• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 1970

Pinus densiflora stands are common secondary forest communities on infertile soils in Korea. The stands are results of long severe past biotic pressure such as cutting, burning and grazing. These could be regarded as biotic climax in Korea. Because of their prevalent occurrence, relatively simple species and age composition, and their domestic economic importance, study of their distributional patterns may give some basic knowledge for better utilization of land resources in Korea. To detect distributional patterns and interspecific associations ten pine stands, each of which was homogenious with respect to topography and physiognomy, were subjectively selected from pine stands in Kyunggi Province near Seoul in 1969 and were made object of this study. Four contiguous systematic samples of count for trees, shrubs and seedlings from belt transects were collected from homogeneous areas within ten natural pine stands. The belt transect was 64m or 128m in length, and 1m, 2m or 4m in width. Basic units within the transect ranged from 64 to 256. The data from the contiguous transects were analysed in terms of multiple split-plot experiment. Departure from randomness of stem distribution, i.e., pattern, was tested in terms of variance mean ratio. For the detection of association between species, correlation coefficient was calculated for different block sizes. The values of ${\gamma}$ were tested by the usual t-test. Fine trees within one of the stands showed significant regular distribution through out the blocks. Within other eight stands pines were randomly distributed at basic unit with 4$\times$4m, 2$\times$2m, 2$\times$1m and 1$\times$1m. One significantly clumped distribution at basic unit 2$\times$2m, however, was observed from one of the pine stands. These randomly distributed groups were themselves significantly regularly distributed throughout the blocks for four pine stands. For the other four pine stands, in addition to the random distribution at the basie unit(the primary random group), randomly distributed groups with 32m dimension(the secondary random groups) were also observed. Both the primary and the secondary random groups were significantly regularly distributed at the rest of blocks. Pine seedlings were not distributed randomly thoughout the blocks. Within three of the ten stands they were contagiously distributed. Important shrub species underneath pines such as Querus serrata, Q. acutissima, Leapedeza intermedia, Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae, Juniperus utilis, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum shnwed consistently similar distributional pattern with the pine at each stand. The shrub species pairs; Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae/Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum/Lespedeza intermedia were significantly negatively associated from 1m to 4m dimensional block sizes but became significantly positively associated from 8m sized blocks on. On the other hand the shrub species pairs; Lespedeza intermedia/Robinia Pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza bicolor var, japonica/Lespedeza intermedia were also significnalty negatively associated from 1m to 8m sized blocks but became significantly positively associated from 16m sized blocks on. The associational pattern between Rhododendron mucronul tun var. poukhanenae and Lespedeza intermedia was not consistent throughout the stands. In some stands negative associations were observed throughout the blocks except NS 32. From these observatons micro-edaphic variation within the pine stands seems not to be great enough to cause distributinal difference of pine trees within the ten pine stands. Among each species and pine seedings, however, the edaphic variation within the pine stands may be great enought to cause distributional variation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.2 s.133
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• pp.190-192
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• 2003

Anitioxidative activities againt 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were evaluated for ten diarylheptanoids, $1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}-D-xylopyranoside(1)$, $1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-3-O-{\beta}-D-apiofuranosyl(1{\rightarrow}6)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside(2)$, $1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-5-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside(3)$, 1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxyheptane(4), $1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-3-one-5-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside(5)$, oregonin(6), hirsutanonol(7), hirsutenone(8), $1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxyheptane-3-O-{\beta}-D-xylopyranoside(9)$ and platyphylloside(10), which were isolated from Alnus japonica. Aglycones (4,7 and 8) and mono glycosides (3,6 and 9) showed more strong antioxidative activities than diglycosides (1 and 2) against the DPPH radical. Especially, hirsutenone(8) showed superior activity among ten diarylheptanoid.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 1986

Pericardial adhesions following open heart surgery pose a special problems, increasing the risk of cardiac reoperation because of the danger of damaging the heart, coronary artery and veins, or grafts and also the fibrous tissue may obliterate the pericardial space and eventually constrict the heart. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of intrapericardial urokinase and dextran 40 on the formation of pericardial adhesions in an animal model. latrogenic traumas on the pericardium were surgically induced in 30 rabbits, simulating injuries possible during actual surgery. In all rabbits, blood [1 ml] was obtained from an ear vessel and injected into the pericardium. Control group of ten rabbits did not receive any further medication, urokinase group of ten received 15, 000-20, 000 IU of urokinase, and remained ten received 1 ml of 10% dextran 40. All rabbits were sacrificed at 4 weeks. At autopsy, the development of adhesions were graded as none [Grade I], minimal [Grade II], moderate [Grade III], and severe [Grade IV]. Histological studies of the parietal pericardium and epicardium were performed. The results were as follows: 1. Group 1[Control group] showed minimal adhesion in 40%, moderate in 50%, and severe in 10% of the group. Sharp dissections were necessary in 60% of adhesions. 2. Group II [Dextran group] showed no adhesions in 20%, minimal in 60%, and moderate in 20% of the group. 3. Group III [Urokinase group] showed no adhesions in 40%, minimal in 40%, and moderate in 20% of the group. Considering in this group, the adhesion activity was significantly suppressed [60% adhesions] compared to the control group [100% adhesions] [P < 0.05]. 4. Histological findings revealed mild serosal fibrosis in none adherent group, loose fibrous connections between two layers of pericardium in minimal adhesion group, tight fibrous connections in moderate adhesion group, and marked fibrous thickening and close attachment of two surfaces were noted in severe adhesion group. These data have revealed the decreased incidence of pericardial adhesions with urokinase and dextran 40.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.4472-4482
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• 1977

In order to estimate furture consumtive use, some statistical characteristics of 22-year pan evaporation data at four selected stations were calculated in this study. Districal distribution, trend analysis and time-series, statistical and periodic analysis for annual, monethly and ten-day values were performed in the statistical analysis. The stations are Seoul, Taeku, Jeonju and Mokpo for monthly data, and Suweon data are compared to the reported Penman values. The results are as followed: 1. Annual evaporation ranged to 990-1,375mm varying with the locations of the stations. The Districal distribution of evaporation in the Republic is shown in Fig. 1. 2. The trend analysis for annual evaporation resulted in detail in Table 2 and Fig. 2, through simple moving average methods. The results show relatively short-period data of about 10 years would be acceptable for field use. 3. The means and dispersions of monthly evaporation at four stations are detailed in Table 3. 4. The monthly evaporation approached to the trend of normal distribution Fig. 3 showed the examples of normal distribution for each typical monthly data. 5. The correlograms detailed in Fig. 4, shows the time-series characteristics of monthly evaporation, whose periodic term should be twelve months. 6. The periodic analysis for monthly evapolation results in Table 4. Fig. 5 shows the comparison of estimated values to actual and the trend approaches Shuster's periodic trend. 7. A periodic description of days after March 1 for irrigation periods was developed to predict ten-day evaporation in Fig. 6. The ten-day etraporation is different in the distribution form and occurence period of maximum values from the reported Penman's man's evapotranspiration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 2016

In this paper, a groundwater hydrological study of the Gyeongju well during the Silla period is conducted to investigate how sufficiently the Gyeongju well supplied water demand at the time. It is assumed that the current geology and soil condition in Gyeongju remain similar to the Silla period. Also, the land use and land coverage during the Silla period is estimated based on the current land condition in Gyeongju. Precipitation during the Silla period is analyzed using precipitation data from 1984 to 2014 provided by Gyeonju weather station. Precipitation analysis is applied based on 3 different scenarios; precipitation intensity during the Silla period was Case (1) the same as, Case (2) 30% more, and Case (3) 30% less than the precipitation intensity of the last decade (2005~2014). Furthermore, to observe the use of the well in Gyeongju during droughts, the following condition(Case (4)) is also considered; ten year drought during the Silla period was the same as the ten year drought from 1984 to 2014. Available amount of groundwater development is analyzed using NRCS-CN method. The results show that the potential amount of groundwater in Gyeongju during Silla era was for Case (1) $62,825,272m^3/year$, Case (2) $93,606,567m^3/year$, Case (3) $32,277,298m^3/year$, and Case (4)$32,870,896m^3/year$. Also, it has been shown that $45,260,000m^3$ of groundwater were required to supply to all households in Gyeongju during Silla era. Therefore, if the precipitation intensity during Silla era was similar with the last decade, the groundwater would provide enough supply to all households in Gyeongju. However, in the case that the precipitation intensity during Silla era was 30% less than the last decade or a ten year drought happened, it is predicted that the water use in Gyeongju would have been limited.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.152-167
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• 2011

This study aims to investigate the change of seasonal trend appeared in the daily normals of wintertime daily mean temperature of Seoul for 1941~1970 and 1971~2000 and the factors to affect it. The lowest temperature in wintertime is appeared in the period of the first and second ten-days of January in the daily normals for 1941~1970 and in the third ten-days of January and the first ten-days of February for 1971~2000. This means seasonal trend was changed. This change is due to the fact average temperature from 27 December to 20 January is rising much more than the wintertime mean temperature and average temperature from 21 January to 9 February less than that for two daily normals. This features are notable after 1971. The Siberian high and norther wind around the Korean Peninsula are weakened remarkably recently, so mean temperature of Seoul from 27 December to 20 January is warming much more. On the other hand, the Siberian high from 21 January to 9 February is weakened and the Aleutian low is strengthened recently and northerly is not change obviously, so temperature of Seoul is not warming so much.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the syllable structures of ten Korean numeric sounds produced by ten students. Each sound was normalized by its maximum intensity value and divided into onset, vowel, and coda sections after finding abrupt or visible changes in energy values or cumulative values of lower spectral energy at each pulse point using four Praat scripts. Then, segmental durations and cumulative intensity values of each syllable were obtained to find a statistical summary of the syllable structure. Intensity values at 100 proportional time points were also collected to compare the ten sounds. Results showed as follows: Firstly, there was not much deviation from the grand average duration and intensity for the majority of the sounds except the two diphthongal sounds on which their boundary points varied among the speakers. Secondly, the onset point for the CV or CVC category sounds and the boundary between the vowel and the nasal or lateral sound were easy to identify, which may be automatically traced later. Thirdly, there seems some tradeoff among the sections maintaining the same total duration per each syllable. Further studies on syllables with various onsets or codas would be desirable to make a general statement on the Korean syllable structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.125-128
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• 2000

The Internet banking service, through which customers process their banking-related works, was introduced in July 1997. The service has since spread quickly, and as of the end of June 2000, just one year after its introduction into Korea, its subscribers numbered 1.23 million people. This figure is ten times larger than the 120,000 subscribers recorded over the six months period up to the end of 1999. In addition, since the end of June 2000, subscriptions on average increase by more than 10,000 a day, and by the end of December 2000, it is expected to pass the 3 million mark. There has been no empirical study conducted on the invigorated Internet banking's status and its services. Therefore, this research is designed to conduct a survey on the Internet banking service status, to conduct actual transactions from the viewpoint of customers and then make a empirical evaluation of it. This will indicate directions for improvement and development of the domestic Internet banking service. We have evaluated ten areas of the Internet banking service including financial service, customers service, users'convenience, and system safety. As of the end of June 2000, 18 out of 20 commercial domestic banks are providing an Internet banking service, and we have conducted evaluations of all these banks. The evaluation is divided into ten categories with 100 points as a maximum score. These are then classified into six grades AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB and B. The outcome of this evaluation was featured in the major domestic journals, and the banks, acknowledging the value of the report, declared that they would adopt it as their criteria for evaluation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.4 s.235
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• pp.584-590
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• 2005

The effect of microstructure on mechanical behavior for Ti-6Al-4V alloy was studied. Two different kinds of specimens are prepared using heat treatments (rolled plate, $1050^{\circ}C)$ in order to Produce different microstructures. Various kinds of mechanical tests such as hardness, tensile, fatigue and fretting fatigue tests are performed for evaluation of mechanical properties with the changes of microstructures. Through these tests, the following conclusions are observed: 1) Microstructures are observed as equiaxed and $widmanst{\ddot{a}}ten$ microstructures respectively. 2) Impact absorbed energy is superior for the equiaxed microstructure, and the hardness and tensile strength are superior for the $widmanst{\ddot{a}}ten$ microstructure. 3) The fatigue endurance of $widmanst{\ddot{a}}ten$ microstritcture shows higher value than that of the equiaxed microstructure. 4) The fatigue endurance in fretting condition was reduced about $50{\%}$ from that of the non-fretting condition.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.245-248
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• 2017

Modified rush ASIT protocol has been performed to identify the ideal schedule that allows the dose considered effective to be reached in the shortest possible time with the fewest adverse effects. Ten atopic dogs of this study includes fulfillment of Favrot's criteria. Offending allergens were identified by the use of IDST. During the induction period, the dogs were received a total of 15 injections. Ten injections were administrated every 30 minutes in a day with gradually increasing amounts and concentrations of allergens, and the last 5 injections were administered every 3 days. Disease severity was quantified by using the canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI). During induction period, reduction rate from baseline scores varied between 1% and 67% and the improvement of ${\geq}50%$ was recorded after induction period of therapy for CADESI-03 score in 6 of the 10 dogs. This study of ten dogs with atopic dermatitis provide evidence for the efficacy and safety of modified rush ASIT for clinical improvement.