• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.37-40
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• 2009

Synthesis and characterization of alkyl-capped nanocrystalline silicon (R-n-Si) have been achieved from the reaction of silicontetrachloride with magnesiumsilicide. Surface of silicon nanocrystal has been derivatized with various alkyl groups (R=methyl, n-butyl, etc.). Silicon nanoparticles have been also obtained by the sonication of luminescent porous silicon. Former exhibits an emission band at 360 nm, but latter exhibits an emission band at 680 nm. In this study very sensitive detection of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), DNT (2,4-dinitrotoluene), NB (nitrobenzene), and PA (picric acid) has been achieved in gas phase with porous silicon using photoluminescence quenching of the silicon crystallites as a transduction mode. Porous silicon are electrochemically etched from crystalline silicon wafers in an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid. We have characterized these silicon nanoparticles by Luminescence Spectrometer (LS 55).

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 2010

A simple and rapid method is described for detecting nitroaromatic explosives in air or seawater with the use of photoluminescent organosilicon compounds. The synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and fluorescence quenching efficiency of silafluorenes are reported. Silafluorenes were synthesized from the reduction of dilithiobiphenyl with dichlorosilanes. Two silafluorenes were used for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds. Detection of nitroaromatic molecules, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and picric acid (PA), has been explored. A linear Stern-Volmer relationship was observed for the first three analytes. Fluorescence spectra of silafluorenes obtained in either toluene solutions or thin films displayed no shift in the maximum of the emission wavelength. The photoluminescence quenching occurs by a static mechanism.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.245-259
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• 2020

Tunnels have become an indispensable part of metro cities. Blast resistance design of tunnel has attracted the attention of researchers due to numerous implosion event. Present paper deals with the non-linear finite element analysis of rock tunnel having shear zone subjected to internal blast loading. Abaqus Explicit schemes in finite element has been used for the simulation of internal blast event. Structural discontinuity i.e., shear zone has been assumed passing the tunnel cross-section in the vertical direction and consist of Highly Weathered Granite medium surrounding the tunnel. Mohr-Coulomb constitutive material model has been considered for modelling the Highly Weathered Granite and the shear zone material. Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP), Johnson-Cook (J-C), Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state models are used for concrete, steel reinforcement and Trinitrotoluene (TNT) simulation respectively. The Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method of modelling for TNT explosive and air inside the tunnel has been adopted in this study. The CEL method incorporates the large deformations for which the traditional finite element analysis cannot be used. Shear zone orientations of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°, with respect to the tunnel axis are considered to see their effect. It has been concluded that 60° orientation of shear zone presents the most critical situation.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.417-443
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• 2020

Tunnels have been an integral part of human civilization. Due to complexity in its design and structure, the stability of underground structures under extreme loading conditions has utmost importance. Increased terrorism and geo-political conflicts have forced the engineers and researchers to study the response of underground structures, especially tunnels under blast loading. The present study has been carried out to seek the response of tunnel structures under blast load using the finite element technique. The tunnel has been considered in quartzite rock of northern India. The Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model has been adopted for the elastoplastic behaviour of rock. The rock model surrounding the tunnel has dimensions of 30 m x 30 m x 35 m. Both unlined and lined (concrete) tunnel has been studied. Concrete Damage Plasticity model has been considered for the concrete lining. Four different parameters (i.e., tunnel diameter, liners thickness, overburden depth and mass of explosive) have been varied to observe the behaviour under different condition. To carry out blast analysis, Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) modelling has been adopted for modelling of TNT (Trinitrotoluene) and enclosed air. JWL (Jones-Wilkins-Lee) model has been considered for TNT explosive modelling. The paper concludes that deformations in lined tunnels follow a logarithmic pattern while in unlined tunnels an exponential pattern has been observed. The stability of the tunnel has increased with an increase in overburden depth in both lined and unlined tunnels. Furthermore, the tunnel lining thickness also has a significant effect on the stability of the tunnel, but in smaller diameter tunnel, the increase in tunnel lining thickness has not much significance. The deformations in the rock tunnel have been decreased with an increase in the diameter of the tunnel.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2015

나노여과공정에서 폭발 오염물질인 TNT(2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene), RDX(Hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazine) 및 HMX(1, 3, 5, 7-Tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocane) 화약류의 잔류에 용존유기물의 오염과 무기물의 스케일링에 의한 케익층 형성 및 농도분극의 영향성을 분석하였다. 지표수 조건의 휴믹산 농도에 의한 나노여과공정에서는 용존유기물에 의한 나노여과막 오염이 발생되어도 플럭스의 큰 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 휴믹산과 무기 스케일링이 동시에 발생되었을 경우에는 나노여과공정에서 플럭스의 감소가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 휴믹산과 $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$을 혼합하였을 때 플럭스 투과량이 42% 감소하였고 휴믹산만 첨가하였을 경우에 플럭스 투과량은 8% 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 NF 막의 $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$스켈턴트 결정과 용존유기물이 칼슘($Ca^{2+}$)이온의 상호작용에 의해 막 표면에 증강된 케익층을 형성하여 NF 막의 플럭스를 감소시키는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 막의 크기배제에 의한 선택성을 기반으로 하여 폭발물의 나노여과막에 의한 잔류량을 조사할 경우 HMX(296.15, 83%) ${\gg}$ RDX(222.12, 49%) ≋ TNT(227.13, 32%)로 나타났다. 막 오염과 스케일링은 케익층의 형성으로 막 표면에서 증대된 농도 분극효과를 나타낼 수 있으나, 무기 스케일링 형성과 휴믹산에 의한 화약류의 잔류 영향성은 순수한 DI 및 NaCl 피드용액의 여과공정 결과와 크게 다르지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 전량여과방식(Dead-end Flow)의 나노여과공정에서 화약류의 잔류 영향성은 임계크기에 의한 선택적 배제성이 케익층 형성 및 농도분극에 의한 잔류 영향성보다 크다는 것을 보여준다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2005년도 제24회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.23-26
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• 2005

LOx와 Kerosene을 연료로 사용하는 LRE(Liquid Rocket Engine) Block에서 지상연소시험을 수행할 경우에 발생하는 위험도를 감소시키는 방법을 연구하였다. 추진제누출로 이어지는 위험한 상황에 대한 원인분석도와 추진제 유출시 사고로 이어지는 발전 양상 및 발전 프로세스, 사고시 손실을 줄이기 위한 기술적인 해결방법을 제시함으로써 기존의 확률적인 통계 값을 바탕으로 하는 것과는 또 다른 방법으로써 위험을 감소하기 위한 대안으로 사용하고자 한다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.8-18
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• 2015

Pollutants such as heavy metals and explosives originating from the military operational ranges can be migrated to adjacent surface water body or offsite soil, and can affect to local residents and aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, Korea Ministry of the National Defense has established various guidelines for environmental management including the installation of pollutant migration prevention facilities (PMPFs) and monitoring methodologies for heavy metals in the operational range soil and effluent and sediment of PMPFs. However, current guidelines neither address the explosive compounds such as 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) nor suggest detailed environmental investigation protocol. This paper introduces the new “Environmental Management Manual for Military Firing Ranges”, which includes the environmental criteria for explosives as well as the detailed investigation protocol for the affected environmental media including soil, effluent and sediment of PMPFs.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2018

The present study focuses on the performance of basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) lining in tunnel situated in sandstone rock when subjected to internal blast loading. The blast analysis of the lined tunnel is carried out using the three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear finite element (FE) method. The stress-strain response of the sandstone rock is simulated using a crushable plasticity model which can simulate the brittle behavior of rock and that of BFRC lining is analyzed using a damaged plasticity model for concrete capturing damage response. The strain rate dependent material properties of BFRC are collected from the literature and that of rock are taken from the authors' previous work using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The constitutive model performance is validated through the FE simulation of SHPB test and the comparison of simulation results with the experimental data. Further, blast loading in the tunnel is simulated for 10 kg and 50 kg Trinitrotoluene (TNT) charge weights using the equivalent pressure-time curves obtained through hydrocode simulations. The analysis results are studied for the stress and displacement response of rock and tunnel lining. Blast performance of BFRC lining is compared with that of plain concrete (PC) and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) lining materials. It is observed that the BFRC lining exhibits almost 65% lesser displacement as compared to PC and 30% lesser displacement as compared to SFRC tunnel linings.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.811-818
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• 2018

A fire and explosion accident caused by a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) welding and cutting torch gas leak occurred 10 m underground at the site of reinforcement work for bridge columns, killing four people and seriously injuring ten. We conducted a comprehensive investigation into the accident to identify the fundamental causes of the explosion by analyzing the structure of the construction site and the properties of propane, which was the main component of LPG welding and cutting work used at the site. The range between the lower and upper explosion limits of leaking LPG for welding and cutting work was examined using Le Chatelier's formula; the behavior of LPG concentration change, which included dispersion and concentration change, was analyzed using the fire dynamic simulator (FDS). We concluded that the primary cause of the accident was combustible LPG that leaked from a welding and cutting torch and formed a explosion range between the lower and upper limits. When the LPG contacted the flame of the welding and cutting torch, LPG explosion occurred. The LPG explosion power calculation was verified by the blast effect computation program developed by the Department of Defense Explosive Safety Board (DDESB). According to the fire simulation results, we concluded that the welding and cutting torch LPG leak caused the gas explosion. This study is useful for safety management to prevent accidents caused by LPG welding and cutting work at construction sites.