• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.120-132
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• 2009

Objective : Yukmijihwang-tang is one of the important medicines for blood- deficiency and yin-deficiency. Atopic dermatitis usually shows dampness-heat pattern in its acute stage and blood-deficiency or yin-deficiency pattern in its chronic stage. Therefore, I hypothesized that Yukmijihwang-tang is effective on atopic dermatitis and investigated the effects of Yukmijihwang-tang on NC/Nga mice's atopic dermatitis induced by DNCB. Methods : The NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis were divided into four groups: three experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups were respectively put on 2.5g(YM-2.5), 5g(YM-5) and 10g(YM-10) of Yukmijihwang-tang extract per their weight once a day for 10 days while the control group was fed normal saline. After 10 days, I measured TEWL(transepidermal water loss), observed scratching behaviors, conducted a skin biopsy and checked levels of Total IgE, IL-4 and $IFN-\gamma$ on NC/Nga mice. Results : 1. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly suppressed skin dryness. In particular, YM-5 and YM-10 had better skin hydration than YM-2.5. 2. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly suppressed pruritus while there was no significant difference among the experimental groups. 3. Yukmijihwang-tang retained skin structure(epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat). 4. Yukmijihwang-tang reduced Total IgE level while there was no significant difference between the control group and the experimental groups. 5. Yukmijihwang-tang did not reduce IL-4(Th2 cytokine) level. 6. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly reduced $IFN-\gamma$(Th1 cytokine) level. In particular, YM-2.5 and YM-5 had lower $IFN-\gamma$ level than YM-10. Conclusion : The results suggest that Yukmijihwang-tang suppresses skin dryness and pruritus, retains skin structure and is effective on chronic atopic dermatitis which is associated with Th1 cytokines in the immune response.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.452-457
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• 2016

If human body is exposed to the continuous stress, it becomes allostasis load which is the condition of homeostasis broken. Its evolutional ecologic point of view and the relation with chiljeongsnag which is a theory in Oriental Medicine were investigated. Upon evolutional ecologic point of view by Maynard Smith, people can be divided by Hawks and Doves resulting in different types of allostasis in response of the stress. Hawks people who are active and aggressive get easily anger in the stressful situation to be vulnerable to the inflammatory hepatic diseases by enhancing Th1 immune system. On the other hand, Doves people who are passive and calm get easily depressed with sadness in the stressful situation to be vulnerable to the allergic pulmonary diseases by enhancing Th2 immune system. According to constitution theory of Oriental Medicine, Yangin and Eumin show the different features of responses to the stress generating Chiljeongsang. With excessive stress continuously, Yangin consider the feeling of anger mainly resulting in Qi reversal and liver damage, while Eumin consider the feeling of sadness mainly in consumption of Qi and lung damage. Hawks and Yangin, and Doves and Eumin show the common behaviors in response to the stress demonstrating the similar features including allostasis load and Chiljeongsang. In the clinical practices with the stressful patients, the viewpoint to consider the behaviors and feelings of the subjects to receive the stress simultaneously can be the new approaching method in Psychosomatic Medicine.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.612-620
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• 2022

Recent studies have revealed that probiotics and their metabolites are present under various conditions; however, the role of probiotic metabolites (i.e., postbiotics in pathological states) is controversial. Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we examined NK cell activation influenced by a postbiotics mixture in response to gut microbiome modulation in stress-induced mice. In vivo activation of NK cells increased in the postbiotics mixture treatment group in accordance with Th1/Th2 expression level. Meanwhile, the Red Ginseng treatment group, a reference group, showed very little expression of NK cell activation. Moreover, the postbiotics mixture treatment group in particular changed the gut microbiome composition. Although the exact role of the postbiotics mixture in regulating the immune system of stress-induced mice remains unclear, the postbiotics mixture-induced NK cell activation might have affected gut microbiome modulation.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.179-191
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• 2009

Background: The present study examines a hypothesis that short allergen-derived peptides may shift an Aspergillus fumigatus (Afu-) specific TH2 response towards a protective TH1. Five overlapping peptides (P1-P5) derived from Asp f1, a major allergen/antigen of Afu, were evaluated for prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy in BALB/c mice. Methods: To evaluate the prophylactic efficacy, peptides were intranasally administered to naive mice and challenged with Afu-allergens/antigens. For evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, the mice were sensitized with Afu-allergens/antigens followed by intranasal administration of peptides. The groups were compared for the levels of Afu-specific antibodies in sera and splenic cytokines evaluated by ELISA. Eosinophil peroxidase activity was examined in the lung cell suspensions and lung inflammation was assessed by histopathogy. Results: Peptides P1-, P2- and P3 decreased Afu-specific IgE (84.5~98.9%) and IgG antibodies (45.7~71.6%) in comparison with Afu-sensitized mice prophylactically. P1- and P2-treated ABPA mice showed decline in Afu-specific IgE (76.4~88%) and IgG antibodies (15~54%). Increased IgG2a/IgG1 and IFN-${\gamma}$/IL-4 ratios were observed. P1-P3 prophylactically and P1 therapeutically decreased IL-5 levels and eosinophil peroxidase activity. P1 decreased inflammatory cells' infiltration in lung tissue comparable to non-challenged control. Conclusion: Asp f1-derived peptide P1, prophylactically and therapeutically administered to Balb/c mice, is effective in regulating allergic response to allergens/antigens of Afu, and may be explored for immunotherapy of allergic aspergillosis in humans.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.141-148
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• 2021

The objective of this research was to evaluate the immune response to Salmonella Gallinarum experimentally infected layers fed with Guanosine 5'-monophosphate-chelated calcium and iron feed additives. Hy-Line brown, 34 week-olds layers were assigned to 3 groups; Group 1: basal diet feed, Group 2 (CaFe-GMP): basal diet feed mixed with chelated calcium and iron, and Group 3 (Fe-OCHT): basal diet feed mixed with chitosan for 4 weeks. There were challenged with 1.0×10⁸ CFU/mL of the cultured Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) by oral administration on 28th feeding days. After SG challenge, Flow cytometric profiles showed that the CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte activation of Group 2 was much higher than Group 1 and Group 3 (P<0.05). In addition, the levels of interleukin-2 (13.37 mg/dl) and interferon-γ (2.35 mg/dl) in Group 2 were higher than Group 1 and Group 2. Populations of Lactic acid bacteria (3.5×10¹⁰ CFU/g) from cecum was highest observed in group 2. Re-isolation of SG from cecum in group 2 (8×10⁵ CFU/g) was lower than group 1 (1.83×10¹⁰ CFU/g). The result of this study demonstrated that CaFe-GMP feed additive may be one of the potential candidates to control salmonellosis and functional feeds in layers.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.83-99
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• 2020

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with frequent relapses. This study was to investigate the effects of Gammakdaejo-tang(GMD) in DNCB induced atopic dermatitis mice. Methods : The study was divided into five comparion groups. 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) solution was applied to Nc/Nga mice to induce atopic dermatitis, followed by normal group, negative control group with distilled water, positive control group with Dexamethasione and GMD 200mg/kg or 400mg/kg. The control group was orally administered 200㎕ once daily for 4 weeks. Visual skin condition, Immunoglobulin E, Histamine, Cytokine, Immune cells, Tissue biomarkers were observed. Results : As a result of the dermatitis score evaluation, it was confirmed that the GMD-administered group improved symptoms compared to the negative control group. As a result of measuring IgE, the GMD-administered group significantly decreased compared to the negative control group. As a result of measuring Histamine, GMD group except 200mg/kg of GMD significantly decreased compared to negative control group. As a result of measuring cytokine, GMD 200mg/kg significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α compared to the negative control. 400mg/kg significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and significantly increased IL-2, IFNγ. As a result of confirming the immune cells, all experimental groups showed no difference in basophil, GMD group significantly reduced monocyte and eosinophil compared to negative control group, and GMD 400mg/kg group significantly reduced white blood cell and neutrophil. And significantly increased lymphocytes. As a result of measuring the gene expression level, all GMD group significantly increased TGF-β1 compared with the negative control group, and filaggrin, VEGF and EGF were significantly increased in GMD 400mg/kg group. Epidermis, dermis thickness, and eosinophil infiltration were found to be decreased in all GMD groups compared with the negative control group. Conclusions : GMD is effective in atopic dermatitis by reducing imbalance of immune response of T cells (Th1 / Th2) and reducing skin tissue damage and inflammatory response.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2003

Eleutherococcus senticosus is a typical oriental folk medicinal herb. It has been used clinically as a anti-rheumatic disease, anti-stress, ischemic heart disease and gastric ulcer. In the present study, we examined the adjuvant activity of the crude polysaccharides fraction from Eleutherococcus senticosus, EN-3, on the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses against bovine serum albumin (BSA) or ovalbumin (OVA). The thioglycollate-induced macrophages and silica-induced dendritic-like cells cultured with BSA and EN-3 synergistically increased the production of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-12. When mice were subcutaneously immunized with BSA + EN-3, the antibody titer against BSA was showed significantly higher than those immunized with BSA alone. In addition, when mice were immunized with OVA + FIA + EN-3, the antibody titer was showed similar patterns with the FCA. The assay for determining subisotype of antibody revealed that EN-3 augmented OVA-specific antibody titer of IgG1 and IgG2b. The culture supernatant obtained from splenocytes of mice treated with OVA + FIA + EN-3 also showed a higher level of both OVA-specific Th1-type (IL-2, IFN-${\gamma}$ and GM-CSF) and Th2-type cytokine (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10). In vitro analysis of T cell proliferation to OVA on 8 weeks, the splenocytes of mice treated with OVA + EN-3 showed a significantly higher proliferating activity than those treated with OVA alone. These results suggest that EN-3 may possess adjuvant activities to potentially to enhance humoral as well as cellular immune response.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.199-205
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• 2013

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a causative agent for a number of extra intestinal diseases and account for significant losses to the poultry industry. Since protective immunity against APEC is largely directed to virulence antigens, we have individually expressed four different viulence antigens, papA, papG, IutA, and CS31A, using an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium and a plasmid pBB244. Following oral immunization of mice with combination of two or four of these strains, serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses were elicited against each antigen represented in the mixture. The antigen-specific mucosal IgA responses were significantly higher in the group of mice immunized with the heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) strain than those in the group of mice immunized without the LTB strain. While, there was no significant difference between these two groups in antigen-specific serum IgG responses. The results showed that LTB could act as mucosal immune adjuvant. To assess the nature of immunity, the distribution of antigen-specific IgG isotypes was analyzed. All groups promoted Th1-type immunity as determined by the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. Thus, our findings provided evidence that immunization with a combination of several vaccine strains is one of the strategies of developing effective vaccines against APEC.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.801-809
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• 2002

CSBHT is known to improve immunological response in mice and humans. In this study, CSBHT effect was examined in the context of CD4+ T cells' survival and TCR/CD3 induced activation responses. Spleen cells from 8 week BALB/c mice were cultured in CSBHT containing medium without activation for 24, 48 hr. The MTS assay and revealed that CSBHT did not stimulate spleen lymphocytes as mitogen. Spleen lymphocytes were treated with anti-CD3e/anti-CD28 antibodies for 48hr. Flow cytometry revealed that activity of T cell decreased with CSBHT concentration. CD4+ T cells were isolated and cultured ,in CSBHT containing medium for 48 hr. CSBHT did not affect survival of sorted CD4+ T cells without any involvement of APC. In order to evaluate the direct effect of CSBHT on helper T cells's proliferative capacity prior to activation, CD4+ T cells are isolated after 24hr of culture in CSBHT containing medium and activated with and without anti-CD3e/anti-CD28 activation for 48hr. A higher level of CD69 was observed in 1 ㎍/㎖ of CSBHT treatment than control using flow cytometry. But low CD69 expression was observed in 5㎍/㎖ of CSBHT treatment. Expression of mRNA for cytokines in CD4+ T cell revealed that IL-2 expression was increased in 1 ㎍/㎖. The expression of IL-2R α, INF- γ were increased with concentration. On the other hand mRNA of IL-4 was decreased in dose dependent manner. Results suggest that CSBHT may be desirable for CD4+ T cell's activity in immune responses. Further more, CSBHT may relatively activate Th1 and inactivate Th2.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 2007

Mast cells play important roles in immune-related diseases, in particular, allergic diseases. Although 9-cis retinoic acid (9CRA) has been known as an immune regulator, its function in mast cells is not characterized well. In a previous paper, we demonstrated that 9CRA differentially decreases both CCR2 expression and the MCP-1-induced chemotactic activity of the human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of 9CRA on the migration and expressions of inflammatory cytokines in HMC-1 cells. It was found that 9CRA significantly inhibited the migration of HMC-1 cells in response to stem cell factor (P<0.01), and it had no effect on the mRNA and protein expression of c-kit, a receptor binding to SCF. We further investigated the alternation of inflammatory cytokine expression and identified that 9CRA blocked the mRNA and protein expressions of Th2 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5. Taken together, our results demonstrate that 9CRA blocks SCF-induced cell movement and the protein secretion of IL-4 and IL-5, and this indicates that 9CRA may have anti-inflammatory effects on mast cells.