• 대한간호학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.627-638
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• 1997

Most patients having leukemia suffer severely from emotional turmoil due to the generalized perception that cancer will be fatal. The conventional chemotherapy results in side effects such as severe bone marrow depression which interfere with self-care management, vital for improvement in their condition. Bandura's theory of the self-efficacy suggests that self- efficacy can be enforced by performance attainments, vicarious experiences, verbal per-suasion and the release of emotional arousal. Self-efficacy can be enforced by a program of vicarious experiences and verbal persuasion, while the emotional arousal can be relieved through a hope promotion program, If once self-efficacy increases, the patient's self-care behaviors and the quality of life will also increase. The purpose of this study was to empirically test the effects of a program, to promote self-efficacy and hope, on self-care behaviors and quality of life in patients having leukemia. In this study, three types of approaches to enhance self-efficacy and hope were used : 1) a 20-minute long slide /tape for vacarious experiences : 2) a 10-minute long telephone call coaching for verbal persuasion ; and 3) two booklets for information about the symptoms of leukemia and treatment modalities and hope promotion. Thirty one patients were recruited in the experimental group and 29 in the control group with a nonequivalent pretest-posttest design. The subjects were patients with leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Sherer and Maddux's self-efficacy scale, Nowotny's hope scale, and Padilla's quality of life scale were employed with some modifications. A self-care behavior scale was developed by the researchers. Statistical analyses including paired t-test, Chi-square, ANCOVA and ANOVA, were used. The results are as follows : The levels of self-efficacy, self-care behavior and quality of life were higher in the experimental group than in the control group after four weeks of intervention(F=28.71, P=.0001 ; F=63.35, P=.0001 F=16.57, P=.0001). After ten weeks of intervention, all of the dependent variables(self-efficacy, self-care behavior, hope & quality of life) in the experimental group were higher than in the control group (F=74.12, P=.0001 ; F=108.34, P=.0001 ; F=13,11, P=.001 : F=43.52, P=.0001). In conclusion, self-care behavior and quality of life increased mainly through an increase in self-efficacy, while increases in hope took more time and effort.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.2181-2190
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• 1997

동기식 스트림 암호 통신 시스템은 수선 클럭의 사이클 슬립 등에 의하여 난수 동기 이탈을 발생하는 문제점을 갖고 있다.난수 동기 이탈이 발생하면 통신을 할 수 없을 뿐 아니라 복호된 데이터는 임의의 값을 가지므로 수신 시스템을 오동작시킬 수도 있다. 이러한 위험성을 줄이기 위하여 암호문에 동기 신호와 세션 키이를 일정 간격으로 삽입하여 주기적으로 재동기를 이루는 연속 재동기 방식을 사용한다. 연속 재동기 방식을 사용하면 비교적 안정된 암호 통신을 할 수 있으나 몇 가지 문제점을 갖고 있다. 본 논문에서는 LAPB 프로토콜을 사용하는 암호 통신 시스템에 적합하고 연속 재동기 방식의 문제점들을 해결 할 수 있는 적응 재동기 방식을 제안하였다. 제안된 적용 재동기 방식은 단위 측정 시간 동안 측정된 LAPB 프레임의 주소 영역 수신률이 문턱 값보다 적은 경우에만 재동기를 이루는 방법을 사용하여 주기적으로 재동기를 이루는 기존의 연속 재동기 방식의 문제점들을 해결하였다. 제안된 알고리즘을 LAPB 프로토콜을 사용하는 X.25 패킷 암호 통신에서 운용되는 동기식 스트림 암호 통신 시스템에 적용하여 시험한 결과, 연속 재동기에 비해 오 복호율 E_rate와 오 복호된 데이터 비트 수 E_data에서 10배 향상시켰는데 이것은 전송하는 총 데이터 량을 약 11.3% 감축시키는 효과와 동일하다.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제1집
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• pp.287-311
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• 1999

Das $verst\"{a}rkte$ Interesse der Sprachwissenschaft, sich mit expositorischen Gegenwartstexten zu befassen, fuhrte in den 60er Jahren zu einer intensiven Betrachtung lingualer Erscheinungen der Werbesprache. $Zun\"{a}chst$ widmete man sich der exemplarischen Erforschung lexikalischer, syntaktischer und stilistischer Erscheinungen, die als charakteristisch $f\"{u}r\;\"{o}konomisch$ oder ideologisch $gepr\"{a}gte\;Anpreisung\;eingesch\"{a}tzt$ wurden. Eine weitere Intention bestand darin, die Korrelation zwischen Werbe­sprache und Standardsprache zu definieren. Bald erkannte man, $da\ss$ eine werbliche Aussage nicht allein durch sprachliche, sondern auch durch visuelle und auditive $Ausdrucksmodalit\"{a}ten\;gepr\"{a}gt$ wurde. Die Erforschung dieser extralingualen Zeichensysteme ist bis heute nicht soweit ausgereift, $da\ss\;global\;g\"{u}ltige$ Aussagen gemacht werden $k\"{o}nnen$, denn eme umfassende Darstellung des visuellen Vokabulars fehlt. Neben den formal-gestalterischen Aspekten untersuchte man, welche Inhalte auf welche Weise vermittelt wurden und welchen psychologischen Effekt sie evozierten. Parallel dazu existierte die Intention, die vielschichtigen $\"{o}konomischen$, gesellschaftlichen und politischen Bedingungen werblicher Kommunikation zu ergrtinden. In diesem Beitrag wurde davon ausgegangen, $da\ss$ Werbeanzeigen unter Verstehensaspekten systematisch untersucht werden sollen, wenn der Kommunikatonszweck der Werbeanzeigen darin besteht, den Text­rezipienten (den potentiellen Konsumenten) sie sich leicht $einpr\"{a}gen$ zu lassen und eine Kaufentscheidung $\"{u}ber$ das entsprechende Produkt $auszul\"{o}sen$. Dabei gelten Werbeanzeigen als multimediale Texte, in denen verbale und nonverbale Zeichen sich gegenseitig $erg\"{a}nzen$ und wechselseitig determinieren $k\"{o}nnen$. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden also das Zusammenwirken der verschiedenen Sinnsteuerungsfaktoren, die im $Verstehensproze\ss$ der Werbeanzeigen aktiviert werden $k\"{o}nnen$ und ihre Relevanzwerte zum Erfassen des Textsinns thematisiert. $Daf\"{u}r$ wird die Textsorte 'Werbeanzeige' $Zun\"{a}chst$ als Untersuchungsgegenstand definiert und eindeutig von anderen Textsorten abgegrenzt. Daran $schlie{\ss}en\;sich\;die\;Erkl\"{a}rung$ und die Kritik des strategischen Verarbei­tungsmodells von van Dijk/Kintsch an. Nach der Kritik des Strategiemodells von van Dijk/Kintsch wurde die Werbeanzeige 'Whisky-Chivas Regal' zur empirischen $Begr\"{u}ndung$ des strategischen Verstehensansatzes $ausgew\"{a}hlt$ und analysiert. Aus der funktional-strategischen Verstehensanalyse der Werbeanzeige 'Whisky­Chivas Regal' $l\"{a}{\ss}t\;sich\;folgern,\;da\ss$ neben der schematischen Strategie vier verschiedene Verarbeitungsstrategien, $n\"{a}mlich$ syntaktische, semantische, nonverbale und sozio-kulturelle Strategien, hier eingesetzt werden sollen, um das $vollst\"{a}ndige$ Verstehen der Werbeanzeige 'Whisky-Chivas Regal' zu erreichen. Ohnehin besteht ein Untersuchungsziel der vorliegenden Arbeit darin, die bisher meines Erachtens nicht intensiv und engagiert genug $gef\"{u}hrte$ Diskussion $\"{u}ber$ die hier behandelten verstehenstheoretischen Fragestellungen und ihren Anwendungen anzuregen. Falls sich diese $\"{U}berlegungen$ zu weit von dem, was man gemeinhin unter, Textverstehen' versteht, entfernen, und deshalb dazu beitragen $k\ddpt{o}nnten,\;konkrete\;Einw\"{a}nde\;und\;Gegenvorschl\"{a}ge$ zu provozieren, die durch eine fruchtbare Auseinandersetzung zu einem breiten Konsens $\"{u}ber$ eine Verstehenstheorie $f\"{u}hren,\;h\"{a}tte$ damit diese Untersuchung einen guten Dienst geleistet.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 1994

온대 낙엽수림에서 생육초기 기온과 잎의 생장과정 사이에 관계를 규명하기 위하여, 연평균기온이 크게 다른 두 지역-남한산성과 대관령 지역-에서 1991년과 1992년의 2년간 수 종 목본식물을 대상으로 잎의 생장 즉, 엽면적과 잎의 건중량 변화를 조사하였다. 동일 수종에서 연평균기온이 5.5$^{\circ}C$ 낮은 대관령 지역의 것은 남한산성 지역의 것에 비하여 생장의 시작은 10~25일 늦으나 생장이 완료된 시기는 0~20 일 차이를 보였다. 그리고 엽면적과 잎의 건중량은 두 지역이 유사하였으나, 생육초기 비엽면적의 최대치는 기온이 낮은 대관령 지역의 것이 적었다. 동일 개체의 경우, 생장이 거의 완료된 시기의 엽면적과 잎의 건중량은 대부분의 수종에서 매년 일정하였으나 신갈나무, 노린재나무, 개벗나무, 쪽동백 등은 변이가 컸다. 남한산성 지역에서 1992년이 1991년보다 3월 하순과 4월 초순의 일평균기온이 높았고 잎이 이른 시기에 생장을 시작하였으나, 4월 중순의 일평균기온 및 잎의 생장속도는 그 반대이었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.257-263
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• 1999

It is well known that discard of seminal plasma from the semen and separation of motile sperm should be preceded before insemination for IUI or IVF. Till now, more than ten kinds of semen treatment methods have been developed. Of those, swim-up and Percoll methods have been used widely in ART laboratories as a routine semen treatment methods because of its advantages. However, there are reports that Percoll can make a genetic trouble because of its chemical structure and therefore the necessity has been arisen to substitute Percoll for other equivalent materials. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of three different sperm preparation methods (swim-up, Percoll and Sil-Select) on sperm motility, sperm recovery rate and fertilization rate. Also, the feasibility of using Sil-Select instead of Percoll in ART was evaluated. Each semen samples were divided into three fractions and motile sperm were recovered by swim-up, Percoll and Sil-Select gradient centrifugation methods. Normal and sub-normal criteria of fifteen semen samples and seventeen IVF cycles were included in these study. As results, no significant difference was found in sperm recovery rate in normal semen treated by a Swim-up, Percoll and Sil-Select method ($13.2{\times}10^6,\;17.5{\times}10^6\;and\;17.7{\times}10^6$ respectively). The initial sperm motility was 61.9% and this increased to 87.1%, 92.6% and 89.5% through Swim-up, Percoll and Sil-Select treatment, respectively. Higher motility was observed in Percoll and Sil-Select treated groups (81.5%, 79.2%, respectively) than swim-up group (66.8%) after incubation for 24hrs. In sub-normal group, sperm recovery rates were higher in Sil-Select group $(2.9{\times}10^6)$ than Percoll gradients group $(1.8{\times}10^6)$. In IVF cycles, the outcomes of fertilization using sperm treated by swim-up and Sil-Select group were similar (82.2%, 79.7% respectively). In conclusion, our results indicate that Sil-Select can be used as a substitute material for sperm preparation instead of Percoll.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2000

Objective: Zona pellucida (ZP) has been thought to be the barrier of egg to sperm penetration before and after fertilization. The phenomenon of ZP hardening has been considered as a post-fertilization event until now, and it is generally accepted that it is caused by the secretory products of cortical granules released during the cortical reaction. Hardening of ZP could occur "spontaneously" in mammalian oocytes in standard culture conditions, and that it is probably not a consequence of cortical reaction. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of human amniotic fluid (HAF) on nuclear maturation (NM) and fertilization ability of mouse immature oocytes. Methods: HAF was obtained from patients undergoing amniocentesis at $16{\sim}20$ weeks of gestation. HAF from five to ten patients was centrifuged and the supernatants was pooled. Cumulusenclosed mouse immature oocytes were incubated in the medium containing HAF, and examined to confirm NM and fertilization. Female ICR mice (about 3 weeks old) were stimulated with 7.5 IU PMSG. Immature oocytes were isolated at $48{\sim}52$ hrs post PMSG injection and cultured in TCM-199 supplemented with 20% HAF for 18 hrs. FBS was used as a control for the examination. Matured oocytes (MII) were fertilized with sperms collected from the epididymis of male mice (over 10 weeks old). Fertilization was in conducted T6 medium containing 15 mg/ml BSA, and confirmed at 6 hrs post-insemination. Fertilization rate was assessed in zona-intact or zona-free oocytes (denuded by trypsin). Evaluation of NM and fertilization was carried out by rapid staining method. ZP hardening was evaluated by incubating cumulus cell-free mature oocytes in 0.001% chymotrypsin at $37^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Results: There was no significant difference between the effects of HAF (86.6%) and FBS (87.7%) supplements on NM of immature oocytes. When maturation medium was supplemented with HAF, total fertilization rates (7%) were significantly lower (p<0.01) than that of FBS (85.1%). In HAF group, fertilization rate was increased (p<0.01) in zona-free oocytes (7% versus 100%). The resistance of mouse oocyte ZP to digestion by chymotrypsin after maturation in vitro was significantly higher (p<0.01) in HAF group (86.7%) than in FBS (6.7%). To culture oocytes in FBS were very effective in preventing ZP hardening. However cultured oocytes in HAF showed high rate of ZP hardening (p<0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that HAF can be used as a supplement for the NM of mouse immature oocytes in vitro. However, HAF induces spontaneous hardening of ZP of mouse immaure oocytes during maturation in vitro.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.291-300
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• 1993

The agronomic, morphologic and nutritive measurements were determined for ten varieties of the early-, medium- and late- maturing rice from five types of soil in south of China. The results are shown that (1) The higher contents of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HC) and lignin (LIG), but lower crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent solubles (NDS) contents were noted for the whole plant of rice straw during maturation; (2) As far as the feed nutritive value, segments (S) is highest, then leaf blades (LB), leaf sheaths (LS) lowest. However, LB and LS are constituted about 75% of whole plant, the nutritive value of rice straw is depended upon the nutritive quality of LB and LS; (3) The dry matter disappearances (DMD) values of different spots of rice straw are different, the eary-maturing highest, then the medium; the late- lowest; (4) The DMD value of different fractions is different, S highest, then LB, LS lowest; (5) The different retention time in rumen, the DMD value of rice straw is different. As time following, the DMD value increased gradually, during 48-72 h, the DMD value achieves close to highest; (6) The grain yield (r = -0.91), plant height (r = -0.87) and full-filling grain percent (r = -0.75) are correlated negatively with DMD value, but the leaf/stem (r = 0.59) and the proportion of stem (r = 0.58) are correlated positively with DMD value. The relations between chemical compositions and DMD value are: Early-: DMD = 7.372 + 0.055 DM - 0.532 CP - 2.487 NDF + 1.143 ADF + 0.214 CEL + 1.456 HC + 0.718 LIG (r = 0.61). Medium-: DMD = 333.927 + 2.026 DM - 0.224 CP - 4.602 NDF + 4.524 ADF + 0.149 CEL + 2.923 HC + 0.035 LIG (r = 0.79). Late-: DMD = 133.284 + 0.282 DM - 3.455 CP - 22.185 NDF + 24.267 ADF + 0.316 CEL - 23.288 HC + 0.945 LIG (r = 0.79). Therefore, it is possible to predict the nutritive value of rice straw on the basis of the agronomic, morphologic measurements and chemical compositions and the relationship with DMD value.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.6101-6104
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• 2012

Background: Breast cancer accounts about one million from total annual ten million new diagnosed cases of neoplasia worldwide and is the main cause of death due to cancer in women. Tamoxifen is the most popular selective estrogen receptor modulator used in anti estrogen treatments. Tamoxifen must be converted into its metabolite endoxifen for biologic effects; this conversion process is catalysed by highly polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). This study surveyed copy number variation of the CYP2D6 gene and its possible correlation with Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer patients. Methods: This case control study was performed on samples taken from 79 patients with breast cancer who used tamoxifen in Yazd and Tehran Cities, Iran. Real time reactions were conducted for 10 healthy samples using the comparative $C_t$ (Cycles threshold) method, each pair of genes being compared and samples with ratios around 1 were taken as control samples. Proliferation reactions were done by Real-Time PCR ABI Prism 7500. All registered data were transformed into SPSS 15 program and analyzed. Results: Efficiency of PCR for both CYP2D6 and ALB genes was 100%. From all 23 drug resistant patients 21.7% had one copy, 47.8% two copies and 30.4% had three copies. Also from all 56 drug sensitive patients, 26.8% had one copy, 51.8% two copies and 21.4% had three copies. The percentage of patients with one and two copies was similar between two groups but patients with three copies were more likely to belong to the drug resistant group more. Odd ratios for one and two copies were 0.759 and 0.853 respectively, indicating possible protective effects while that for three copies was 1.604. Conclusions: Based on our study there is no significant link between CYP2D6 gene copy numbers and tamoxifen resistance in women with breast cancer. But more studies considering other influencing factors appear warranted.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6905-6911
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• 2013

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the top cancer among women worldwide and the most frequent malignancy among Iranian women over the past few decades. The increasing trend and high mortality rate of BC in the developing world necessitates studies concentrating on its characteristics in countries in Asia. The current study focused on clinical and histopathological features of BC among Iranian females. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 714 Iranian patients with histopathologically proven BC undergoing resection of primary tumours and axillary clearance. Demographic, clinical and histopathological data were obtained and studied between ten year age groups (${\leq}40$ years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, 61-70 years, and ${\leq}71$ years) in four chronologic phases from 1994-2009. Results: Mean age of patients was $49.4{\pm}13.1$ years. Most of cases (33.2%) were in 41-50 group. Mean size of primary tumors was $3.94{\pm}2.47$ cm and 87.1% of cases had infiltrative ductal carcinoma. Modified radical mastectomy was the most common method of surgery carried out (48.8%). Some 57.1% of tumors were in pT2 and tumor size decreased significantly during the period (p<0.05). The most common BC stage was llla (27%). Lower BC stages (0 and 1) constituted 13.9% of the diagnosed tumors. Our series of patients aged ${\leq}40$ had larger tumors (mean $4.73{\pm}3.02$ cm) compared to older age groups (p=0.003). Lower stages (0 and I) were more frequent among the oldest patients while nearly 50% of patients aged ${\leq}40$ had tumor stage III. We also observed a significant decreasing trend in the mean LN count (p<0.05) and blood vessel invasion (p=0.023) from younger to older age groups. Conclusions: More aggressive disease for younger age groups, earlier peak incidence age and high rate of advanced BC at the time of diagnosis among Iranian women, were the main findings of this study.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.407-412
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 심미성 향상을 위한 3종의 GS 복합 레진의 굽힘 특성 평가를 위해 ISO 4049 규격에 따라 실험을 설계하여 3점 FS 실험을 통하여 FS와 FM, WOF를 측정하고 분석하여 각각의 기계적 특성간의 상호 상관성 및 신뢰도를 평가하고, GS 복합레진의 기계적 거동 평가 및 재료 선택에 유용한 정보를 얻고자 하였다. 그 결과, 3종의 GS 복합레진의 FS와 FM은 TP에서 가장 높았으며, TF의 FS는 ISO 권장 강도인 80 MPa에 미치지 못했다. 파절될 때 흡수한 에너지를 나타내는 WOF는 T에서 가장 높았으며, TP에서 가장 낮았다. GS 복합 레진의 FS, FM은 재료별 유의한 차이를 보였으나(p<0.05), WOF는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). GS 복합 레진의 와이블 계수는 TP에서 가장 높았으며(m=14.22) 신뢰도가 높았고, CL에서 가장 낮은 값(m=6.09)으로 낮은 신뢰도를 보였다. 복합 레진은 각각의 굽힘 특성 간 매우 높은 상관성을 보였으며($r^2>0.97$), FS와 WOF, FM과와 WOF는 높은 음의 상관성을 보였다. 따라서 굽힘 특성 간의 기계적 거동 평가에 중요한 요인으로 상호 상관성이 입증되었으며, 향후 재료 선택에 있어서 임상 적용 시 중요한 지표로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.