• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.367-373
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• 2000

We have constructed a molecular linkage map of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) in an interspecific (C. annuum cv. TF68 x C. chinense cv. Habanero) F$_2$ population of 107 plants with 150 RFLP and 430 AFLP markers. The resulting linkage map consists of 11 large (206-60.3 cM) and 5 small (32.6- 10.3 cM) linkage groups cover-ing 1,320 cM with an average map distance between framework markers of 7.5 cM. Most (80%) of the RFLP markers were pepper-derived clones and these markers were evenly distributed across the genome. By using 30 primer combinations, 444 AFLP markers were generated in the F$_2$population. The majority of the AFLP markers clustered in each linkage group, although PstI/MseI markers were more evenly distributed than Eco RI/MseI markers within the linkage groups. Genes for biosynthesis of carotenoids and capsaicinoids were mapped on our linkage map. This map will provide the basis of studying secondary metabolites in pepper.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2012

It was the 1900s that the damaged materials of stone heritages began to be preserved and managed for the purpose of reuse, especially since cement, an inorganic material, began to be used during the Japanese colonial period. Epoxy resin, an organic material, was introduced to architecture around the turn of the 1990s, and has been being used across the board. In particular, filler mixtures began to be aggressively used for the structural reinforcement of severed materials. The problem was metal stiffeners used for structural reinforcement. The anchorage length varied depending in different conservation scientists, and as a result the secondary damage was apt to occur in the materials. In this study, hereat, a calculation was made of the most effective anchorage length with the minimization of material damage. The results were as in the following: the anchorage length of an 8-milimeter-across (ø8) metal stiffener was found to be most effective at 60.88mm. Those of ø12 and ø16 were 60.88mm and 91.32mm respectively. In the case of other calibers, the anchorage length was calculated by a formula ${\ell}_d=a_tf_y/u{\Sigma}_0$. In the experiment, helically-threaded round bars were used as metal stiffeners in order that they could bear surcharge loads such as bending, shear and constriction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of burs on microleakage of Class V resin restorations when a self-etching primer adhesive was used. Forty Class V cavities were prepared with four different cutting burs on extracted third molars, and divided into one of four equal groups (n = 10); Group 1-plain cut carbide bur (no. 245), Group 2-cross cut carbide bur (no. 557), Group 3-fine diamond bur (TF-21F), Group 4-standard diamond bur (EX-41). The occlusal and gingival margin of cavities was located in enamel and dentin, respectively. Cavities were treated with Clearfil SE Bond and restored with Clearfil AP-X. Specimens were thermocycled, immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, and bisected longitudinally. They were observed leakages at enamel and dentinal margins. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed ranked test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. At enamel margin, microleakage of group 4 was statistically higher than those of group 1, 2 and 3 (p < 0.01). 2. At dentinal margin, microleakage of group 4 was statistically higher than group 3 (p < 0.01), but group 1 and 2 were not statistically different with group 3 and 4. 3. Enamel microleakage was statistically higher than dentinal microleakage in group 1, 2 and 3 (p < 0.05), but statistical difference between the microleakage of enamel and dentinal margin was not in Group 4. In conclusion, the use of coarse diamond bur showed high microleakage at both enamel and dentinal margin when Clearfil SE Bond was used in class V cavity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.318-324
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• 2022

PPARγ and C/EBPα are master adipogenic transcription factors (TFs) required for adipose tissue development. They control the induction of many adipocyte genes and the early phase of adipogenesis in the embryonic development of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue continues to expand after birth, which, as a late phase of adipogenesis, requires the lipogenesis of adipocytes. In particular, the liver and adipose tissues are major sites for de novo lipogenesis (DNL), where carbohydrates are primarily converted to fatty acids. Furthermore, fatty acids are esterified with glycerol-3-phosphate to produce triglyceride, a major source of lipid droplets in adipocytes. Hepatic DNL has been actively studied, but the DNL of adipocytes in vivo remains not fully understood. Thus, an understanding of lipogenesis and adipose expansion may provide therapeutic opportunities for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic diseases. In adipocytes, DNL gene expression is transcriptionally regulated by lipogenesis coactivators, as well as by lipogenic TFs such as ChREBP and SREBP1a. Recent in vivo studies have revealed new insights into the lipogenesis gene expression and adipose expansion. Future detailed molecular mechanism studies will determine how nutrients and metabolism regulate DNL and adipose expansion. This review will summarize recent updates of DNL in adipocytes and adipose expansion in terms of transcriptional regulation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.129-139
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to investigate the optimal fermentation periods of the Smilax china L. leaves as a fermented tea via Aspergillus oryzae for 0 (non-fermented), and 10, 20, and 30 days (NF, F10, F20, F30). It was also observed for its quality characteristics. In the color and spectrum (400~700nm) of 1% tea water extract, NF was light yellow, whereas fermented tea (F10~F30) was light red color, and the F10 among F10~F30 has the clearest color and spectrum. Furthermore, acceptabilities of aroma and brightness were insignificantly different between NF and F10~30, while the mouth feel and overall acceptabilities were insignificantly distinct among all of the fermented teas. Therefore, these results suggest that the appropriate fermentation period for tea fermentation is 10 days. On the other hand, the total polyphenol and flavonoid content in the NF was the highest among all of the fermented teas. In the antioxidant parameters, EDA (electron donating ability), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and LPOIA (lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity) in the NF were the highest among all fermented teas. Meanwhile, the XOI (xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity) was low, as well as insignificantly different from NF and F10~F30, whereas the AOI (aldehyde oxidase inhibitory activity) was markedly higher (38.09~41.70%) by the hot water tea extract (with or without fermentation), particularly the AOI that has increased via fermentation. In conclusion, the overall antioxidant activity tended to be reduced by fermentation; however, the EDA, FRAP and LPOIA in the fermented tea for 10 days was higher than the activities during 20~30 days of fermentation. There was a similar result in the color and acceptability of fermented tea for 10 days, which was remarkably better than those of 20-30 days. Therefore, fermented tea from the leaves of Smilax china L. could be expected to be used as a functional tea without the loss of inhibitory activity of both the XO and AO via fermentation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.103-106
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• 2004

Impact location monitoring is one of the major concerns of the smart health monitoring. For this application, multipoint ultrasonic sensors are to be employed. In this study, a multiplexed FBG sensor system with wide dynamic range was proposed and stabilization controlling system was also developed for the maintenance of maximum sensitivity of sensors. For the intensity demodulation system of FBG sensors, Fabry-Perot tunable filter(FP-TF) with 23.8nm FSR(free spectral range) was used, which behaves as two separate filters between $1530 \~ 1560$ nm range. Two FBG sensors were attached on the bottom side of the graphite/epoxy composite beam specimen, and low velocity impact tests were performed to detect the one-dimensional impact locations. Impact locations were calculated by the arrival time differences of the impact longitudinal waves acquired by the two FBGs. As a result, multiplexed in-line FBG sensors could detect the moment of impact precisely and found the impact locations with the average error of 1.32mm.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.492-498
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• 2024

Bioassay and HPLC-UV guided fractionations of the crude extract of marine-derived Streptomyces sp. SNA-077 have led to the isolation of a red pigment, undecylprodigiosin (1). The chemical structure of undecylprodigiosin (1) was revealed by the interpretation of NMR and mass spectroscopic (MS) data. Further, anti-melanogenic effects of undecylprodigiosin (1) were investigated. First, the melanin contents of undecylprodigiosin (1)-treated B16 cells were evaluated. Furthermore, undecylprodigiosin (1) significantly inhibited the key enzymes involved in melanogenesis, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TYRP-1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT). The mRNA and protein expression levels of Microphthalmia-associated transcriptian factor (MiTF), a critical transcription factor for tyrosinase gene expression, were also suppressed by undecylprodigiosin (1) treatment in B16 analyses. Collectively, our results suggest for the first time that undecylprodigiosin (1), a potent component isolated from an extract of marine Streptomyces sp. SNA-077, critically exerts the anti-melanogenic ability for melanin synthesis.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.451-462
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• 2019

Document-term frequency matrix is a type of data used in text mining. This matrix is often based on various documents provided by the objects to be analyzed. When analyzing objects using this matrix, researchers generally select only terms that are common in documents belonging to one object as keywords. Keywords are used to analyze the object. However, this method misses the unique information of the individual document as well as causes a problem of removing potential keywords that occur frequently in a specific document. In this study, we define data that can overcome this problem as proximity data. We introduce twelve methods that generate proximity data and cluster the objects through two clustering methods of multidimensional scaling and k-means cluster analysis. Finally, we choose the best method to be optimized for clustering the object.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.151-164
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• 2023

Purpose This study aims to analyze the current status of consumer awareness on Internet banks by conducting a full investigation and collecting user opinions presented on Google Play. After cateogorizing the current dissatisfaction, we would like to present not only the direction of the Internet bank service of but also the improvements of the platform. Design/methodology/approach Using opinion mining, subjectivity analysis, polarity analysis, and polarity information analysis of comments were conducted step by step to extract negative and positive keywords. The extracted keywords analyzed the weights of the frequently appearing positive and negative keywords using the TF-IDF model. Based on previous studies that negative information is more sensitive to positive information, we tried to confirm the connection, proximity, and mediation of negative keywords. Semantic Network Analysis (SNA) was used to visualize the connection relationship between the negative comment keywords of the three Internet banks. Findings Domestic Internet banks such as Kakao Bank, K-Bank, and Toss Bank have attracted a lot of attention even before they were established, and after establishment, they have secured a wide range of users through platforms that are completely different from existing banks. This study found out that the convenience of the app affects the opening and transaction of non-face-to-face accounts, which are characteristics of domestic Internet banks, which also affects the bank's business strategy. In addition, this study shows that the business characteristics of the company can be identified.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.574-584
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• 2019

Objective: Research was conducted to test the effect of including fiber-rich feedstuffs in practical pig diets on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and ammonia emissions from slurry. Methods: Three Vietnamese fiber sources were screened, namely cassava leaf meal (CL), cassava root residue (CR), and tofu by-product (TF). Accordingly, a control diet (Con) with 10% of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and three test diets including one of the three fiber-rich feedstuffs to reach 15% of NSP were formulated. All formulated diets had the same level of crude protein (CP), in vitro ileal protein digestible and metabolisable energy, whereas the in vitro hindgut volatile fatty acid (VFA) production of the test diets was 12% to 20% higher than the control diet. Forty growing barrows with initial body weight at $28.6{\pm}1.93kg$ ($mean{\pm}standard$ deviation) were allocated to the four treatments. When pigs reached about 50 kg of body weight, four pigs from each treatment were used for a nitrogen balance trial and ammonia emission assessment, the remaining six pigs continued the second period of the feeding trial. Results: The TF treatment increased fecal VFA by 33% as compared with the control treatment (p = 0.07), suggesting stimulation of the hindgut fermentation. However, urinary N was not significantly reduced or shifted to fecal N, nor was slurry pH decreased. Accordingly, ammonia emissions were not mitigated. CR and CL treatments failed to enhance in vivo hindgut fermentation, as assessed by fecal VFA and purine bases. On the contrary, the reduction of CP digestibility in the CL treatment enhanced ammonia emissions from slurry. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of cassava and tofu byproducts through an increase of dietary NSP from 10% to 15% might stimulate fecal VFA excretion but this does not guarantee a reduction in ammonia emissions from slurry, while its interaction with protein digestibility even might enhance enhanced ammonia emission.