• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2020

This study was conducted out to investigate the effect of harvest time of the day, precooling or not, and temperature of precooling and storage on the marketability in strawberries 'Maehyang' for export in May. Strawberry colored with 60±5% of the skin was harvested at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm, respectively. After harvesting, some strawberries were precooled to 0, 2, 4℃ for 3 hours in the cold store, respectively, and the others were kept at room temperature. And then, strawberries were stored at low temperature in the cold store set at 4, 8 or 10℃ storage temperatures. The weight loss rate, firmness, soluble solids content, color, incidence of gray mold of strawberries were measured at two days intervals during storage for 14 days. Both 07:00 am and 15:00 pm harvest, fruits as the storage periods lapses increased weight loss rate compared to the weight at harvest time of the day, and the difference in the weight loss rate of fruits depending on the treatment was greater at 15:00 pm harvest than at 07:00 am. Firmness tended to increase again after 8th day at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm harvest, respectively. In the afternoon harvest, 10℃ storage without precooling showed the lowest fruit firmness on the 2nd day after storage. The soluble solids content at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm harvest tended to be maintained at high value with precooled and stored at low temperature as storage days elapse. The color values were significantly higher at 'L' indicating brightness and lower at 'a', indicating redness at low storage temperature regardless of harvesting time of the day and whether it was precooling or not. The incidence of gray mold was higher at 15:00 pm harvest than at 07:00 am harvest, and it was significantly higher in the treatments stored at 10℃ after precooling similarly. In this study, strawberry 'Maehyang' for export harvested at 07:00 am and stored at 4℃ after precooling at 0℃ maintained the best shelf life, therefore, it is judged that desirable to harvest in the morning with low temperature and to precool and store at low temperature.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.53-65
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• 2013

In Korea recently the consumption of coffee has been drastically increased and majority of people who are more than $20^{th}$ are drinking more than a cup of coffee every day. Nowadays coffee a kind of essential items in modern urban society. As the popularity of the coffee is increasing, As the coffee consumption is growing, the studies on coffee also have been increased. Many of the studies on coffee were focused on the consumer attitudes, coffee shops and franchise coffee shops, and coffee components or ingredients. As the products of the coffee are becoming diverse, the consumers of coffee also becoming diverse. There was a study showing that coffee has variety of types, and that motivations and attitudes for coffee consumption are different depend on demographic statistics such as age and life styles. On this study main focus was life style and consumer's motivation on coffee consumption. For this study the survey was conducted on the people living in Seoul City and Kyengkido from March 1, 2013 to March 31, 2013. 600 questionnaires were distributed and 480 were collected and 470 were used for analysis of this study. The statistics program used in this study was SPSS. The method used in the analysis wee factors analysis test, reliability test, validity test, t-testy, One-Way ANOVA, and regression analysis. In this study according to the factor analysis, the life styles were classified the following six categories ; wellbeing pursuit, taste pursuit, atmosphere pursuit, dine-out pursuit, instant pursuit, and economic value pursuit. The factors of coffee consumption motivation were 6; wellbeing consumption motivation, changing mood consumption motivation, social consumption motivation, habitual consumption motivation, and emotional consumption motivation. The demographic factors used in this study were age, marital status, occupation, educational background, residence, income, and eating-out expenses. The hypothesis used in this study were two. The first hypo-thesis was whether the coffee consumption was affected by the life styles. The second hypo-thesis was whether there was any statistical differences on the motivation of coffee consumption according to the characteristics of life style. The outcome of this study demonstrated that life styles had partial impact on coffee consumption motivations. According to the characteristics of the life style, except for the habitual consumption motivation, all the other factors showed statistical differences on coffee consumption motivations according the characteristics of life styles.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy and feasibility of adaptive radiotherapy according to tumor volume change (TVC) in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Twenty-two lesions previously treated with SBRT were selected. SBRT was usually performed with a total dose of 48 Gy or 60 Gy in four fractions with an interval of three to four days between treatments. For evaluation of TVC, gross tumor volume (GTV) was contoured on each cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image used for image guidance. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning was performed in the first CBCT (CBCT1) using a baseline plan. For ART planning (ART), re-optimization was performed at $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, and $4^{th}$ CBCTs (CBCT2, CBCT3, and CBCT4) using the same angle and constraint used for the baseline plan. The ART plan was compared with the non-ART plan, which generated copying of the baseline plan to other CBCTs. Average GTV volume was 10.7 cc. Average TVC was -1.5%, 7.3%, and -25.1% in CBCT2, CBCT3, and CBCT4 and the TVC after CBCT3 was significant (p<0.05). However, the nine lesions were increased GTV in CBCT2. In the ART plan, $V_{20\;Gy}$, $D_{1500\;cc}$, and $D_{1000\;cc}$ of lung were significantly decreased (p<0.05), and $V_{30\;Gy}$ and $V_{32\;Gy}$ of the chest wall were also decreased (p<0.05). While D min of planning target volume (PTV) decreased by 8.3% in the non-ART plan of CBCT2 compared with the baseline plan in lesions with increased tumor size (p=0.021), PTV coverage was not compromised in the ART plan. Based on this result, use of the ART plan may improve target coverage and OAR saving. Thus ART using CBCT should be considered in early stage NSCLC with SBRT.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2012

The Varian PORTALVISION (Varian Medical Systems, US) shows significant overresponses as the off-center distance increases compared to the predicted dose. In order to correct the dose discrepancy, the off-axis correction is applied to VARIAN iX linear accelerators. The portal dose for $38{\times}28cm^2$ open field is acquired for 6 MV, 15 MV photon beams and also are predicted by PDIP algorithm under the same condition of the portal dose acquisition. The off-axis correction is applied by modifying the $40{\times}40cm^2$ diagonal beam profile data which is used for the beam profile calibration. The ratios between predicted dose and measured dose is modeled as a function of off-axis distance with the $4^{th}$ polynomial and is applied to the $40{\times}40cm^2$ diagonal beam profile data as the weight to correct measured dose by EPID detector. The discrepancy between measured dose and predicted dose is reduced from $4.17{\pm}2.76$ CU to $0.18{\pm}0.8$ CU for 6 MV photon beam and from $3.23{\pm}2.59$ CU to $0.04{\pm}0.85$ CU for 15 MV photon beam. The passing rate of gamma analysis for the pyramid fluence patten with the 4%, 4 mm criteria is improved from 98.7% to 99.1% for 6 MV photon beam, from 99.8% to 99.9% for 15 MV photon beam. IMRT QA is also performed for randomly selected Head and Neck and Prostate IMRT plans after applying the off-axis correction. The gamma passing rare is improved by 3% on average, for Head and Neck cases: $94.7{\pm}3.2%$ to $98.2{\pm}1.4%$, for Prostate cases: $95.5{\pm}2.6%$, $98.4{\pm}1.8%$. The gamma analysis criteria is 3%, 3 mm with 10% threshold. It is considered that the off-axis correction might be an effective and easily adaptable means for correcting the discrepancy between measured dose and predicted dose for IMRT QA using EPID in clinic.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.171-178
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature on the development of amushroom-infesting sciarid fly, Bradysia sp. (Diptera: Sciaridae). Egg period was 12.1, 7.0, 4.4, 3.4, and3.2 days, larval period was 38.3, 26.5, 13.4, 13.2, 12.7 days and pupal period was 10.4, 7.1, 4.4, 3.3, 3.2days, and total development period from egg to adult emergence was 60.8,40.6, 22.2, 19.9, and 19.1 daysat 10, 15, 20,25, 28"C, respectively. Development threshold temperature (DT) and effective accumulativetemperatures (ET) were 3.8"C, 74.8DD in eggs, 1.2"C, 321.8DD in larva, and 3.1$^{\circ}$C, 76.5DD in pupa,respectively. The number of eggs laid per female was 107.9, 129.7, 131.8, 86.9, and 82.7 at respectivetemperatures. Preoviposition period was 6.6, 4.4, 2.2, 1.3, 1.8 days, oviposition period 1.5, 1.5, 1.1, 1.1,1.1 days, postoviposition period 2.0, 1.1, 0.9, 0.6, and 0.3 days at th'e temperature of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 28"C, respectively. The longevity of male and female at the temperature was 13.3, 7.8, 5.9,4.1, 3.4 days and10.4, 7.0, 4.2, 3.0, 3.3days, respectively. The optimum temperature for hatchability was estimated to the20$^{\circ}$C and adult emergence was highest at 20$^{\circ}$C. Pupation rate was 50.7, 68.4, 84.3, 86.5, 45.4% at 10, 15,20, 25, and 28"C, respectively. at 10, 15,20, 25, and 28"C, respectively.tively.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.485-516
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• 2011

Republic of Korea is small nation that is comprised of 0.7% of the world population and occupying just 0.07% of the world territory. Despite this, Republic of Korea once again proved herself to be as the world's major economic powerhouse by becoming the world's 7th largest exporter in 2010. However, the reality is that Republic of Korea is still significantly concerned about the volatile economic nature and anxiety that is spread across the globe since the global depression that began at the end of 2008 and the financial crisis that has been threatening the Euro-Zone recently. This has resulted in the nation reaching the limitation in significant economic growth and limited creation of jobs within the nation and due to such circumstances, the nation is becoming more aware of the fact that she needs to pay more attention on the service sector and service exports if she was to see a more positive economic outlook in the upcoming future. This research is aimed to analyse the cost that is associated with the service export sector, by examining a number of enterprises in relation to the MICE(Meeting Incentives Convention Exhibition) industry which certainly has both direct and indirect influences on the service exports of the nation Further, the prime goal of the research is to encourage the SMEs of Korea, who have substandard experience associated to foreign exports, to intensify and increase service exports and also the goal extends to the degree to suggest appropriate assistance measures to aid these enterprises to achieve such goals. This research is fundamentally designed and based on the literature research associated with the MICE industry and also, this research is premeditated through the analysis of the case of exports to Vietnam. As the result of research, it has been found out that SMEs in the MICE industry and those of in service export sector are reluctant or even feel insecure to attempt any kind of export of their services mainly due to; the lack of foreign market information and also the lack of experience associated with service exports. Furthermore, it has also been revealed that the difficulty to estimate the validity and profitability of service the export is a significant factor withholding those enterprises from attempting any service export to the foreign markets. Henceforth, in order to aid and stimulate service export to the foreign markets by these SMEs (including those in association with the MICE industry), it is imperative to prepare an one-stop service export assistance program which would provide the information associated with marketing, law and legislation, taxation system and financial area in regard to the global markets.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.151-165
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• 2008

Objectives : To evaluate the effects of Head Acupuncture versus Upper and Lower Limbs Acupuncture on signal activation of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent(BOLD) fMRI on the Brain and Somatosensory Cortex. Subjects and Methods : 10 healthy normal right-handed female volunteer were recruited. The average age of the 10 subjects was 30 years old. The BOLD functional MRI(fMRI) signal characteristics were determined during tactile stimulation was conducted by rubbing 4 acu-points in the right upper and lower limbs($LI_1$, $LI_{10}$, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$). After stimulation of Head Acupuncture in Sishencong($HN_1$), $GB_{18}$, $GB_9$, $TH_{20}$ of Left versus Upper and Lower Limbs Acupuncture($LI_1$, $LI_{10}$, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$ of Right) and took off needles. Then the BOLD fMRI signal characteristics were determined at the same manner. Results : 1. When touched with cotton buds(sensory stimulation), left Parietal Lobe, Post-central Gyrus, primary somatosensory cortex(BA 1, 2, 3), and primary motor cortex(BA 4) were mainly activated. When $ST_{36}$ was stimulated, Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Cerebellum, and Posterior Lobe as well as Inter-Hemispheric displaying a variety of regions. 2. In signal activation before and after Head Acupuncture reaction, it showed signal activation after removing the acupuncture needle and right Somatosensory Association Cortex, Postcentral Gyrus, and Parietal Lobe were more activated. 3. In reactions of before and after Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture, it also showed signal activation after removing the acupuncture needle and bilateral Occipital Lobe, Lingual Gyrus, visual association cortex, and Cerebellum were activated. 4. After acupuncture stimulation, In Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture Group, left frontal Lobe, Precentral Gyrus and Bilateral parietal lobe, Postcentral Gyrus and Primary Somatosensory Cortex(BA 2) were activated. In Head Acupuncture Group, which has most similar activation regions, but especially right Pre-Post central Gyrus, Primary Somatosensory Cortex(BA 3), Primary Motor Cortex, frontal Lobe and Parietal Lobe were activated. Conclusions : When sensory stimulation was done with cotton buds on four acup-points($LI_1$, $LI_{10}4, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$), while bilaterally activated, contralateral sense was more dominant. It showed consistency with cerebral cortex function. When $ST_{36}$ was stimulated Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Cerebellum, Posterior Lobe as well as Inter-Hemispheric were stimulated. In Head Acupuncture, it showed more contralateral activation after acupuncture. In Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture, it showed typically contralateral activation and deactivation of limbic system after acupuncture stimulation. Therefore, there were different fMRI BOLD signal activation reaction before and after Head Acupuncture vs Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture which might be thought to be caused by acu-points' sensitivity and different sensory receptor to response acupuncture stimulation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.78-92
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• 1974

It is the purpose of this study to make clear the way in which people can lead a more desirable human life, that is, to ascertain the method of achieving therapeutic change through transaction between nurses and psychiatric patients. The various problems proposed by th9 above-stated aims of study can be shown, such as: What kind of influences does the method of a nurse′s communication have upon the response of psychiatric patients? 1) What are the general methods of communication used by the nurses? 2) Are there any differences between the control group and experimental group in the patients′ "Child" response? 3) Are there any differences between the control group and experimental group in the Patients "Adult" response? 4) What is the most desirable method of communication for therapeutic change in the patients? In an effort to solve the above questions this study attempted and managed to draw a random sampling of 200 patients being accommodated in the National Mental Hospital by dividing them into two groups, experimental groups and control groups, and recording the transactions between nurses and patients. In the course of carrying,: out this study, the experimental group was interviewed by the nurses specially trained In the P.A.C theory. and the control group interviewed at random by the nurses with no special training in communication. Further, the communication between nurses and patients in a free, relaxed atmosphere was allowed only for 15 minutes, whereupon the nurses were requested to make process-recording according to her memory of nurse patient transaction. The process-recording which recorded a series ol transactions between the nurses and the patients was analyzed according to Berne and Harris′transactional Analysis Standard. Through this standard, the writer of this study examined the significance of difference to compare the transactions brought forth between the experimental group and the control group. The following is a summary of the study which the writer of this thesis undertook. Hypothesis to The method of communication which the nurses usually apply to the patients will be higher in "Parent" than in "Adult". The communication which the nurses carried out in the control group turned out to be not significant between "Adult" and "Parent" Accordingly hypothesis 1. carne to be rejected. Hypothesis 2. The patients "Adult" response will be higher in the experimental group than in the control group. According to the result of a CR examination, as the communication showed a significant difference on P〈.01 level′ hypothesis 2 became affirmative. Hypothesis 3. The patients′"Child" response will be higher in the control group than in the experimental group. Hypothesis 3 proved affirmative since it showed an significant degree on P〈.01 level according to the result of a CR examination. Hypothesis 4 "Adult" response of the patient will be higher in frequency by nurses′"Adult" stimulus than nurse′s "Parent" stimulus Chi-square examination revealed significant difference on P〈.05 level. Hypo. 4 is affirmed. The following conclusions are drawn out based on the result of this study. 1) The generally used method of communication stimulus used by nurses for patients proved to be "Adult" and "Parent" in similar proportion. 2) The group in which the nurses could increase the patients "Adult" response proved to be higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Therefore, the communication (or stimulus) which has been applied in the experimental group can be said to be possible method of achieving therapeutic change. 3) Since the patients′"Child" response were higher in the control group than in the experimental group the communication method used In the control group was suggested as the less agreeable method of achieving therapeutic change than that used in the experimental Group. 4) "Adult" response of patient was elicited in significantly greater percentage when the "Adult" stimulus was used by the nurse. Therefore the most desirable method of-communication to give therapeutic change definitely was shown to be the "Adult" stimulus. Recommendations for further studies are as follows: 1) Studies on nurses′role perception in nurse-patient relationships. 2) Studies on patients′response to the method of communication used by nurses according to variables such as sex, social status, educational background, state of health. 3) Application of T.A, method to various groups of patients. 4) Study of various methods to improve student skill in use of process recording.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.117-131
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to develop a critical pathway for case management for patients who have received Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) because of Ischemic Heart Disease(IHD) which is a factor of rising medical expenses. For this study. a conceptual framework was developed through a review of the literature including six critical pathways which are currently being used in USA. In order to identify the overall service contents required by these patients and to draw up a preliminary critical pathway, 30 cases of medical records of patients who had CABG because of IHD between January, 1995 to June. 1996 at the Cardiovascular Center of Yonsei Medical Center in Seoul were analyzed. An expert validity test was done for the preliminary critical pathway and clinical validity test was also done using seven IHD patients with CABG between November 11 and 23, 1996. After these processes. the final critical pathway was developed. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The vertical axis of the critical pathway includes the following eight items : tests, nutrition, medications, consultations, activity, assessments, treatments, education discharge planning and the horizontal axis includes the time from the start of hospitalization to discharge. 2. Analysis of the 30 medical records indicated that the average length of stay was 20.2days with the average length of stay from hospitalization day to operation day being 6.2 days, and the average length of stay from operation day to discharge day was 13. 9 days. Analysis of the service contents showed that the horizontal axis of the preliminary critical pathway was set from hospitalization to the 14th post operation day and the vertical axis was set to include eight items, the contents which ought to have occurred, according to the time frames of the horizontal axis. 3. As a result of the experts validity, it was found that among the total of 571 items. there was over 83% agreement for 482 items, less than 83% for 89 items, which were then deleted and a revision of the critical pathway was done. 4. A clinical validity test was done using seven IHD patients with CABG. During the process, three patients were deleted because they were out of the criteria the investigator set. Finally, four patients were used. The result of study indicated that only one patient was discharged on the tenth post operation day, which was one day later than the expected day. Three patients were discharged later than the expected day from three days to nine days. All the cases progressed on schedule until the operation day and the first post operation day, but from the second post operation days, there were differences between the critical pathway and the actual practice. The differences came from tests, assessments, and treatments. 5. On the basis of the results of the clinical validity test. the following revisions in the final critical pathway were made : the transfer from ICU to step down ward would be the second post operation day, and the transfer to a general ward, the fifth post operation day, for patients who complained of lack of sleep from the fifth post operation day to discharge, a sleeping pill would be prescribed, skin observations would be performed routinely from immediately after the operation until the third post operation day, and would continue if there was a sign of skin injury on the fourth post operation day, and assessment of chest pain would be done from the third post operation day, and the “stairs climbing” item, expected to be done on the ninth post operation day would be deleted. In conclusion, this critical pathway is partially applicable to the care of patients with CABG but there are some parts needed to be further investigated.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for preventing dental caries, and maintaining and enhancing oral health. The subjects of this study were 138 male and female students who were in the 6th grade of elementary schools in Gimpo city. This study investigated the number of decayed tooth and the factors related to the number of decayed tooth, by using the results of questionnaire and oral health survey over such subjects. So, this study obtained the following conclusions. 1. For the number of decayed tooth, 'nothing(D = 0)' was the highest as 37.7%, and 'from two to three' was 23.9%, 'more than four' was 21%, and 'one' was 17.4% in order. 2. For the frequency of visiting dental clinics within the last one year, 'one to two times' was the highest as 52.2%, and the children who have not visited dental clinics even one time during one year were 23.9%. 3. For average daily tooth brushing frequency, 'two times' was the highest as 71.7%. For the use of oral health devices besides toothbrushes, 'I don't use' was the highest as 54.3%. For the experience of sealant and fluoride application, 'nothing' was the highest as 86.9% and 71.3% respectively. For the recognition on the use of fluoride dentifrice, 'I don't know' was the highest as 66.9%. 4. The socio-demographic factors related to the number of decayed tooth were mother's age, mother's background, mother's employment, and after-school fosterer(p > 0.05). 5. The oral health care factors related to the number of decayed tooth were average daily tooth brushing frequency, the use of oral health devices besides toothbrushes, and the experience of fluoride application.(p > 0.05) 6. The snack intake factors related to the number of decayed tooth were tooth care foods intake frequency and decaying foods intake frequency(p > 0.05). 7. The oral health belief item related to the number of decayed tooth was susceptibility(p > 0.05). 8. According to the results of regression analysis, the less mother was employed, the more the average daily tooth brushing frequency was, the more the tooth care foods intake frequency was, the less the decaying foods intake frequency was, and the higher susceptibility was, the lower the number of decayed tooth. 9. In order to prevent and cure early the dental caries which occur frequently in elementary school students, the establishment of oral health centers within schools should be expanded to promote tooth brushing instruction, fluoride solution rinsing, diet control, periodic oral examination.