• PNF and Movement
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in muscle thickness and ground reaction force of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateral oblique muscles during squats at ankle angles of toe 0°, toe in 10°, and toe out 10°. Methods: In this study, 9 male and 17 female students in their 20s participated in a randomized controlled trial and were compared according to the ankle angles of toe 0°, toe in 10°, and toe out 10°. To determine the reliability and measurement of muscle thickness according to ankle angle using ultrasound equipment and muscle thickness, the participants' ankle angles-toe 0°, toe in 10°, and toe out 10°-were measured three times at the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis oblique muscles during squats. At the same time, the maximum vertical ground reaction force was measured with a force plate. A total of three measurements were taken and averaged, and two minutes of squat movements were assessed between ankle angles to prevent target action. Results: The results of this study illustrated that the reliability of the vastus medialis oblique muscles and vastus lateralis oblique muscles in ankle angle was high. The difference in muscle thickness was significantly greater in comparing the toe out 10° angle with the toe 0° angle than between toe in 10° and toe out 10° in vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis oblique (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the ankle angle of toe 0° and toe in 10° (p > 0.05). The maximum vertical ground reaction force was significantly greater at toe out 10° than at the ankle angle of toe 0° and toe out 10° and between toe in 10° and toe out 10° (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison between toe 0° and toe in 10° (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Squatting at an ankle angle of toe out 10° increases the dorsi flexion; thus, the stability of the ankle and the thickness of both oblique muscles increased to perform more effective squats. In addition, as the base of support widens, it is thought that the stability of the posture increases so that squat training can be performed safely.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2013

Lesser toe deformities such as mallet toe, hammer toe and claw toe are annoying problems not only to patients but also to orthopaedic surgeons because they are not easy to manage or treat. Though they occupy very small portion in whole body, they are notorious for unpredictable surgical results. It can make clinical results better to understand these deformities more comprehensively and to make strategic surgical plan for each target deformity.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2002

From 1994-2001, 25 mutilated digits were reconstructed with immediate toe-to-hand transfer in acute hand injury in 21 patients. There were 15 cases of great toe-to-hand transfer(partial great toe transfer 8 cases, modified wrap-around procedure 2 cases, and trimmed great toe transfer 2 cases) for thumb reconstruction, 2 cases of second toe transfer for index reconstruction, and 4 cases of simultaneous two toe-to-hand transfer(great toe & second toe transfer 1 case, bilateral second-toe transfer 2 cases, combined second & third toe transfer 1 case) for reconstruction of multiple digit amputations. Two cases of emergency exploration(2/25, 8%) were successfully salvaged. The incidence of emergency exploration and postoperative infection was not significantly different from that of the elective toe-to-hand transfer cases. Duration of industrial insurance coverage was 225 days, which is much shorter than that of elective cases. Among 43% of patients maintained their original job even after injury and immediate toe-to-hand transfer. The subjective satisfaction self- assessment scores of aesthetic appearance and function on the new reconstructed thumb were 80 and 88 in average, respectively, over a total score of 100. These were higher than those of reconstruction of other digits, but lower than those of elective reconstruction. The donor site after harvest of the great toe was mostly unsatisfied in a view of appearance. Immediate toe-to-hand transfer provides many advantages over elective procedure in acute hand injuries such as single stage reconstruction, shortened convalescent period, early return to work and efficient socio-economic factor. Furthermore because there were no significant differences in success rate, frequency of complications or ultimate functional result, immediate toe-to-hand transfer is a safe and reliable procedure in case of limited indications for acute digits loss.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.1483-1495
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• 2005

멀티미디어 데이터를 위한 스트리밍 기술이나 차세대 기술로서 고려되는 유비쿼터스 관련 기술들의 급격한 발달로 네트워크를 사용하는 대용량 데이터 서버들이 증가하는 추세이다. 대용량 데이터의 전송에 있어서 TCP/IP 프로토콜의 처리는 CPU에 많은 부하를 야기시키며 이를 해결하기 위한 방안의 하나로 TOE 디바이스를 적용하고 있다. 하지만 기존의 TOE 지원 모듈의 경우, 해당 TOE 디바이스에 의존적인 인터페이스의 지원으로 인하여 기존의 네트워크 어플리케이션이 TOE의 잇점을 얻기 위해서는 해당 TOE 디바이스가 제공하는 인터페이스를 사용하여 기존 프로그램을 수정하거나 재 컴파일하는 과정을 수행해야 한다는 단점을 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 상기 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 표준 소켓 인터페이스에 대한 바이너리 호환성을 제공하는 TOE 지원 모듈의 설계 및 구현을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 TOE로 지원 모듈은 리눅스의 네트워크 프로토콜 레이어에 구현되며 기존의 네트워크 어플리케이션이 수정없이 TOE 디바이스의 잇점을 사용할 수 있도록 하고 일반 NIC과 TOE 디바이스의 동시 사용을 지원한다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2021

Background In postaxial polysyndactyly of the foot, the choice of which toe to excise is controversial. It is often treated by resection of the fifth toe to save the lateral neurovascular bundles of the sixth toe. However, the sixth toe is often short and laterally deviated, which may require wedge osteotomy, potentially shortening the phalanx and compromising circulation. This study outlines an individualized method to spare the length and axis of the fifth toe in polysyndactyly with a short and deviated sixth toe. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 38 patients who underwent surgery between 2006 and 2019. The fifth toe was spared in 18 cases, and the sixth toe in 20 cases. The ratios of the forefoot width, angle difference, and toe length were compared between the affected and unaffected sides postoperatively. Complications and subjective judgments on cosmetic results were recorded and compared. Results No significant between-group differences were observed for sex, age at surgery, or the follow-up period. The forefoot width ratio did not significantly differ between the groups. However, the angle difference and toe length ratios showed significantly better results in the fifth toe-spared group than in the sixth toe-spared group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). There were no cases of impaired circulation, and subjective evaluations revealed satisfactory results in the fifth toe-spared group. Conclusions In cases with short and deviated sixth toes, sparing the fifth toe is an effective method of cosmetic treatment. The surgical results were satisfactory, with an improved appearance and no residual deformities.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2007

최근 Gbps 이상의 고속 네트워크 상에서 호스트 CPU에 많은 오버헤드를 발생시키는 TCP/IP의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 네트워크 어댑터 상에서 TCP/IP를 처리함으로써 호스트 CPU의 작업부하를 줄이는 TCP/IP Offload Engine(TOE) 기술이 연구되고 있다. TOE의 구현 방법에는 범용 임베디드 프로세서에서 소프트웨어로 TCP/IP를 처리하는 방법과 전용 ASIC에서 하드웨어로 TCP/IP를 처리하는 방법이 사용되어 왔으나 소프트웨어 구현은 통신의 성능이 떨어지고 하드웨어 구현은 유연성과 확장성이 떨어지는 문제점들을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 하드웨어적인 접근 방법과 소프트웨어적인 접근 방법을 결합한 하이브리드 TOE 구조를 제안한다. 하이브리드 TOE는 데이타 패킷의 생성과 처리와 같이 통신의 성능에 큰 영향을 끼치는 기능들을 하드웨어로 구현함으로써 하드웨어 기반 TOE 구현에 버금가는 성능을 제공하고, 연결 설정과 같이 통신의 성능에 영향을 크게 끼치지 않는 기능들은 임베디드 프로세서 상에서 소프트웨어로 처리한다. 본 논문에서는 데이타 송수신의 성능을 높이기 위해 데이타 패킷의 생성 및 처리등을 지원하는 하드웨어 송수신 가속기를 설계 및 구현하였다. 실험 결과 송수신 가속기를 사용한 하이브리드 TOE는 약 $19{\mu}s$의 최소 지연시간을 보였다. 그리고 6% 이하의 CPU 점유율에서 약 675 Mbps에 달하는 대역폭을 보였다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2024

Background: In Taekwondo athletes, ankle sprain is the most common risk factor for injury. Repeated ankle injuries lead to weakness and imbalance of the ankle muscles, resulting in chronic ankle instability (CAI). Both the ankle and toe muscles contribute to the inversion and eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the ankle and toe joint positions when measuring ankle invertor and evertor strength. Objects: This study aimed to compare the muscle strength and ratio differences of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles in both the toe and ankle positions between the CAI and uninjured sides in Taekwondo athletes. Methods: Fifteen Taekwondo athletes participated in this study. The isometric strengths of both the ankle invertor and evertor were determined in different ankle and toe positions (dorsiflexion with toe extension, dorsiflexion with toe flexion, plantarflexion with toe extension, and plantarflexion with toe flexion). Paired t-tests were used to determine the differences between the ankle invertor and evertor in strength and ratio according to toe and ankle positions between the ankle CAI side and the uninjured side. Results: The results demonstrated that ankle evertor strength significantly decreased in all ankle and toe positions on the CAI side (p < 0.05). In addition, significant differences were observed in the ratios of the ankle invertor and evertor strengths in the dorsiflexion with toe flexion, plantarflexion with toe extension, and plantarflexion with toe flexion positions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that athletes, trainers, and clinicians should consider ankle and toe positions when measuring invertor and evertor strength and develop ankle rehabilitation protocols for Taekwondo athletes with CAI.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2006

최근 TCP/IP 프로토콜을 네트워크 어댑터 상에서 처리함으로써 호스트 CPU의 부하를 줄이는 TOE (TCP/IP Offload Engine)에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. TOE의 구현 방안으로는 임베디드 프로세서를 사용하여 TCP/IP를 처리하는 소프트웨어적인 구현 방법과 TCP/IP의 모든 기능을 하드웨어로 구현하는 방법이 제안되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 하드웨어적인 접근 방법과 소프트웨어적인 접근 방법을 결합한 Hybrid TOE 구조를 제안한다. Hybrid TOE는 많은 작업 부하로 인하여 임베디드 프로세서 상에서 성능을 확보하기 어려운 기능들은 하드웨어로 구현하고, 연결 설정과 같이 통신의 성능에 영향을 크게 끼치지 않는 기능들은 임베디드 프로세서 상에서 소프트웨어로 처리한다. 이 방법은TCP/IP의 모든 기능을 하드웨어로 구현하는 방법에 근접하는 성능을 제공할 수 있으며, 새로운 기능을 추가하거나 TCP/IP를 기반으로 하는 상위 계층 프로토콜까지 오프로딩하는 것이 가능하므로 구조의 유연성 측면에서 장점을 가진다. 본 논문에서는 Hybrid TOE의 프로토타입을 개발하기 위해 FPGA와 ARM 프로세서를 탑재한 프로토타입 보드를 개발하였고, 하드웨어 모듈과 소프트웨어 모듈을 각각 FPGA와 ARM 프로세서 상에 구현하였다. 또한 하드웨어 모듈과 소프트웨어 모듈의 연동 메커니즘을 개발하였다. 실험을 통해 Hybrid TOE 프로토타입이 호스트 CPU 상에 발생하는 부하를 줄여줌을 입증하고, 하드웨어/소프트웨어 연동 구조의 효과를 분석하였다. 그리고, Hybrid TOE의 완성을 위해 필요한 요소들을 분석하였다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2023

Purpose: Toe-in gait is defined as a style of walking in which the foot turns inward. It may be caused by an increase in femoral bone anteversion, tibia torsion, and metatarsus adductus. There are some conservative treatment approaches used to correct this condition. This review aimed to determine the effects of the toe-in gait on joint loading, kinematics, and kinetic parameters while walking. Moreover, it sought to determine the efficiency of various conservative treatments used to correct the condition. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Web of Science database, EBSCO, and Embase, using the following keywords in toe, toe-in, toeing, in-toe, pigeon toe, and conservative treatment published between 1950 and 2021. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Down and Black tool. Results: A total of 13 papers on the impact of toe-in gait on joint contact force, kinematics, kinetic parameters, and conservative approaches to management were found. The quality of the studies varied between a score of 11 and 22. The toe-in gait influences the joint contact forces and kinematics of the joints, especially the hip and pelvis. The effects of conservative treatment on the toe-in gait appear to be controversial. Conclusion: As the toe-in gait influences the joint contact force, it may increase the incidence of degenerative joint diseases. Therefore, treatment is recommended. However, there is no strong evidence on the efficacy of conservative treatments, and there are no recommendations for the use of these treatments in subjects with toe-in gait.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.233-237
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• 2020

Purpose: This study compared the electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior (TA) and isometric dorsiflexor strength during dorsiflexion according to the toe postures in individuals with ankle dorsiflexor weakness. Methods: Twenty subjects with ankle dorsiflexor weakness participated in this study. The electromyographic activity of the TA and isometric dorsiflexor strength during dorsiflexion between with toe flexion, extension, and neutral postures were measured using an electromyography device and a hand-held dynamometer in individuals with ankle dorsiflexor weakness. One-way repeated measured analysis of variance, and a Bonferroni post hoc test was used. The level of statistical significance was set to α=0.01. Results: The electromyographic activity of the TA was greater with toe flexion during dorsiflexion than with toe extension and neutral postures (p<0.01). The isometric dorsiflexor strength was smaller with toe flexion during dorsiflexion than with toe extension and neutral postures (p<0.01). Conclusions: In individuals with ankle dorsiflexor weakness, the dorsiflexion with toe flexion can help improve the TA electromyographic activity. The toe posture during dorsiflexion for selective TA activation should be considered, especially in individuals with ankle dorsiflexor weakness.