• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.485-496
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• 2022

Modern agriculture is being transformed into smart agriculture to maximize production efficiency along with changes in the 4th industrial revolution. However, rural areas in Korea are facing challenges of aging, low fertility, and population outflow, making it difficult to transition to smart agriculture. Among ICT technologies, simulation allows users to observe or experience the results of their choices through imitation or reproduction of reality. The combination of the three-dimension (3D) model and the greenhouse simulator enable a 3D experience by virtual greenhouse for fruits and vegetable cultivation. At the same time, it is possible to visualize the greenhouse under various cultivation or climate conditions. The objective of this study is to apply the greenhouse climate management model for simulation development that can visually see the state of the greenhouse environment under various micrometeorological properties. The numerical solution with the mathematical model provided a dynamic change in the greenhouse environment for a particular greenhouse design. Light intensity, crop transpiration, heating load, ventilation rate, the optimal amount of CO₂ enrichment, and daily light integral were calculated with the simulation. The results of this study are being built so that users can be linked through a web page, and software will be designed to reflect the characteristics of cladding materials and greenhouses, cultivation types, and the condition of environmental control facilities for customized environmental control. In addition, environmental information obtained from external meteorological data, as well as recommended standards and set points for each growth stage based on experiments and research, will be provided as optimal environmental factors. This simulation can help growers, students, and researchers to understand the ICT technologies and the changes in the greenhouse microclimate according to the growing conditions.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.407-419
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• 2022

Soil(vadose zone) gas compositions were measured for about 3 days to suggest a method for monitoring and interpreting soil gas data collected around wells from which methane(CH₄) is outflowing. The vadose zone gas samples were collected within 1 m around two test wells(TB2 and TB3) at Pohang and analyzed for CO₂, CH₄, N₂ and O₂ concentrations in situ. CO₂ flux was measured beside TB2. In addition, gas samples from well head in TB2 and atmospheric air samples were collected for comparison. Carbon isotopes of CO₂(δ¹³C_CO2) of samples collected on the last day of the study period were analyzed in the laboratory. The two test wells (TB2 and 3) were 12.7 m apart and only TB3 was cemented to the surface. According to the bio-geochemical process-based interpretation, the relationships between CO₂ and O₂, N₂, and N₂/O₂ of vadose zone gas were plotted between the lines of CH₄ oxidation and CO₂ dissolution. In addition, the CH₄ concentrations of gas samples from the wellhead of the uncemented well (TB2) were 5.2 times higher than the atmospheric CH₄ concentration. High CO₂ concentrations (average 1.148%) of vadose zone gas around TB2 seemed to be attributed to the oxidation of CH₄. On the other hand, the vadose zone CO₂ around the cemented well(TB3) showed a relatively low concentration(0.136%). This difference indicates that the vadose zone gas(including CO₂) around the CH₄ outflowing well were strongly affected by well completion(cementing). This study result can be used to establish strategies for environmental monitoring of soil around natural gas sites, and can be used to monitor leakage around injection and observation wells for CO₂ geological storage. In addition, the method of this study is useful for soil monitoring in natural gas storage and oil-contaminated sites.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.987-994
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• 2021

The Yellow sea, as described in article 123 of UNCLOS, is semi-enclosed sea surrounded by the Republic of Korea, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. In addition, the Yellow Sea is one of the 66 large marine ecosystems as it contains large amounts of marine resources. According to article 194 of UNCLOS, states should be aware of rights and duties with respect to the protection and preservation of the marine environment to be engaged with countries directly as regional entity or indirectly. Therefore, the legal blank is urgent in terms of trans-boundary environmental pollutant issues. The UNDP has conducted a project called Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME) which has reached the 2^nd phase. The project has some notable achievements, namely performing joint activities on analysis of diagnostic trans-boundary issues in collaboration with China and South Korea, developing a strategic action plan based on TDA, and establishing regional strategic action plan. However, on the other hand, the project could not reflect the full participation of North Korea as a state party. As a result, the project has a limitation on effective implementation of RSAP. Therefore, this study focuses on the suggestion of a legally-binding trilateral treaty as a blue print for the next, 3^rd phase of the project. By analyzing the best practice of the Wadden Sea Trilateral Treaty case, the study verifies the validity of legislative measures on establishing and managing a legally-binding trilateral YSLME Commission. By suggesting a three phase treaty, incorporating a joint declaration by establishing the commission, the signing of the treaty, and formulating an umbrella convention and implementation arrangement, the study expects to guarantee the consistency and sustainability of the trilateral treaty regardless of political issues pertaining to North Korea.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.235-252
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• 2022

Forward osmotic pressure-free reverse osmosis (Δ𝜋=0 RO) was invented in 2013. The first patent (US 9,950,297 B2) was registered on April 18, 2018. The "Osmotic Pressure of Concentrated Solutions" in JACS (1908) by G.N. Lewis of MIT was used for the estimation. The Chang's RO system differs from conventional RO (C-RO) in that two-chamber system of osmotic pressure equalizer and a low-pressure RO system while C-RO is based on a single chamber. Chang claimed that all aqueous solutions, including salt water, regardless of its osmotic pressure can be separated into water and salt. The second patent (US 10.953.367B2, March 23, 2021) showed that a low-pressure reverse osmosis is possible for 3.0% input at Δ𝜋 of 10 to 12 bar. Singularity ZERO reverse osmosis from his third patent (Korea patent 10-22322755, US-PCT/KR202003595) for a 3.0% NaCl input, 50% more water recovery, use of 1/3 RO membrane area, and 1/5th of theoretical energy. These numbers come from Chang's laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. Relative residence time (RRT) of feed and OE chambers makes Δ𝜋 to zero or negative by recycling enriched feed flow. The construction cost by S-ZERO was estimated to be around 50~60% of the current RO system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 1980

Asking to change the cropping patterns to save the labor and capitals in paddy rice cultivation, the study was intended to know the weed problems under the various possible cultural systems; namely, direct seeding (in broadcast and row), machine transplanting and hand transplanting. Under the conditions as weedy check plots, paddy yields were significantly variated among cropping systems, and the functions of panicle No. and spikelet No. to the yield were neglected, among others. However, the yield and yield components were narrowed among cropping systems, and the function of spikelets number per area was comparatively improved to the others.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.268-275
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• 1982

This study was conducted to obtain basic informations for breeding and improving cultural practices of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) through investigation of several agronomic characters of 82 major varieties plants in April 20, May 15 and June 20. Stem diameter and plant height were largest in early planting(April 20). On the contrary, they were smallest in late planting(June 15). Therefore, the later planting, the poorer the vegetative growth on the basis of stem diameter and plant height. Number of capsules per plant and number of grains per capsule were 88 and 54, respectively, in the early planting, while they were decreased to 25 capsules and 40 grains in late planting. The percentage of ripeness and 1000 grain weight 78 and 2.3g in the April 20planting while they were 58% and 2.1g in June 20 planting indicating the later planting, the lower the ripeness. Grain yield per m1 in April 20 and June 20 planting was 112 and 18g respectively. Consequently, grain yield significantly decreased as planting delayed. On the basis of the vegetative and reproductive growth, varieties could be classified into early, conventional, late and indetermediate planting adapted groups. The major yield components were highly and postively correlated with accmulated sunshine hours and temperatures confirming that grain yield was closely related with sunshine and temperature. Among the varieties tested, Gurye and Local 135 had more than 150 capsules. Haenam and Woogang had more than 75 grains per capsule. Since grain yield oflate planted sesame were significantly different among the varieties, breeding of sesame for after barly cropping would be more effective under late cultural condition of after barly.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2023

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that affects not only the survival and growth of cancer cells but also the activity of immune cells. Although it has been generally accepted that cancer cell-derived TGF-β could promote the survival and growth of early cancer cells and have immunosuppressive roles, it has been known that TGF-β has differential effects according to the type or stage of cancer cells. Therefore, it is hard to clearly define its role in cancer progression and immune responses. This study investigated the effects of TGF-β signaling on the expression of five NKG2D ligands and the NK cell-mediated anticancer immune response in the primary colon cancer cell line KM12C and its two metastatic cell lines, KM12SM and KM12L4A. At the surface protein level, exogenous TGF-β decreased the expression of MICA, MICB, ULBP1, and ULBP2, and galunisertib increased the expression of MICA, MIAB, ULBP1, ULBP2, and ULBP3 in KM12C. However, KM12SM and KM12L4A showed no significant changes in the expression of NKG2DLs after treatment with TGF-β or galunisertib. TGF-β signaling inhibition via galunisertib improved the NK cell-mediated anticancer immune response against KM12C but did not show a significant response to KM12SM and KM12L4A. Therefore, the suppression of TGF-β signaling could improve the NK cell-mediated anticancer immune response against KM12C. However, an increase in NKG2DLs expression and an enhanced NK cell-mediated cancer immune response is hard to expect due to the alteration of TGF-β signaling in KM12SM and KM12L4A.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2014

This study has been conducted to investigate the treatment time and concentration of GA₃ solution dipping for labor saving in 'Campbell Early' grapevine. The rachis growth at harvest was reduced by GA₃ solution dipping before 5 days flowering, and increased significantly by GA₃ solution dipping treatment at full bloom and after 5 days full bloom. GA₃ 5, 10, 20 mg·L^-1 dipping treatment before 5 days flowering and GA₃ 20 mg·L^-1 treatment of full bloom and after 5 days full bloom showed a rachis twist phytotoxicity symptom. The optimum GA₃ concentrations for rachis growth promotion without phytotoxicity were 5 mg·L^-1 and 10 mg·L^-1. The degree of compact berry, bloom, skin color, SSC and acidity at harvest by GA₃ solution dipping treatment time between concentration were not different from those of control. But the fruit berry weight was decreased by before 5 days flowering treatment when compared with control. There were no differences in full bloom and after 5 days full bloom treatment. The occurrence percent of berry cracking at before 5 days flowering and after 5 days full bloom treatment were significantly increased by GA₃ treatment. The bitter rot occurrence of berry at harvest was not affected by GA₃ treatment. Total rachis length of fruit cluster was increased by full bloom and 5 days after full bloom treatment. The length of rachis increased without reference to them position at full bloom and 5 days after bloom treatment. Accordingly, GA₃ 5 mg·L^-1 solution dipping treatment at full bloom and 5 days after full bloom were can be effectively for rachis growth promotion.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.373-382
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to predict VO₂max with body index and submaximal metabolic responses. The subjects are consisted of 250 male aging from 18 to 34 and we separated them into two groups randomly; 179 for a sample, 71 for a cross-validation group. They went through maximal exercise testing with Bruce protocol, and we measured the metabolic responses in the end of the first(3 minute) and second stage(6 minute). To predict VO₂max, we applied multiple regression analysis to the sample with stepwise method. Model 1's variables are weight, 6 minute HR and 6 minute VO₂(R=0.64, SEE=4.74, CV=11.7%, p<.01), and the equation is VO₂max(ml/kg/min)= 72.256-0.340(Weight)-0.220(6minHR)+0.013(6minVO₂). Model 2's variables are weight, 6 minute HR, 6 minute VO₂, and 6 minute VCO₂(R=0.67, SEE=4.59, CV=11.3%, p<.01), and the equation is VO₂max(ml/kg/min)= 68.699-0.277(Weight) -0.206(6minHR)+0.020(6minVO₂)-0.009(6minVCO₂). And the result did not show multicolinearity for both models. Model 2 demonstrated more correlation compared to Model 1. However, when we conducted cross-validation of those models with 71 men, measured VO₂max and estimated VO₂ Max had statistical significance with correlation (R=0.53, 0.56, P<.01). Although both models are functional with validity considering their simplicity and utility, Model 2 has more accuracy.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.336-350
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• 2023

Two experiments were conducted in this research. Experiment 1 investigated the spatial expression characteristics of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) transporters in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 21-day-old broilers provided with adequate nutrient feed. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of dietary vitamin D₃ (VD₃) concentration (0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 IU/kg) on growth performance, bone development, and gene expression levels of intestinal Ca and P transporters in 1-21-day-old broilers provided with the negative control diet without supplemental VD₃. Results in experiment 1 showed that the mRNA levels of calcium-binding protein 28-kDa (CaBP-D28k), sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1), plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1b (PMCA1b), and IIb sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIb) were the highest in the broiler duodenum. By contrast, the mRNA levels of inorganic phosphate transporter 1 (PiT-1) and 2 (PiT-2) were the highest in the ileum. Results in experiment 2 showed that adding 125 IU/kg VD₃ increased body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), bone weight, and percentage and weight of Ca and P in the tibia and femur of 1-21-day-old broilers compared with the negative control diet (p < 0.05). The rise in dietary VD₃ levels from 125 to 1,000 IU/kg further increased the BWG, FI, and weights of the bone, ash, Ca, and P (p < 0.05). No difference in growth rate and leg bone quality was noted in the broilers provided with 1,000 and 2,000 IU/kg VD₃ (p > 0.05). Supplementation with 125-2,000 IU/kg VD₃ increased the mRNA abundances of intestinal Ca and P transporters to varying degrees. The mRNA level of CaBP-D28k increased by 536, 1,161, and 28 folds in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively, after adding 1,000 IU/kg VD₃. The mRNA levels of other Ca and P transporters (PMCA1b, NCX1, NaPi-IIb, PiT-1, and PiT-2) increased by 0.57-1.74 folds by adding 1,000-2,000 IU/kg VD₃. These data suggest that intestinal Ca and P transporters are mainly expressed in the duodenum of broilers. Moreover, the addition of VD₃ stimulates the two mineral transporter transcription in broiler intestines.