• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1090-1099
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• 2007

Myristicin, l-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzene, was one of the major essential oils of nutmeg. However, its anti-allergic effect in the Th1/Th2 immune response was poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that T-bet and GATA-3 was master Th1 and Th2 regulatory transcription factors. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether myristicin regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine production, T-bet and GATA-3 gene expression in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model mice. Myristicin reduced levels of IL-4, Th2 cytokine production in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. In the other side, it increased $IFN-{\gamma}$, Th1 cytokine production in myristicin administrated mice. We also examined to ascertain whether myristicin could influence eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity. After being sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) showed typical asthmatic reactions. These reactions included an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung tissue around blood vessels and airways, and the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). The administration of myristicin before the last airway OVA challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. Accordingly, these findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of myristicin in terms of its effects in a murine model of asthma.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.580-585
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• 2004

BJYGC is often clinically used as a treatment of allergic rhinitis. This study was aimed to find out the effect BJYGC would have on the helper T cell, and how it can promote the subsets of helper T cells to regain their balance that they lost due to immunological diseases. Splenocytes were prepared from BALB/c mice was cultured without stimulation in the presence of BJYGC for 48 hr. The viability of CD4 T cells from Balb/c mouse were measured at various concentrations of BJYGC using the MTS assay. It was somewhat increased up to concentration of 400 ㎍/ml, but did not show any significant difference. Proliferation was measured using the MTS assay, CD4 Th cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/28 in the presence of BJYGC for 48 hr. As evidence for rapid T cell activation, CD25 expression by flow cytometry was evaluated at 10, 50, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖ of BJYGC. Th cell differentiation experiments were performed to examine whether BJYGC can affect the Th polarization process. CD4 T cells were activated in culture under neutral, Th1-polarized or Th2-polarized conditions in the presence of BJYGC at 10, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. This experiment proved that BJYGC could inhibit the secretion of both IL-4 and IFN-γ in neutral condition and polarized condition, too. Considering that BJYGC shows an excellent effect on treating allergies, the author can conclude that its pharmacological action may be associated with decreased IL-4 and, it may also regulate IFN-γ depending the host's need. Also, it was discovered that Th1 cell was pathologic in chronic inflammatory tissue specific diseases, such as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, RA, and uveitis. We are counting on the BJYGC to be able to control the tendency of Th1 cell predominancy in an immune reaction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate effects of dietary fat content and degree of saturation on the function of the immune system. Sixty male BALB/c mice average-weighing 17g were divided into three dietary groups: 5% safflower oil group, 20% safflower oil group, 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group. Food intake and body weight were measured every day. At 4th, 7th, 10th week after dietary treatment, organ weight measurements, delayed-type hypersensitivity test, plaque forming cell test, agglutination test, differential white cell count and histological examination of spleen were performed. Results are follows; 1) Body weight, food intake and calorie intake were not different in the three dietary groups during the experimental period($\alpha$=0.05). 2) Liver weight was significantly higher in 5% safflower oil group($\alpha$=0.05). Spleen index was slightly higher in mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil. Thymus index in all mice was decreased by aging. 3) Delayed-type hypersensitivity of the mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil was significantly higher than that of the mice fed 20% safflower oil. 4) The number of plaque forming cell was significantly reduced at 10th week compared to 7th week in all group($\alpha$=0.05). Although there was no difference in plaque forming cell among three groups at 10th week, 5% safflower oil group showed slightly higher plaque forming cell than 20% safflower oil group at 7th week. 5) At 4th week, agglutination test seems to be higher in 5% safflower oil group and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group compared to 20% safflower oil group. 6) Percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil was slightly reduced in 20% safflower oil group. 7) Spleen tissue was not affected by and dietary treatments. According to our results, the higher the fat content & unsaturation of the diet the lower the cell-mediated immunity of the mice. Humoral-immunity did not appear to be affected by the dietary manipulation. However humoral-immunity was decreased significantly by aging in all dietary groups.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 1981

This study aimed to determine the effects of adrenalectomy on the sexual gland, the thyroid gland and the serum components. A total of 192 Wister strain albino rats were evenly divided into 4 sexually equal groups for the comparisons. Each groups was divided into a control and a treatment group by sexuality. Each tissue of the sexual gland and the thyroid gland was microscopically examined, and at the same time body weight and serum components were also examined on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 28th, 42nd, 56th, 70th and 84th day respectively following adrenalectomy. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The body weight was sufficiently retarded in decreasingly after the adrenalectomy as compared to that of control. 2. The histological change of testis started atrophy of spermatogonia and degeneration of spermatocyte. There was a, pp.ared no cell division activity. Spermatozoa in the seminiferous tuble was not noticed but degeneration of interstitial cell was started and spermatozoa in the epididymal duct disa, pp.ared. 3. Degeneration of oocyte and follicular cell was noticed as the histological change of ovary. There was not a, pp.arance of primary follicle and corpus Iuteum but interstitial cell was proliferated. 4. For the effect of adrenalectomy on the histological change of the thyroid gland, the number of small follicle decreased and that of large follicle increased as the time passed following the adrenalectomy. And the follicular epithelial cell became squamous as typical condition of functional decreased. 5. It was shown that in the total contents of serum protein no difference with control occurred with in the 70th day for male and female adrenalectomized, respectively. But the differences in protein contents were significanly decreased on the 70th day. 6. No difference occurred in the total serum lipids on the 7th day, but they decreased significantly on the 42nd day, and (P<0.01) on the 56th, and 70th day. A tendency to decrease was noted as time elapsed following adrenalectomy. 7. Increase and decrease were intercrossed in the serum cholesterol contents between the control and th treatment groups on the 28th day. But the difference significantly decreased on the 42nd, 56th, and 70th day after adrelalectomized. The contents showed tendency to decrease as time elapsed following adrenalectomy. 8. The blood glucose contents rapidly decreased with time. The difference were significant on the 28th and 42nd day, and highly significant on the 56th and 70th day for male adrenalectomized. 9. In case of solium, there was no noticeable sexual distinction. There was slight in creasing or decreasing for the control group. But the treatment group tended continuously to decrease for male and female. 10. It was shown that potassium contents tended to increase on the 28th day for male and female, but the differences were small. 11. As for chlorine, it tended to decrease rapidly on 7th day for male and female adrenalectomized, and the tendency continued.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1329-1335
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• 2006

LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus induces the excessive oxidative stress and immune dysfunction leading to B cell leukemia and murine AIDS with cytokine dysfunction. In the present study, the immune restoratory effect of antioxidant hormone dedydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) was investigated in the primary splenocytes from LP-BM5 retrovirus-infected C57BL/6 mice. DHEAS significantly increased T and B cell response to mitogen and normalized the unbalanced production of Th1/Th2 type cytokines. In particular, both protein and mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-6, and $TNF-\alpha$ were down-regulated by DHEAS treatment whereas IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ level were increased. This result suggests that DHEAS directly or indirectly regulates the gene expression of Th1/Th2 type cytokines in transcription level. In addition, DHEAS treatment decreased the hepatic lipid peroxidation and preserved vitamin E level in liver cells. These results suggested that DHEAS could effectively prevent immune dysfunction by regulating cytokine secretion and preventing the oxidative stress in murine AIDS.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1397-1403
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• 2004

By recently study, GM (Gamipaemo-tang) treatment have worked well on the allergic asthma. The purpose of this study was effect of GM extract on helper T cell, major regulator of immune system. Splenic cells from 8-week BALB/c mice were cultured in GM containing media without activation for 48 hours. The MTS assay and flow cytometry study revealed that lymphocyte treated with GM were not effective on CD4+ T cells. Subsequently CD4+ T cells were isolated and cultured in GM containing media. Either GM were not effective on CD4+ T cell without APCs. By FACS scan analysis, the expression of INF-γ, IL-4 were down-regulated in the condition skewed Th1 and Th2 cells respectively, Using ELISA analysis, the expression of INF-γ is up-regulated and IL-4 is down-regulated in the condition skewed Th1, Th2 cells respectively. With RT-PCR analysis, the expression of mRNA for INF-γ is down-regulated and IL-4 is down-regulated in the condition skewed Th1 and Th2 cells respectively. The result suggests that GM inhibited the differetiation of Th2 cells significantly and indicates GM could enhance anti-allergic immune system.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.156-166
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• 2023

Objective: In this study, we investigated the effects of Rubus coreanus-derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermented feed (RC-LAB fermented feed) and three types of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis) on the expression of transcription factors and cytokines in Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells in the intestinal lymph nodes and spleens of rats. In addition, the effect on intestinal microbiota composition and body weight was investigated. Methods: Five-week-old male rats were assigned to five treatments and eight replicates. The expression of transcription factors and cytokines of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells in the intestinal lymph nodes and spleens was analyzed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays. Intestinal tract microbiota compositions were analyzed by next-generation sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: RC-LAB fermented feed and three types of LAB increased the expression of transcription factors and cytokines in Th1, Treg cells and Galectin-9, but decreased in Th2 and Th17 cells. In addition, the intestinal microbiota composition changed, the body weight and Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio decreased, and the relative abundance of LAB increased. Conclusion: LAB fermented feed and three types of LAB showed an immune modulation effect by inducing T cell polarization and increased LAB in the intestinal microbiota.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.173-177
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• 2013

Backgrounds: Tanshinone IIA (TIIA), a phenanthrenequinone derivative extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE, has been reported to be a natural anti-cancer agent in a variety of tumor cells. However, the effect of TIIA on gastric cancer cells remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the influence of TIIA on the malignant phenotype of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Methods: Cells cultured in vitro were treated with TIIA (0, 1, 5, $10{\mu}g/ml$) and after incubation for different periods, cell proliferation was measured by MTT method and cell apoptosis and cell cycling were assessed by flow cytometry (FCM). The sensitivity of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells to anticancer chemotherapy was investigated with the MTT method, while cell migration and invasion were examined by wound-healing and transwell assays, respectively. Results: TIIA (1, 5, $10{\mu}g/ml$) exerted powerful inhibitory effects on cell proliferation (P < 0.05, and P < 0.01), and this effect was time- and dose-dependent. FCM results showed that TIIA induced apoptosis of SGC7901 cells, reduced the number of cells in S phase and increased those in G0/G1 phase. TIIA also significantly increased the sensitivity of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells to ADR and Fu. Moreover, wound-healing and transwell assays showed that TIIA markedly decreased migratory and invasive abilities of SGC7901 cells. Conclusions: TIIA can reverse the malignant phenotype of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells, indicating that it may be a promising therapeutic agent.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 1988

The authors evaluated 200 cases of primary carcinoma of lung in terms of the cell type, operability, resectability and survival rate, that proved by histopathologic examination at the Dept. of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Catholic Medical College during the period of 11 years from Jan., 1977 to Dec., 1987. The results are as follows; 1] The peak incidence was observed in the 7th decade of life [34%] and followed by 6th [30%] 8 5th decade [25%]. Male to female ratio was 3.4:1. 2] Histopathologic classifications were squamous cell carcinoma 48% [96 cases], adenocarcinoma 27% [34 cases], small cell carcinoma 13%[26 cases], ;bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma 5% [10 cases], large cell carcinoma 4.5% [9 cases], adenosquamous cell carcinoma 1.5% [3 cases] and adenoalveolar cell carcinoma 0.5% [1 case]. 3] Among 200 cases of primary lung cancer, the operability was 47.5% [95 cases], refusal of operation 6.0% [12 cases] and inoperability 46.5% [93 cases]. 4] Ninety five cases [47.5%] were operated. Of these, post-surgical stage I was 18.9% [18 cases], stage II 24.2% [23 cases] and stage III 56.8% [54 cases]. Among 54 cases of stage III, 32 cases were unresectable, while 22 cases were resectable. Consequently, the resectability was 31.5% [63 cases] from the total numbers of 200 cases, and the resectability for the operable 95 cases was 66.3% [63 cases]. 5] Surgical complications were empyema with bronchopleural fistula [4 cases], G-I bleeding [1 case], tedious pleural effusion [1 case] and acute respiratory insufficiency [1 case]. Operative mortality was 3.2% [2 cases], which caused by massive G-I bleeding [1 case] and respiratory insufficiency [1 case]. 6] On the long term follow-up of resectable 63 cases, overall 3 year survival rate was 35%, 5 year 22% and 9 year 2%. Five year survival rate was 39% in stage l, 30% in stage II and 0% in stage III. As for the cell types, the higher 5 year survival rate was observed in resectable squamous cell carcinoma [35%] as compared to adenocarcinoma [15%], alveolar cell carcinoma [14%], small cell carcinoma [0%] and large cell carcinoma [0%].

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.343-362
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate chronic radiation effects on the basal cell of the rat tongue epithelium according to different irradiation timing. Forty-two female rats were devided into 5 experimental groups according to different irradiation timing and were irradiated single dose of 396cGy by MK cell irradiator using Cs-137. Experimental rats were sacrificed at the 2nd week, 4th week and 6th week after birth. The specimens were examined with light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The following results were obtained. 1. The first changes after irraditation were vacuoles. The vacuoles were chiefly observed in the cytoplasm, perinuclei area, and nuclei. 2. The most severe degenerative changes in the basal cell layer were observed in all experimental groups. ; cellular disarrangement, vacuole formation, widening of intercellular space, enlarged mitochondria & rER, and chromatin clumping were seen. 3. The cellular degenerative changes were most severe at the 4th week after birth in all experimental group, and the basal cell hyperplasia was seen at the 6th week in the most of experimental groups 4. The experimental groups 3 and 4 show more severe and more prolonged cellular degeneration than experimental groups 1 and 2, which were irradiated in pregnancy, and experimental group 5, which was irradiated after tongue maturation.