing CP content. In phase 2, the nitrogen digestibility of CON group in 11 week was higher (p < 0.05) than other treatments. Also, marbling and firmness scores of TRT2 group diets increased (p < 0.05) compared with those of CON group, but dissimilarities of other meat qualities did not be detected among treatments. In conclusion, introduction of NE system can reduce negative problems introduced when dietary CP decreased. Also, 0.79 and 0.65 g/MJ of SID Lys: NE proportion is the optimal Lys: NE proportion to achieve improved pork quality without impairing the growth performance in growing-finishing pigs, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.5-15
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• 2012

In this study, a series of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) numerical analyses were performed in order to evaluate the thermal performance of six full-scale closed-loop vertical ground heat exchangers constructed in a test bed located in Wonju. The circulation HDPE pipe, borehole and surrounding ground formation were modeled using FLUENT, a finite-volume method (FVM) program, for analyzing the heat transfer process of the system. Two user-defined functions (UDFs) accounting for the difference in the temperatures of the circulating inflow and outflow fluid and the variation of the surrounding ground temperature with depth were adopted in the FLUENT model. The relevant thermal properties of materials measured in laboratory were used in the numerical analyses to compare the thermal efficiency of various types of the heat exchangers installed in the test bed. The simulation results provide a verification for the in-situ thermal response test (TRT) data. The CFD numerical back-analysis with the ground thermal conductivity of 4 W/mK yielded better agreement with the in-situ thermal response tests than with the ground thermal conductivity of 3 W/mK.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2004

Sixty $[(Duroc \times {Yorkshire)} \times {Landrace]}$ nursery pigs$(11.44\pm{0.13Kg}$ average initial body weight) were evaluated to know the effects of dietary Astragalus Membranaces and dried-onion meal complex(AO) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility. There were three pigs per pen and five pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 1) corn-SBM based diet(CON; basal diet), 2) AO 0.2(basal diet＋0.2% AO), 3) AO 0.4(basal diet＋0.4% AO) and 4) AO 0.6(basal diet＋0.6% AO). ADG was increased as the concentration of AO in the diets was increased(Linear effect, P =0.01). DM and N digestibilities were increased as the concentration of AO in the diets was increased(Linear effect, p =0.01). Thirty $[(Duroc \times {Yorkshire)} \times$ Landrace] growing pigs $(37.97\pm{0.54Kg}$ average initial body weight) were fed dietary treatments included 1) corn-SBM based diet(CON; basal diet) and 2) TRT(basal diet+0.3% AO). Pigs fed TRT diet were significantly(P<0.05) increased in ADG, ADFI and gain/feed compared to pigs fed CON diet. DM and N digestibilites of pigs fed TRT diets was higher than that of pigs fed CON diet(P<0.05). In conclusion, the results obtained from this feeding trial suggest that the dietary AO for nursery and growing pigs had improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.291-297
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracted garlic stem and red cabbage, and their application to pork patties during refrigerated storage. Total phenolic compounds of ethanol extracted garlic stem and red cabbage were 3.13 g/100 g and 3.99 g/100 g, respectively. 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picryhdrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of garlic stem extracts increased up to 0.05%. Iron chelating activities of both garlic stem and red cabbage increased up to 0.5%, and red cabbage up to the concentration of 1% had similar iron chelating activity to those of EDTA. Pork patties containing garlic stem had higher Hunter L and b values, (p<0.05), whereas those with red cabbage had highest Hunter a values, resulting in similar value to those of control (p>0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of pork patties with garlic stem were lower than those of the control (p<0.05). In addition, antioxidantive activities of pork patties with red cabbage were higher than those with garlic stem. No differences in microbial contents were observed between the control and treatments. In conclusion, garlic stem and red cabbage extracts might be used as natural antioxidants to be used in the manufacture of functional meat products.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.11c
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• pp.797-801
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• 2003

In this paper, a real-time communication method using a PICNET-NP (Plant Instrumentation and Control Network for Nuclear Power plant) is proposed with an analysis of the control network requirements of DCS (Distributed Control System) in nuclear power plants. The method satisfies deadline in case of worst data traffics by considering aperiodic and periodic real-time data and others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.851-856
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of flavor supplementation on pre- and post-weaning performance and behavior of piglets and sows. A total of 30 sows (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) and their litters were employed in this study. Sows were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (10 replications per treatment). Dietary treatments included: i) CON, basal diet; ii) TRT1, CON+0.1% vanilla supplement; iii) TRT2, CON+0.1% cheese supplement. The behavior of sows (nursery, eating and standing) and piglets (eating, sleeping and fighting) in each treatment was monitored throughout experiment. Each piglet was weighted at 5, 10, 15 and 21 d after birth to evaluate the average daily gain. Sows and piglets were bled on the weaning d to evaluate the blood characteristics. Back fat and estrus interval were investigated. In this study, there were no differences (p>0.05) in diarrhea score and blood characteristics among treatments. Likewise, the behavior was not influenced (p>0.05) by the dietary flavor supplementation. However, administration of flavor increased (p<0.05) the pre-weaning feed intake, post-weaning average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed (G/F) ratio. No significant difference was observed (p>0.05) on the blood characteristics, behavior, backfat loss and estrus interval among treatments. In conclusion, administration of flavor could increase creep feed intake pre-weaning and piglet ADG post-weaning, whereas inclusion of flavor had no influence on blood characteristics and performance in sow and piglets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.7
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• pp.18.1-18.12
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• 2018

Background: Xanthosine treatment has been previously reported to increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the increase in stem cell population and milk production remain unclear. Methods: Primiparous Beetal goats were assigned to the study. Five days post-partum, one mammary gland of each goat was infused with xanthosine (TRT) twice daily ($2{\times}$) for 3 days consecutively, and the other gland served as a control (CON). Milk samples from the TRT and CON glands were collected on the 10th day after the last xanthosine infusion and the total RNA was isolated from milk fat globules (MEGs). Total RNA in MFGs was mainly derived from the milk epithelial cells (MECs) as evidenced by expression of milk synthesis genes. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) terms using PANTHER and gene networks were generated using STRING db. Results: Preliminary analysis indicated that each individual goat responded to xanthosine treatment differently, with this trend being correlated with specific DEGs within the same animal's mammary gland. Several pathways are impacted by these DEGs, including cell communication, cell proliferation and anti-microbials. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into transcriptomic changes in milk producing epithelial cells in response to xanthosine treatment. Further characterization of DEGs identified in this study is likely to delineate the molecular mechanisms of increased milk production and stem or progenitor cell population by the xanthosine treatment.