• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.135-150
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• 2015

Large concrete structures are prone to cracks and damages over time from human usage, weathers, and other environmental attacks such as flood, earthquakes, and hurricanes. The health of the concrete structures should be monitored regularly to ensure safety. A reliable method of real time communications can facilitate more frequent structural health monitoring (SHM) updates from hard to reach positions, enabling crack detections of embedded concrete structures as they occur to avoid catastrophic failures. By implementing an unconventional mode of communication that utilizes guided stress waves traveling along the concrete structure itself, we may be able to free structural health monitoring from costly (re-)installation of communication wires. In stress-wave communications, piezoelectric transducers can act as actuators and sensors to send and receive modulated signals carrying concrete status information. The new generation of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based smart aggregates cause multipath propagation in the homogeneous concrete channel, which presents both an opportunity and a challenge for multiple sensors communication. We propose a time reversal based pulse position modulation (TR-PPM) communication for stress wave communication within the concrete structure to combat multipath channel dispersion. Experimental results demonstrate successful transmission and recovery of TR-PPM using stress waves. Compared with PPM, we can achieve higher data rate and longer link distance via TR-PPM. Furthermore, TR-PPM remains effective under low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. This work also lays the foundation for implementing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) stress wave communication networks in concrete channels.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2003

밀양에서 채집한 담배거세미나방 유충의 약제감수성을 조사하였다. 약제의 반수치 사농도는 1령층에서 0.5-5.6ppm,2령층에서 9.9-27.9ppm, 3령층에서 9.6-125.1ppm 및 4령층에서 24.3-546.6ppm으로 약종에 따른 차이와 함께 유충의 영기가 증가할수록 높았다. 또한 약제별 추천농도에 대한 유충의 90%치사농도의 비로 나타낸 약제내성비(내성비=$LC_{90}$ 약제별 추천농도)도 1령충에서 0.04-0.8, 2령충에서 0.2-7.5, 3령충에서 0.7-115.3및 4령충 에서 1.2-483.4으로 약종에 따른 차이와 함께 유충의 영기가 증가할수록 높았다. 한편,동일 약제에서 유충의 영기간 반수치사농도, 및 내성비의 차이는 chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos 및 EPN에서 매우 낮았으며, lufenuron, chlorfluazuron및 teflubenzuron에서 매우 높았다. 이러한 결과를 종합하면 담배거세미나방 유충의 방제는 영기가 어릴수록 또한 약제감수성이 낮은 약제, 즉 반수치사농도 및 내성비의 차이가 적은 약제인 chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos 및 EPN을 사용할수록 효과적임을 의미한다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.413-419
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• 2008

밀양의 콩 포장에서 채집한 5종 노린재류의 7종 약제에 대한 감수성을 평가하였다. 7종 약제에 대한 노린재의 반수치사농도($LC_{50}$)는 노린재의 종류에 관계없이 deltamethrin에서 0.4${\sim}$2.3 ppm으로 가장 낮았으며, 톱다리개미허리노린재의 fenthion을 제외하면 가로줄노린재, 풀색노린재, 알락수염노린재 및 썩덩나무노린재는 phenthoate에서 가장 높았다. 7종 약제에 대한 노린재류의 평균 반수치사농도는 톱다리 개미허리노린재에서 7.5 ppm으로 가장 낮았으며, 다음은 썩덩나무노린재(16.6 ppm)>알락수염노린재 (17.6 ppm)>풀색노린재(19.1 ppm)>가로줄노린재(28.4 ppm)의 순으로 낮았다. 또한 약제별 추천농도에 대한 노린재의 90% 치사농도의 비로 나타낸 상대적 약제내성비 (상대적 약제내성비=$LC_{90}$/약제별 추천농도)는 톱다리개미허리노린재, 가로줄노린재 및 알락수염노린재는 fipronil에서, 풀색노린재는 fenitrothion에서 썩덩나무노린재는 fenthion에서 가장 낮았다. 노린재류의 7종 약제에 대한 평균 약제내성비는 톱다리개미허리노린재에서 0.09로 가장 낮았으며, 다음은 알락수염노린재(0.26)>풀색노린재(0.30)>가로줄노린재(0.37)>썩덩나무노린재(0.39)의 순으로 낮았다. 그리하여 노린재류의 약제감수성은 톱다리개미허리노린재에서 가장 높았으며, 가로줄노린재에서 가장 낮았고, 상대적 약제내성비는 톱다리개미허리노린재에서 가장 낮았으며, 썩덩나무노린재에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 공시약제에 대한 노린재류의 상대적 내성비가 1.0 미만으로 약제감수성이 매우 높아 콩 포장에서 약제살포에 의한 노린재류의 방제효과는 매우 높을 것으로 여겨진다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 스크린 프린팅 기술을 이용한 병렬저항열원을 갖는 후막형 가연성 가스센서를 제조하고, 메탄 가스에 대한 감도특성을 조사하였다. 알루미나 기판의 양면 위에 제조된 병렬형 백금 후막발열체는 후막형백금 저항체의 온도 감지 특성과 표면 특성을 조사하여 백금페이스트 TR7905 제품을 선정하였다. 제조된 백금 후막 발열체는 평균저항같이 $1.8{\Omega}$이고, TCR값은 $3685\;ppm/^{\circ}C$이었다. 제조된 백금 발열체상에 Pt과 Pd이 첨가된 촉매 페이스트를 제조하고 감지부는 Pt과 Pd가 첨가된 촉매를 스크린 프린팅하여 후막을 형성하고 열처리하여 제조하였다. 제조된 후막형 센서는 메탄 가스에 대해 4.3mV/1000ppm의 감도를 보였으며, 소비전력은 2.12W이었다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2019

실내장식물 인테리어 마감재에 대한 연소특성과 위험성을 ISO 5660-1 기준의 콘칼로리미터 장비와 ISO-TR-9122기준 FT-IR장비로 시험하였다. 콘칼로리미터 시험결과 바닥마감재 중 타일카페트(FF3)가 총방출열량(THR)이 $74.6mj/m^2$로 가장 높아 위험도가 크고, 최대 열방출률(PHRR)은 타일카페트(FF1)가 $726kW/m^2$로 연소가 쉽게 나타났다. FT-IR시험결과 CO, $CO_2$ 비는 타일카페트 (FF2, FF3) 5.996, 5.171 PPM 보다 롤카페트(FF1)가 8.146 PPM 으로 높아 독성 위험성이 큰 카페트 임을 알 수 있었다. 벽마감재의 경우 MDF합판(WF3)가 총방출열량(THR) $86.7mj/m^2$, 위험도가 크고 최대 열방출률(PHRR) $384kW/m^2$으로 착화가 쉽고, 독성지수도 5.5로 높게 나타났다. CO, $CO_2$의 비는 1.340~8,596 PPM으로 재료에 따라 많은 차이가 있지만 폴리에스터섬유판(WF4)이 8,596PPM으로 독성이 가장 높았다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1971

동해에서 채취한 97개 해저토의 Zr, Br, Ni, Sr, Zn, Mn, Ti 및 Fe등 8개성분의 함량을 Fluorescence Spectrometer 에 의해서 분석하여 이것들의 함유량을 조사하고 그 해역분포에 관해서 고찰하였다. 1. Zr의 함량은 22-962ppm(평균 194.4ppm)이고, 남부 대륙붕 해저에서는 St. 75부근에 고농도지대가 형성되나, 영일만 이북 해역에서는 연안성 해저토의 함량이 크고 심해 해저토의 함량이 적은 경향이 있다. 2. Br의 함량은 Tr-290ppm(평균 138.2ppm)이고, 연안 해저토의 함량이 적고, 심해 해저토의 함량이 크다. 3. Ni의 함량은 31-141ppm(평균 89.1ppm)이고, 남부의 대륙붕 해저토의 함량이 적고, 심해 해저토의 함량이 크다. 4. Sr의 함량은 118-3,494ppm(평균 448.6ppm)이고, 남부 대륙붕 해저토의 함량이 현저하게 코고, 영일만 이북해역에서는 연안 해저토의 함량이 크나, 심해 해저토의 함량이 적다. 5. Zn의 함량은 27-134ppm(평균 92.5ppm)이고, 대마도 북부해역에 20-47ppm의 저농도지대가 형성되고, 영일만 이북 해역에서는 연안 해저토의 함량이 적고 심해해저토의 함량이 크다. 6. Mn의 함량은 38-1.043ppm(평균 664.2ppm)으로 변동하나 다른 성분과는 달리 해역별 또는 수심에 따른 분포양상의 특성을 찾아볼 수가 없다. 7. Ti의 함량은 0.04-0.42%이고, 남부 대륙붕해역의 연안부와 북부해역에서 함량이 크고, 대마도 북부에는 0.10%이하의 저농도지대가 발달한다. 8. Fe의 함량은 0.57-4.02%이고, Ti과 같은 분포양상을 자아내고 있다. 9. 동해남부의 대륙붕상 해저토와 영일만이북의 해저토 사이에는 지화학적 성분함량에 차이가 있어, 남부 대륙붕 해저토는 고Sr-저Zn, Br; 고Zr-저Br; 저Br-저Zn, Ti, Fe; 저Zn-저Ti, Fe등의 특성이 있다. 10. Zn과 Ti, Fe 및 Ti과 Fe의 함량 사이에는 밀접한 상관관계가 있고, Zn=279.76Ti +1056, Zn=28.73Fe+13.34, Ti=0.095Fe+0.030 (단 Zn은 ppm, Ti 및 Fe는 %)등의 일차관계식이 성립된다. 11. 또 Zn/Ti $10^{3}$, Zn/Fe $10^{3}$ 및 Ti/Fe의 값은 각각 2.07-6.43 (평균 3.27), 2.25-7.76 (평균 3.46) 및 0.04-0.18 (평균 0.11)로 변동한다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2010

The time-dependent changes in cadmium (Cd) concentration were studied in Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats during and after Cd exposure via drinking water (10 and 50 ppm) for 30 days. The cadmium concentration in muscle, liver, kidney, blood plasma, and urine, and the metallothionein concentration in blood plasma were determined every 10 days during exposure and every 7 days after exposure for 3 weeks. The muscle Cd concentration did not change during, and neither after, exposure. The liver Cd concentration increased from 1.4 to 3.3 (at 10 ppm) and from 6.1 to 10.1 folds (at 50 ppm) during exposure and remained higher than those of controls in both groups even during post-exposure period. The kidney Cd concentrations were 2.3 to 5.1 (at 10 ppm) and 4.9-14.0 folds (at 50 ppm) higher than those of controls during exposure and also remained elevated during the post-exposure period. Plasma Cd concentrations were not significantly different from those of controls in both groups. Urine Cd concentrations were more than 2 folds (at 10 ppm) and 6.5 to 12.6 folds (at 50 ppm) higher than those of controls but rapidly decreased over the 7 days of withdrawal. Blood plasma metallothionein concentrations were more than 2.4 folds (at 10 ppm) and 3.1 to 7.4 folds (at 50 ppm), and they remained elevated till 7 days (10 ppm) and 14 days (at 50 ppm) after exposure. Our data support that Cd in urine could be a useful biomarker during Cd exposure period and metallothionein in blood plasma could be as a supportive biological marker for during and post Cd exposure.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.333-342
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• 2017

Ethyl formate, a volatile solvent, has insecticidal and fungicidal properties and is suggested as a potential fumigant for stored crop and fruit. Its primary contact route is through the respiratory tract; however, reliable repeated toxicological studies focusing on the inhalation route have not been published to date. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the safety of a 90-day repeated inhalation exposure in rats. Forty male and 40 female rats were exposed to ethyl formate vapor via inhalation at concentrations of 0, 66, 330, and 1,320 ppm for 6 hr/day, 5 days a week for 13 weeks. Clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, urinalysis, hematologic parameters, serum chemistry measurements, organ weights, necropsy, and histopathological findings were compared between the control and ethyl formate-exposed groups. Locomotor activity decreased during exposure and recovered afterward in male and female rats exposed to 1,320 ppm ethyl formate. Body weight and food consumption continuously decreased in both sexes exposed to 1,320 ppm ethyl formate from week 1 or 3 compared with the control values. The increases in adrenal weight and decreases in thymus weight were noted in both sexes exposed to ethyl formate at 1,320 ppm. Degeneration, squamous metaplasia of olfactory epithelium in the nasopharyngeal tissue, or both were noted in the male and female rats at 1,320 ppm and female rats at 330 ppm ethyl formate. Taken together, our results indicate that ethyl formate-induced changes were not observed in male and female rats at 330 and 66 ppm, respectively. This indicates that exposure to ethyl formate at concentrations below 66 ppm for 90 days is relatively safe in rats. This is the first report of a full-scale repeated inhalation toxicity assessment in rats and could contribute to controlling occupational environmental hazards related to ethyl formate.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.203-211
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• 2015

Trichloroacetonitrile is used as an intermediate in insecticides, pesticides, and dyes. In Korea alone, over 10 tons are used annually. Its oral and dermal toxicity is classified as category 3 according to the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals, and it is designated a toxic substance by the Ministry of Environment in Korea. There are no available inhalation toxicity data on trichloroacetonitrile. Thus, the present study performed inhalation tests to provide data for hazard and risk assessments. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to trichloroacetonitrile at concentrations of 4, 16, or 64 ppm for 6 hour per day 5 days per week for 13 weeks in a repeated study. As a result, salivation, shortness of breath, and wheezing were observed, and their body weights decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the 16 and 64 ppm groups. All the rats in 64 ppm group were dead or moribund within 4 weeks of the exposure. Some significant changes were observed in blood hematology and serum biochemistry (e.g., prothrombin time, ratio of albumin and globulin, blood urea nitrogen, and triglycerides), but the values were within normal physiological ranges. The major target organs of trichloroacetonitrile were the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs. The rats exposed to 16 ppm showed moderate histopathological changes in the transitional epithelium and olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and respiratory epithelium were also changed. Respiratory lesions were common in the dead rats that had been exposed to the 64 ppm concentration. The dead animals also showed loss of cilia in the trachea, pneumonitis in the lung, and epithelial hyperplasia in the bronchi and bronchioles. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was estimated to be 4 ppm. The main target organs of trichloroacetonitrile were the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.393-402
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• 2015

This study was conducted to measure toxicity of 1-chloropropane (CAS No. : 540-54-5). According to the OECD Test Guideline 413 (Subchronic inhalation toxicity: 90-day study), SD rats were exposed to 0, 310, 1,250, and 5,000 ppm of 1-chloropropane for 6 h/day, 5 day/week for 13 weeks via whole-body inhalation. Mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, motor activity, ophthalmoscopy, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, gross and histopathological findings were compared between control and all tested groups. No mortality or remarkable clinical signs were examined during the study. No gross lesions or adverse effects on body weight, food consumption, motor activity, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, organ weights were observed in any of male or female rats in all tested groups. In serum biochemistry, glucose was significantly decreased in males of 1,250 and 5,000 ppm groups compared to control group in dose-dependent relationship. In histopathological examination, vacuolation of acinar cells was observed in pancreas of all male and female groups exposed to 1-chloropropane. In conclusion, no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be below 310 ppm/6 h/day, 5 day/week for rats.