• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.400-405
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• 2011

Autophagy, a highly conserved mechanism of internal quality control, is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and for the orchestration of an efficient cellular response to stress. During aging, the efficiency of autophagic degradation declines and intracellular waste products accumulate. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of exercise on autophagic response in skeletal muscle. Twenty-four Young (4 month) and Old (12 month) ICR-type white male mice were divided into a control group (CON: n=6) and exercise training group (Tr: n=6) after an adaptation period of 1 week. Exercise consisted of treadmill running at 16.4 m/min with a 4% incline, 40 min/day and 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Cervical dislocation was performed at 48 hours after the last round of exercise, after which the gastrocnemius skeletal muscle were immediately collected. The results of verifying autophagy formation showed that the Sarcopenia index was decreased in the Old mice compared to the Young. However, it increased with exercise training in the Old. Lipidation LC3-II, Becline-1, and Atg7 were decreased in the Old mice compared to the Young. However, Lipidation LC3-II was significantly increased in the trained Old mice (Young:1 Vs Old:$1.32{\pm}0.042$, p<0.05). Based on these data, we suggest that autophagy regulatory events are the attenuated in Old mice, but that they are enhanced with exercise training.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.224-228
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• 2002

Myocardial tagging technique such as spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM) allows the study of myocardial motion with high accuracy. However, the accuracy of the estimation of tag intersection can be affected by tagline spacing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tagline spacing of SPAMM image and tagging contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in in-vivo study. Two healthy volunteers were undergone electrocardiographically triggered MR imaging with SPAMM-based tagging pulse sequence at a 1.5T MR scanner. Horizontally modulated stripe patterns were imposed with a range from 3.6 to 9.6 mm of tagline spacing. Images of the left ventricle(LV) wall were acquired at the mid-ventricle level during cardiac cycle with FE-EPI (TR/TE = 5.8/2.2 msec, FA= 10$^{\circ}$. Tagging CNR for each image was calculated with a software which developed in our group. During contraction, tagging CNR was more rapidly decreased in case of narrow tagline spacing than in case of wide tagline spacing. In the same heart phase, CNR was increased corresponding with tagline spacing. Especially, at the fully contracted heart phase, CNR was more rapidly increased than the other heart phases as a function of tagline spacing. The results indicated that the optimization of tagline spacing provides better tagging CNR in order to analyze the myocardial motion more accurately.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.416-421
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• 2012

A 10-year-old 4-kg spayed female Chihuahua with severe congestive heart failure was referred for surgical treatment. Through several examinations, the dog was diagnosed as severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and moderate TR. Because of the poor prognosis associated with continuation of medical management, surgical repair of the mitral valve was considered as the treatment option for the dog. The mitral valve repair was performed undergoing cardio pulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit. However after mitral repair, the dog was died without recovery from anesthesia. Many risk factors associated with failure of cardiac surgery are included CPB management, hypothermia, organ dysfunction, hemorrhage, hypotension, electrolyte & acid base imbalance, and infection. Although the dog is died from the operation, it is an important to reveal the factors of failure in veterinary clinic. From the case report, causes of failure of mitral valve repair can be considered from the failure of oxygenation and gas exchange by hypothermia and serious hypotension with low heart rate by low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS). Through the several considerations from this case, it is known that coming cardiac surgery for mitral valve repair is required to be more careful for successful operation. Further it can be brought to increase success rate in further operation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2009

The molecular genetic characterization of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) Yangsan strain (ADVYS), a Korean isolate, was investigated by analyzing the electrophoresis patterns and the physical maps of the viral DNA digested with various endonucleases. To establish DNA library for ADV-YS, twelve major BamHI restricted segments were cloned. Each location of the segments in the ADV genome was determined by sequence comparison with the sequences reported in Genbank and those sequences of the both termini of the segments. Physical maps were constructed based on the electrophoresis patterns of the digested viral DNA by restriction endonuclease and the results of Southern blot analyses with various DIG labeled probes originated from those of enzyme restricted segments of virulent (Shope) and avirulent (Bartha) strain. Comparing ADV-YS with a standard strain of Kaplan in the maps of restriction enzymes, following major respects were identified: (i) disappearance of BamHI restriction site between the first and second BamHI segments, (ii) creation of the BamHI restriction site in the fifth segment, and (iii) generation of the BglII site in the unique short (US) region. The genome of ADV-YS also contains a type 2 herpesvirus DNA molecule (in which the US region only inverts itself relative to the unique longregion) like all other ADV strains except Norden strain(type3), analyzed up to date. The size of the ADV genome estimated from the sizes of the restriction enzyme fragments, was approximately 145.3 kb (BamHI) or 145.4 kb (BglII). BamHI enzyme cleavage patterns were compared among the five Korean ADV isolates: Yangsan, Yongin, Dangjin, Jincheon and Iksan strains. Difference either in the number or in the size of the DNA fragments, suspected regions of termini of IR and TR, could be detected among all five strains.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2011

Wood Polymer Composite (WPC) has attracted a great deal of attention in environmental industries due to renewable resources, processability, excellent physical properties and logging regulations for application to housing units and engineering construction materials. In this study, commercial WPCs were prepared by using a modular intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruder. The effect of three main factors such as wood flour contents, coupling agent concentrations and pre-treatment of wood flour on the properties of WPCs was extensively investigated. It was found that tensile strength and thermal stability were decreased with increasing wood flour contents whereas the water absorption was increased. Addition of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) into WPC exhibited better physical properties. On the contrary, the water absorption was slightly decreased with PP-g-MA. Finally the sample, which was prepared with pre-treated wood flour, represented the highest tensile strength. However, the water absorption of the sample was increased due to the transition of crystalline structure of cellulose.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.553-561
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• 1993

In this study, thr effect of $Bi_2O_3$ and BN addition as grain boundary modifiers on sintering and electrical properties of semiconducting PTCR(Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity) mate rial were analyzed using TMA, XRD and Complex Impedance Spectroscopy method. Bismut.h Ox~de and Boron Nitride were added to Y-doped $BaTiO_3$ respectively. Bismuth sesquioxide up to O.lmol%solubil~ ty limit of $Bi_2O_3$ in Y--$BaTiO_3$ ceramics-retarded densification and grain growth, and further addition mitigated these retardation effects. The resistivity at room temperature increased with increasing amount of $Bi_2O_3$ and thus decreased the PTCR effect, probably due to the $Bi_2O_3$ segregation on the grain boundaries. From the complex ~mpedance pattern, it is known that the grain boundary resisitivity is dominant on the whole resistivity of sample. In the result of applying the defect chemistry, $Bi^{3+} \;and \; Bi^[5+}$ are substituted for Ua and Ti site, respectively. Boron nitride decomposed and formed liquid phase among the $BaTiO_3$ grains. The decomposed com~ ponents made the second phase and existed the tr~ple juntion from the result of EPMA. From the complex impendencc pattern, the gram and grain boundary resistivity were small. The grain size increased with increasing BN contents, and decreased grain boundary resistivity enhanced the PTCR effect.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2011

Parallel imaging technique can provide several advantages for a multitude of MRI applications. Especially, in SENSE technique, sensitivity maps were always required in order to determine the reconstruction matrix, therefore, a number of difference approaches using sensitivity information from coils have been demonstrated to improve of image quality. Moreover, many filtering methods were proposed such as adaptive matched filter and nonlinear diffusion technique to optimize the suppression of background noise and to improve of image quality. In this study, we performed SENSE reconstruction using computer simulations to confirm the most suitable method for the feasibility of filtering effect and according to changing order of polynomial fit that were applied on variation of spatial resolution of sensitivity map. The image was obtained at 0.32T(Magfinder II, Genpia, Korea) MRI system using spin-echo pulse sequence(TR/TE = 500/20 ms, FOV = 300 mm, matrix = $128{\times}128$, thickness = 8 mm). For the simulation, obtained image was multiplied with four linear-array coil sensitivities which were formed of 2D-gaussian distribution and the image was complex white gaussian noise was added. Image processing was separated to apply two methods which were polynomial fitting and filtering according to spatial resolution of sensitivity map and each coil image was subsampled corresponding to reduction factor(r-factor) of 2 and 4. The results were compared to mean value of geomety factor(g-factor) and artifact power(AP) according to r-factor 2 and 4. Our results were represented while changing of spatial resolution of sensitivity map and r-factor, polynomial fit methods were represented the better results compared with general filtering methods. Although our result had limitation of computer simulation study instead of applying to experiment and coil geometric array such as linear, our method may be useful for determination of optimal sensitivity map in a linear coil array.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.546-553
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• 1999

In Older to evaluate the effectiveness of 'One-bottle dentin adhesive system', the shear bond strengths of two fourth generation dentin adhesive systems and two One-bottle systems to the occlusal dentin of the freshly extracted third molars were measured by the regulation of the ISO TR 11405. The fourth generation dentin adhesive systems used in this study were Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus and All-Bond 2, and the One-bottle systems were Single Bond and One-Step. The effects of the thickness of hybrid layer and adhesive layer, the diameter of resin tag and the ratio between the diameter of resin tag and that of dentinal tubule were analyzed as the contributing factors of the shear bond strength of dentin bonding systems from the Scanning Electron Microscopic images. The results were as follows: 1. The shear bond strengths of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All-Bond 2, and Single Bond were 16.98${\pm}$3.40 MPa, 15.10${\pm}$2.77 MPa and 15.05${\pm}$3.18 MPa, respectively. There were no statistical differences(p>0.05). 2. But, the shear bond strength of One-Step were significantly lower than those of the other groups (11.81${\pm}$1.95 MPa, p<0.05). 3. The thicknesses of hybrid layer and adhesive layer of One-Step were significantly thinner than those of the other groups(p<0.05). The differences of the diameter of resin tag(p=0.0685) and the ratio between the diameter of resin tag and that of dentinal tubule(p=0.2401) were not significant among all the material groups. 4. The thickness of hybrid layer and adhesive layer might be considered as contributing factors of the she at bond strengths of dentin bonding systems, but the diameter of resin tag and the ratio between the diameter of resin tag and that of dentinal tubule might not.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.151-152
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• 2003

최근 NMR, MRI, x-선 등 전자파의 기술이 발전되면서 이들을 이용하여 내부품질을 검출하는 보다진보된 연구가 수행되고 있다. 관련 연구로는 자기공명영상을 이용하여 내공수삼 및 정상수삼의 내부를 촬영하여 T$_1$, T$_2$의 값을 측정하여 내부조직의 이상유무를 추정하였고, 또한 MRI에 의해 수삼의 내부품질 뿐만 아니라 연근 판정 가능성을 검토하는 등 많은 연구가 수행되고있다. 이 연구에서는 MRI 시스템을 이용하여 수삼의 내부단면 영상을 획득하여 내부결함 유무를 검출하고, 또한 동일한 수삼을 대상으로 홍삼 제조 후 내부품질의 변화 특성을 조사하고자 수행하였다. 공시재료는 충북 음성에 있는 인삼연초연구원에서 4~6년 근 된 수삼을 이용하였고, 시험 장비로는 국내 MRI 생산 전문 업체인 ISOL Tech. Co.에서 개발한 의료용 장비인 CHORUS 1.5T(자속밀도 1.5 Tesla)를 이용하였다. 슬라이스 두께/간격은 5mn/5mn, 촬영 단면수는 15장/시료, 영상영역(FOV)은 180mmx90mm, image size는 256$\times$128 pixels 그리고 TR/TE는 각각의 이완상수별로 500/13(Tl), 4,000/63(T2) 및 2,200/21(Pd)에 대한 단면영상을 얻었다. 5개의 수삼을 동시에 뇌두에서 뿌리 쪽으로 MR 단면영상을 획득하였다. 이완상수 T$_1$, T$_2$, Pd에 대해서 MR 영상을 획득하였으며, 총 15장의 단면 영상 중 내부 상태를 가장 잘 식별 할 수 있는 영상을 조사한 결과 T$_1$과 Pd에서 촬영한 영상에서는 내부상태가 잘 나타났으나, T$_2$에서 얻은 영상은 영상의 손실이 많이 발생되었다. 한편, T$_1$에 대해서 뇌두에서 뿌리쪽으로 가면서 각 위치에 따라 수삼 내부의 부패된 영상이 나타나 이에 대한 판정은 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 2000년도와 2001년도에 각각 수확.저장된 수삼을 부위별로 단면영상을 MRI로 측정하고, 그 시료를 인삼연초연구원(음성시험장)에서 홍삼으로 제조한 후 수삼 상태에서의 내부품질과 홍삼으로 제조된 후의 내부품질 변화를 조사하였다. 총 20본의 수삼을 MRI 시스템으로 영상을 획득하였고, 모든 시료에 대해서 내부조직의 상태를 관찰하였다. 수삼의 수분함량은 뇌두로부터 1cm부위를 절단하여 조사하였고, 수삼조직은 절단시 단면의 달관 조사에 의한 성적이며 홍삼품질은 제조삼의 조직상태를 절단하여 육안판별로 검사하였다. 총 20본의 수삼 중 정상은 16본 이었고, 이들은 홍삼으로 제조된 후 내공 내백 등이 혼재되어 나타났으며 정상수삼이 정상홍삼으로 나타난 경우는 5본이었고, 내백은 5본, 내공은 6본으로 조사되었다. 또한 수삼에서 4본은 썩은 부위가 포함되어있는 수삼이었는데 홍삼으로 제조되었을 때 3본은 내백으로 되었고 1 본은 수삼에서 썩은 부위가 1/4정도로 미미해서 홍삼 제조시 정상으로 나타났다. 일반적으로 홍삼 제조시 내공의 발생은 제조공정에서 나타나는 경우가 많으며, 내백의 경우는 홍삼으로 가공되면서 발생하는 경우가 있고, 인삼이 성장될 때 부분적인 영양상태의 불충분이나 기후 등에 따른 영향을 받을 수 있기 때문에 앞으로 이에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어져야할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.322-328
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate antimutagenic and anticancer effects of ethanolic extract of Korean traditional doenjang added sea tangle. Most of the mineral content of doeniang was increased by addition of sea tangle. In the Ames test, the antimutagenic effect of ethanol extract of Korean traditional doenjang added 5% sea tangle was higher than that of control (no additive), 10%, and 15% sea tangle additions. The inhibition rate of ethanol extract (200$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) of doenjang added 5% sea tangle in the S. typhimurium TA100 strain showed 97.0% inhibition against the mutagenesis induced by MNNG. In addition, the suppression of ethanol extract (200$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) of doenjang added 5% sea tangle in the S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains showed 60.2% and 69.1% inhibition respectively, against the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO. The suppressions under the same condition against B($\alpha$ )P and Trp-P-1 in the TA98 and TA100 strains were 71.7% and 87.3%, and 66.6% and 80.8%, respectively. In the anticancer effects, the cytotoxicity of doenjang added 5% sea tangle on the cell lines with human lung carcinoma (A549), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and human gastric carcinoma (KATOIII) were inhibited with increasing the extract concentration. The treatment of 1.0 mg/mL Doenjang added 5% sea tangle showed strong cytotoxicity of 56.4%, 87.67%, and 89.5% against A549, HepG2, and KATOIII, respectively.