• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.116-123
• /
• 2011

The incidence of breast cancer, the second most prevalent cancer type in South Korea, has increased by 6.8% annually in the last six years. The higher number of breast cancer patients has led to an increase in the cases of skin-sparing mastectomies, thereby increasing the need for reconstructive procedures. The reconstruction options include alloplastic techniques such as implant or autologous reconstruction with numerous flaps. The abdominal area is the preferred donor site for the harvest of autologous tissue for breast reconstruction. Breast reconstruction using abdonimal tissue is commonly accomplished using the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap. The establishment of microvascular surgery led to the development of the free TRAM flap because of its increased vascularity and decreased rectus abdominis sacrifice. The muscle-sparing TRAM, DIEP, and SIEA flap techniques were later developed in an effort to decrease the abdominal-donar-site morbidity by decreasing the injury to the rectus abdominis muscle and fascia. This article summarizes the various abdominal flaps for breast reconstruction.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2017

The first tram in korea was commended the operation from 1899 to 1968 as a core role of public transportation. However, tram recently is being recognized as an alternative against a traffic congestion, a super-aged society and an environmental pollution problem. Because of these advantages, we are trying to introduce tram in korea. The efforts to introduce trams have focused on the economic analysis for tram construction. But we must be interested in tram operational safety. Early opening tram accidents could affect a negative impact on the additional tram introduction. We are trying to introduce trams in Daejeon, Wi-Rye and Su-won. In this paper, I want to check the safety issues in tram operation phase.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.280-292
• /
• 2014

A tram has been the focus of a new public transportation that can solve a traffic jam, decreasing of public transit usage and environmental problem in recent years. This study aims to develop a signal optimization model for considering the traffic signal progression of tram and vehicles, when they are operated simultaneously in the same signalized intersections. This research developed the KS-SIGNAL-Tram model to obtain a minimum tram bandwidth and to minimize a vehicle's delay to perform a tram passive signal priority, it is based on the KS-SIGNAL model and is added to the properties of a tram and it's system. We conducted a micro simulation test to evaluate the KS-SIGNAL-Tram model, it showed that the developed optimization model is effective to prevent a tram's stop on intersection, to reduce a tram's travel time and vehicle's delay.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
• /
• v.64 no.4
• /
• pp.212-219
• /
• 2015

Korea's first tram (so called "tram"), which was commenced the operation on May 4, 1899 of late Joseon Dynasty and run until 1968, played a pivotal role of public transportation. However, tram as new transportation mean is being recognized as traffic congestion problem becomes issue due to geometric automobile increase and reckless urban plan after stoppage of tram service. Tram has an advantage of inexpensive construction cost and eco-friendly means compared to existing and city railway, carrying more passengers rather than existing bus, excellent connectivity of existing transportation because of easy accessible to destination in the city center. Therefore, tram, what is called "Green Rvolution of Public Transportation", has a dreaming of revival and in the process of pushing. We suggest the accident type which might break out in the early stage of tram introduction and preventive measures by surveying the accident cases of tram advanced country, and study the crossing control measures.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.25-37
• /
• 2014

Recently, our local governments are conducting the introduction of tram system because it is recognized as an effective public transit that can solve a traffic jam in downtown, decreasing public transit share and environmental issues in world wide cities. We developed the Active Priority Control Strategy to efficiently operate a tram in our existing traffic signal system. This study organized the tram system for operating the Active Priority Signal Control, developed the algorithm that calculates a tram-stop dwell time in order to pass the downstream intersection without a stop. The dwell time is determined by arrival time at tram-stop, downstream signal time, and the location of a opposite tram, it can be reduced by choosing the optimal one among Signal Priority Controls. Using the VISSIM and VISVAP model, we conducted a simulation test for the city of Chang-won that it is expected to install a tram system. It showed that a developed signal control strategy is effective to prevent a tram's stop in intersections, to reduce a tram's travel time.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.27-41
• /
• 2011

This research proposes new tram signal coordination model, called MAXBAND MILP-Tram for a passive tram signal priority strategy. The proposed model was formulated based on the MAXBAND model that was a traditional arterial signal optimization model. The model could calculate the bandwidth solutions for both general-purpose-lane traffic and median-tram-lane traffic. Lower progression speed are applied for the tram traffic considering lower running speed and dwell time at the stations. A phase sequence procedure determines the green times and left-turn phase sequences for tram traffic in median tram lane. To estimate the performance of the MILP-Tram model, the control delay of trams were estimated using the micro simulation model, VISSIM. The analysis results showed 57 percent decrease of the tram compared to the conventional signal timing model. The delay for car, however, increased 18 percent. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the passive tram signal priority strategy using the offset and phase sequence optimization was effective in reducing the person delay under the congested traffic condition.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
• /
• 2011.10a
• /
• pp.872-880
• /
• 2011

In terms of accessibility and time the tram rail and bus transportation system is equipped with all the benefits of. In addition, construction and operating costs than light rail trams reduce AGT, and by car from the city center by inhibiting the transport demand management, pedestrian-oriented transportation system, including city jaebuheung can expect several effects, depending on the expected introduction of trams are. Accordingly, increasing interest in streetcars and trams, and the forum is running and the green at the National Assembly, Korea Railroad Research Institute samurai tram lines in the Korean research team developed the tram is thriving. In this study, in Korea as a way to introduce a tram tram to enhance the safety and reliability challenges for the advancement and promotion of foreign tram with the safety regulations and accident cases learn safety measures to strengthen the domestic transportation. The expected introduction of the tram fits the matter at issue and the perception of citizens and the passengers can make changes to present policies, the successful national introduction of trams and safety study aims to review.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.376-383
• /
• 2012

Background No consensus has been reached regarding the outcome of management of local recurrence after transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction. This study demonstrated the presentation, management, and outcomes of local recurrence after immediate TRAM breast reconstruction. Methods A comparison was conducted among 1,000 consecutive patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with a pedicled TRAM flap (TRAM group) and 3,183 consecutive patients who underwent only modified radical mastectomy without reconstruction (MRM group) from January 2001 to December 2009. The presentation, treatment, and outcome including aesthetics and overall survival rate were analyzed. Results Local recurrences occurred in 18 (1.8%) patients (TRAM-LR group) who underwent TRAM breast reconstruction and 38 (1.2%) patients (MRM-LR group) who underwent MRM only (P=0.1712). Wide excision was indicated in almost all the local recurrence cases. Skin graft was required in 4 patients in the MRM-LR group, whereas only one patient required a skin graft to preserve the mound shape in the TRAM-LR group. The breast mound was maintained in all 17 patients that survived in the TRAM-LR group even after wide excision. The overall survival rate was 94.4% in the TRAM-LR group and 65.8% in the MRM-LR group (P=0.276). Conclusions Local recurrence after immediate TRAM flap breast reconstruction could be detected without delay and managed effectively by multiple modalities without reducing overall survival rates. Breast mound reconstruction with soft autologous tissue allowed for primary closure in most of the cases. In all of the patients who survived, the contour of their reconstructed breast remained.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.410-420
• /
• 2014

This research suggests a new tram signal priority model which determines signal timings and tram intersection waiting time using analytical method. This model can calculate the signal timings for Early Green and Green Extension among the active tram signal priority techniques by tram detection time of upstream detector. Moreover, it can determine the tram intersection waiting time that means tram intersection travel time delay from a vantage point of tram travel. Under the active tram signal priority condition, priority phases can bring additional green time from variable green time of non-priority phases. In this study, the signal timing and tram intersection waiting time calculation model was set up using analytical methods. In case studies using an isolated intersection, this study checks tram intersection waiting time ranged 12.7 to 29.4 seconds when variable green times of non-priority phases are 44 to 10 seconds under 120 seconds of cycle length.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2008.07a
• /
• pp.1695-1696
• /
• 2008

KRRI (Korea Railroad Research Institute) is developing a bimodal tram since the 2003s. The vehicle will be used in the public transportation system. The bimodal tram has the advantages of both bus and train. Bus system has the advantages of flexibility of the routes delivering passengers to the destination and easy accessibility. Train is to meet the scheduled arrival and massive public transportations. The vehicle is the rubber tired tram and is all wheel steered single articulation. The propulsion system is configured by CNG hybrid system. The length of the vehicle is 18m. The vehicle lanes will be marked with permanent magnets that are buried in the road. The vehicle can be automatically operated by navigation control system (NCS). In this paper, we introduce the driving system of the bimodal tram which is developed by KRRI.