• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2017년도 춘계공동학술대회
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• pp.73-73
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• 2017

가축의 영양소 요구량 유지, 비육, 증체, 생산, 번식, 계절환경에 따라 달라지는 변동요인을 감안하여 하루 동안에 필요로 하는 영양소 요구량을 충족하도록 여러 종류의 사료를 혼합한 TMR(Total Mixed Ration)사료의 중요성이 커지고 있다. 이에 가축의 생산성 향상(등급 향상)과 축산농가의 영농비용 절감, 생력화를 위해 범용적으로 사용가능한 TMR플랜트의 개발이 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 사료비절감을 위한 식품부산물 발효탱크의 개발을 통해 발효탱크 밑 부분을 구성하고 있는 스위프오거와 이를 고정하면서 Z축으로 회전하는 고정부를 대상으로 하여 시각화 할 수 있는 FEM 시뮬레이션 기법을 이용하여 작업 중 적용되는 하중에 대해 충분한 구조 안전성을 가지고 있는지 해석하였다. 스위프오거의 재질은 SM45C, 작용하는 하중은 감속기의 출력량, RPM을 이용하여 토크 값을 구하고 조사료와 부산물사료가 포함된 TMR사료의 무게와 스위프오거의 단면적을 이용하여 압력 값을 도출하였다. 하지만 부산물사료가 발효되면서 저장탱크를 통해 배출되기 때문에 전체 사료 무게가 줄어 스위프오거에 작용하는 압력 또한 작아지는 것을 확인하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 저장탱크에서 TMR사료가 배출되기 직전의 가장 높은 압력 상태를 가정하였다. 이 가정을 통해 토크 값은 $1.4N{\cdot}m$, 압력 값은 43 Mpa으로 나타났고 이를 바탕으로 구조해석을 진행하였다. 그 결과 스위프오거는 고정단 부근에서 최대 폰 미세스 응력 310 Mpa이 발생하여 구조적으로 가장 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 이는 SM45C의 항복강도인 343 Mpa 보다 낮아 안전한 것으로 분석된다. 또한 사료가 배출되면서 스위프오거에 작용하는 압력이 작아져 폰 미세스 응력도 작아지는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn grain particle size on ruminant fermentation and blood metabolites in Holstein steers fed total mixed ration (TMR) as a basal diet to explain fundamental data of corn grain for cattle in Korea. Methods: Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (body weight $592{\pm}29.9kg$) fed TMR as a basal diet were housed individually in an auto temperature and humidity modulated chamber ($24^{\circ}C$ and 60% for 22 h/d). Treatments in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design were TMR only (control), TMR with whole corn grain (WC), coarsely ground corn grain (CC), and finely ground corn grain (FC), respectively. The corn feeds substituted for 20% energy intake of TMR intake. To measure the ruminal pH, ammonia N, and volatile fatty acids (VFA), ruminal digesta was sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h intervals after the morning feeding to determine ruminal fermentation characteristics. Blood was sampled via the jugular vein after the ruminal digesta sampling. Results: There was no difference in dry matter (DM) intake between different corn particle size because the DM intake was restricted to 1.66% of body weight. Different corn particle size did not change mean ammonia N and total VFA concentrations whereas lower (p<0.05) ruminal pH and a ratio of acetate to propionate, and higher (p<0.05) propionate concentration were noted when the steers consumed CC compared with WC and FC. Concentration of blood metabolites were not affected by different particle size of corn grain except for blood triglyceride concentration, which was significantly (p<0.05) increased by FC. Conclusion: Results indicate that feeding CC may increase feed digestion in the rumen, whereas the FC group seemed to obtain inadequate corn retention time for microbial degradation in the rumen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.479-482
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• 2005

The nutritional worth of Sarson Saag Waste (SSW), a cannery waste, was assessed in comparison with conventional complete diet as a total mixed ration (TMR), and a conventional green fodder, Avena sativa. Each diet was offered ad libitum, supplemented with mineral mixture and common salt, to 4 male murrah buffaloes. The control TMR was made iso-nitrogenous to SSW. Simultaneously, each diet was offered to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes for assessing the biochemical changes in the rumen. The nutrient digestibility of unconventional SSW was comparable to that of conventional green fodder-A. sativa but significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control TMR. The tri-chloro acetic acid (TCA) precipitable-N in the strained rumen liquor of animals fed SSW was considerably higher than that of animals fed A.sativa. The urinary excretion of total purine derivatives was comparable in animals fed SSW and conventional green fodder but significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed conventional control TMR. The significantly (p<0.05) lower purine nitrogen index (PNI) in animals fed control TMR resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower microbial protein synthesis than that in animals fed SSW and conventional green fodder. The N-excretion as per cent of nitrogen intake was significantly (p<0.05) lower in animals fed SSW as compared to either of the conventional feeds tested, resulting in significantly (p<0.05) higher Nretention and apparent biological value. SSW supplemented with mineral mixture could serve as an excellent source of nutrients for ruminants.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.350-356
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• 2016

본 연구는 TMR 사료내 옥수수 첨가비율이 비육 흑염소의 발육과 육질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 사양시험은 전라남도 농업기술원축산연구소에서 평균 3개월령 이유 거세흑염소 32두(평균체중 15.9 kg)를 대상으로 총 14개월간 수행하였다. 시험설계는 TMR 사료에 옥수수 15.0% 첨가 (T1), 옥수수 25.0% 첨가 (T2), 옥수수 35.0% 첨가 (T3), 대조구는 시판 배합사료를 급여하였으며 처리당 8두씩 시험축을 임의배치 하였다. 연구결과, 출하체중은 T2구에서 58.9 kg으로 가장 높았으며 대조구 53.1 kg 순이었다. 일당 증체량 및 사료섭취량은 T2구에서 각각 100.2 g, 1,346 g으로 가장 높았으나, 사료요구율은 T2구에서 오히려 13.4로 가장 낮았다. 도체중은 T2구에서 35.3 kg으로 가장 많았으며, 도체율은 T3구에서 61.5%로 가장 높았다. 육질특성 중 지방함량이 T2구에서 6.54%로 가장 높았으며, 가열감량은 대조구에서 15.2%로 가장 낮았으며 향미는 대조구에서 5.3으로 가장 높았다. 지방산 성분 중 oleic acid (C18:l)와 palmitic acid (C16:0)은 T2구에서 각각 48.6%, 22.4%로 가장 높았으며, stearic acid (C18:0)는 T1구에서 14.5%로 가장 높았다. 불포화지방산은 대조구에서 58.8%로 가장 높았으며 T3구 58.2%, T2구 57.8, T1구 54.4 순이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 흑염소의 생산성 향상 및 육질개선을 위해서는 흑염소 TMR 사료에 옥수수를 25% 첨가하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding TMR with or without Yukmijihwangtang meal silage on the growth performance, meat yield and quality of Hanwoo steers. Sixteen male Hanwoo steers in the late fattening period were randomly assigned to a control diet and Yukmijihwangtang meal diet, with eight heads per treatment. The supplementation of Yukmijihwangtang meal silage did not affect the feed conversion rate, ribeye area, and meat yield index of cold carcass of Hanwoo. Fat thickness of Hanwoo s loin obtained from silage supplementation was significantly lower than that of non-supplemented. Total grade in meat yield of Hanwoo from silage supplementation were higher than that of non-supplemented control. The supplementation of Yukmijihwangtang meal silage to Hanwoo decreased the marbling score significantly, but did not affect fat color, firmness, and maturity. Total grade of meat quality of Hanwoo with Yukmijihwangtang meal supplementation was lower than that of non-supplemented control. In conclusion, Yukmijihwangtang meal could be used as partial substitution (10%) in TMR for fattening cattle. However, it is considered that Yukmijihwangtang meal can be a useful feed for the periods of growing or early fattening than that of late fattening since it improved meat yield but decreased meat quality grade of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.196-207
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the rheological properties and composition of unsaturated fatty acid of farm butter made from the milk of cows grazing at high mountain pasture in Pyronogchang SKY ranch (above sea level, 935 m). From two groups containing 7 cows each, a group was fed in-door with TMR (total mixed ration) feed and whereas the other group was grazed pastures for 12 h. The daily intake of feed on basis of dry matter (DMI), milk yields, concentration of milk constituents, and fatty acid profile of pasture milk were compared with control TMR milk. In addition, the physiochemical properties and composition of unsaturated fatty acids of the butter were also compared with those of the butter made from control TMR milk. Upon comparison, the health-promoting index (HPI) of fatty acids; the ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids (n-6 to n-3 UFA), the atherogenicity index (AI), and the ratio of linoleic acid to ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (LA to ALA) was apparently improved in farm butter than those of control butter. Thus, it could make the dairy farm visitors to consume the farm butter containing the health-promoting fatty acids from the milk of cows grazing on mountain pasture.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.575-583
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of parity and the stage of lactation on the metabolic profile of cows based on the basic chemical milk components and the blood parameters. Methods: The study material consisted of high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows. In total, 473 cows were examined. According to the parity, cows were divided into four groups: primiparous (P), and multiparous in the second (M2), in the third (M3), and in subsequent lactations (M4). The feeding of cows was based on total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum. Milk and blood samples were collected individually from each cow three times per standard lactation period. Results: Greater exacerbation of changes in the dynamics of the blood plasma parameters examined was proved for multiparous cows. The highest value of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (0.946 mmol/L) was found for multiparous cows from group M3 at the beginning of lactation. However, it was still in the normal range. The results showed aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities in dairy cows during lactation had significant variations taking in to account stage of lactation. The highest activity of GGT was found in the group of the oldest cows and measured from 26.36 U/L at the beginning of lactation to 48.75 U/L at the end of the lactation period. Conclusion: The time-related changes in the concentrations of the biochemical parameters described differ markedly among lactating cows, though the housing conditions on the research dairy farm are highly standardised. This indicates that the ability to cope with metabolic stress is mainly affected by the individual predispositions of cows and feed nutrient supply in different stage of lactation. Especially, the feed nutrient supply (in net energy for lactation), which was the best in TMR 1 in comparison TMR 3.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.45-58
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• 2021

This study investigated the dietary effect of total mixed ration (TMR) based on high roughage content on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers (average body weight, 195.3±4.7 kg; age, 8.5 mon) were randomly allocated to three experimental groups according to forage and concentrate ratio (DM basis): 25:75 (control), 50:50 (T50), and 70:30 (T70). Productivity in the fattening period and final body weight were significantly higher in the control. Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were the same among treatments. Serum parameters, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and total protein were higher in the control. Carcass weight was comparable in the control and T50 but feeding more roughage was significantly correlated with a higher intramuscular fat. Shear strength and drip loss were higher while n-6/n-3 was lower in T70 compared to the other groups. However, meat color was not significantly different among treatments. In terms of free amino acid contents, glutamic acid and glycine were higher in the control than T50 and T70. Overall, feeding Hanwoo steers with high forage content TMR had the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio of fatty acid content but highest intramuscular fat, shear strength, and drip loss. High forage content TMR is the best feed for Hanwoo steers that gives more benefits for human health and consumption but also provides the best meat grade and quality, which is important in the beef market in Korea.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.410-421
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• 2022

Objective: Two series of experiments were conducted to determine how the incremental levels of sodium metabisulfite (SMB)-treated fruit and vegetable discards (FVD) in diet of Hanwoo heifers and cows affect their performance and health. Methods: In Exp. 1, 36 Hanwoo heifers were stratified by age (13.3±0.83 mo) and initial body weight (305±19.7 kg), and divided randomly to one of three diets containing 0%, 10%, or 20% SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis). The experiment lasted 110 d, including 20 d of adaptation. In Exp. 2, 24 multiparous Hanwoo cows were divided into three groups based on age (48.2±2.81 mo) and initial body condition score (2.64±0.33). Cows in each block were assigned randomly to one of three diets containing 0%, 11%, or 22% SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis). The experiment lasted 80 d, including a 20-d adaptation period. In both experiments, SMB-treated FVD was used as a replacement for wet brewers grain in total mixed ration (TMR). Results: Growing heifers exhibited no differences in their daily feed intake (6.58±0.61 kg/d dry matter [DM]), average daily gain (0.60±0.07 kg/d), and body condition score when they consumed the incremental levels of SMB-treated FVD. Although most blood metabolites were unaffected by treatments, blood urea-N and β-hydroxybutyrate levels decreased linearly as the SMB-treated FVD level increased in TMR. Similar to Exp. 1, minor differences were found in daily feed intake (8.27±0.72 kg DM/d) and body condition score of Hanwoo cows. Most blood metabolites remained unaffected by treatments, but blood urea-N decreased as the SMB-treated FVD level in TMR increased. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SMB-treated FVD could be safely incorporated into the diet of Hanwoo heifers and cows, potentially improving N-use efficiency in the body while not impairing performance or health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.395-400
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• 1993

Four sheep per treatment were fed either control or 3% calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) in a total mixed ration (TMR). Feed and free water intakes were not different, but digestibilities of crude protein and crude fiber were lower (p<0.05) and that of crude fat was higher (p<0.05) for sheep fed Ca-LCFA than for control sheep. Dry matter digestibility, ruminal pH and microbial protein yield were not different between treatments and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen was higher for sheep fed Ca-LCFA than for control sheep. A 60-day milk production trial was conducted with thirty lactation Holstein cows. Fifteen cows per treatment were fed TMR containing either control or 3% Ca-LCFA ad libitum. Feed intake was not different between treatments, but milk yield was significantly higher (p<0.05) for cows fed Ca-LCFA than for control cows. Milk fat percentage was slightly higher and milk protein was lower for cows fed Ca-LCFA than for control cows. Lactose and total solid contents in milk were not different between treatments.