• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2004

It has been reported that rotator cuff tear have good response to arthroscopic or open repair even if the range being so wide. However, the majority of this literature regarding the diagnosis and treatment of tear focused on lesion of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. But involvement of the subscapularis tendon with rotator cuff tear should be thought to be less common and poorer to open operative repair. Furthermore, some europian author have stated that the rotator cuff tear including the subscapularis tendon are sufficiently distinct in their clinical presentation and prognosis as to merit separate consideration of their diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate result of arthroscopic or open repair in patient with rotator cuff tear that include the subscapularis tendon. Of the 128 rotator cuff repairs performed from 1998 through 2003, 12 had a tear that include the subscapularis tendon in combination with the supraspinatus (8 cases) and infraspinatus (4 cases). Mean duration of symptoms before surgical treatment was 6 months (range 3 to 12 months). All 12 patient demonstrated a positive lift off sign. Shoulder function was assessed using the Constant- Murley score, which ranges from 30 to 58. Pain was assessed using a linear visual analogue scale range from 0 to 10. Postoperative Constant score range from 40 to 64 (average 47.8). Pain score improved from 5.5 to 8.5, but there are postoperative pain improvement on nothing in 5 patient. The overall result for 12 patient were satisfy in 2, fair in 5 and dissatisfy in 5: Therefore satisfactory result were noted only in 16 % of this overall group. In conclusion, we have failed to make good result in patient with rotator cuff tear that included the subscapularis tendon. At the result, outcome after surgical repair of this type of rotator tear is comparatively inferior to the result of operative repair of rotator cuff not involved the subscapularis tendon.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2006

Numerous investigators have studied various activities of natural products and have found that they have not only nutritional effects, but also beneficial properties to cure various diseases and to maintain good health. Job's Tear(Yul-Moo) is a grass crop that has long been used in traditional medicine and as a nourishing food. Although its mechanism of action remains unclear, Job's Tear has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, stomachic, anti-allergic, and anti-spastic effects and has been used in China for the treatment of warts, rheumatism, and neuralgia. Previous results in our laboratory demonstrated that the ethanol extract and the water extract of Job's Tear exerted an immune regulatory function on mice cells in vitro. The present study was performed to investigate the ex vivo effect of Job's Tear on immune function. Seven to eight weeks old mice(Balb/c) were fed chow diet ad libitum and water extract of Job's Tear was administered orally every other day for four weeks at two different concentrations(50 and 500mg/kg B.W.). Splenocytes proliferation with mitogen stimulation with Con A and LPS was enhanced at 50 mg/kg B.W. of Job's Tear compared to those of the control group. The results of this ex vivo study showed that proliferation of splenocytes and macrophage activation were seen in the mice orally administrated 50 mg/kg B.W. of Job's Tear water extracts. In conclusion, this study suggests that Job's Tear extracts may enhance immune function by regulating splenocyte proliferation and the cytokine prodution capacity of activated macrophages in mice.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.207-212
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• 2018

Background: Delaminated rotator cuff tear is known to be a degenerative tear having a negative prognostic effect. This study undertook to compare the anatomical and clinical outcomes of delaminated tears and single layer tears. Methods: Totally, 175 patients with medium to large rotator cuff tears enrolled for the study were divided into 2 groups, based on the tear pathology: single layer tear (group 1) and delaminated tear (group 2). Preoperatively, length of the remnant tendon, muscle atrophy of supraspinatus (SS), and fatty degeneration of SS and infraspinatus (IS) muscles were assessed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For follow-up, the repair integrity of the rotator cuff was evaluated by ultrasonography. Clinical outcomes were assessed by evaluating the Constant score (CS) and Korean Shoulder Score (KSS). Results: Retears were detected in 6 cases of group 1 (6.5%) and 11 cases of group 2 (13.3%). Although higher in group 2, the retear rate was significantly not different (p=0.133). Preoperative MRI revealed length of remnant tendon to be $15.46{\pm}3.60mm$ and $14.17{\pm}3.16mm$ (p=0.013), and muscle atrophy of SS (occupation ratio) was $60.54{\pm}13.15$ and $56.55{\pm}12.88$ (p=0.045), in group 1 and group 2, respectively. Fatty degeneration of SS and IS in both groups had no significant differences. Postoperatively, no significant differences were observed for CS and KSS values between the groups. Conclusions: Delaminated rotator cuff tears showed shorter remnant tendon length and higher muscle atrophy that correlate to a negative prognosis. These prognostic effects should be considered during delaminated rotator cuff tear treatment.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.139-145
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• 2019

Background: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between location of the rotator cuff tear and shape of the subacromial spur. Methods: Totally, 80 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic repair for partial thickness rotator cuff tear were enrolled for the study. Bigliani's type of the acromion, type of subacromial spur, and location of partial thickness tear of the rotator cuff were evaluated using plain X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging. We then compared the groups of no spur with spur, and heel with traction spur. Results: Of the 80 cases, 25 cases comprised the no spur group, and 55 cases comprised the spur group. There was a significant difference in type of tear (p=0.0004) between these two groups. Bursal side tears were significantly greater (odds ratio=6.000, p=0.0007) in the spur group. Subjects belonging to the spur group were further divided into heel (38 cases) and traction spur (17 cases). Comparing these two groups revealed significant differences only in the type of tear (p=0.0001). Furthermore, the heel spur had significantly greater bursal side tear (odds ratio=29.521, p=0.0005) as compared to traction spur. Conclusions: The heel spur is more associated to bursal side tear than the traction spur, whereas the traction spur associates greater to the articular side tear.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.204-209
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• 2008

The present study examined the ex vivo effect of Job's tear on immune function. Seven to eight week old mice(Balb/c) were fed a chow diet ad libitum two different concentrations (50 and 500 mg/kg BW) of water extract of Job's tear were orally administ every other day for two weeks. The results indicated that macrophage activation had occurred in the mice receiving 50 mg/kg B. W. of Job's tear water extract. Overall, using a mouse model, this study demonstrated that Job's tear extract may enhance immune function by regulating the $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-10 cytokine production capacity of activated macrophages in mice. This study may suggest that supplementation of Job's tear water extracts may enhance the immune function by regulating the enhancing the cytokine production by activated macrophage ex vivo.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.669-675
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• 2012

Hot tearing was the most significant casting defect when the castability evaluation of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy system was conducted. It was related to the solidification range of the alloy. Therefore, the hot tear susceptibility of the AA7075 alloy, whose solidification range is the widest, was evaluated. The hot tear susceptibility was evaluated by using a mold for a hot tearing test designed to create the condition for the occurrence of hot tear in 8 steps. According to the tearing location and shape, a hot tear susceptibility index (HTS) score was measured. The solidification range of each alloy and hot tear susceptibility was compared and thereafter the microstructure of a near tear defect was observed. As a result, the HTS of the AA7075 alloy was found to be 67. Also, the HTS in relation to a change in Zn, Mg, Cu composition showed a difference of about 6-11% compared to the AA7075 alloy.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oblique coronal MR images, oblique axial images of neutral, internal rotation and external rotation positions in the diagnosis of SLAP Ⅱ lesion. Materials and Methods: MR arthrography of the glenohumeral joint was evaluated retrospectively in 16 patients(16 shoulders) who underwent arthroscopic surgery(mean age; 38 years old, Male; 13, Female; 3). Oblique coronal fat-suppressed Tl-weighted spin echo images were performed with each shoulder in the neutral position of the arm and oblique axial images were performed in neutral, internal and external rotations of the arm respectively. The preoperative findings of MR were classified as definite tear, possible tear and no tear. Arthroscopic findings were correlated with MR findings of several different position of the arm. Results: Arthroscopic surgery revealed 8 SLAP Ⅱ lesion, 2 SLAP I lesion, and 6 normal superior labrum respectively. The accuracy of diagnosis in the 8 SLAP Ⅱ lesion were high on oblique axial image in external rotation which were interpreted as 8 definite tear, to compare with oblique axial images in neutral position which were interpreted as 4 definite tear, 3 possible tear, 1 no tear. The 6 normal superior labrum lesion were interpreted as no tear in all three position. The 2 SLAP I lesion were interpreted as 1 definite tear, 1 no tear on oblique axial image in neutral position and 1 definite tear, 1 possible tear on oblique axial image in external rotation. Conclusion: This study showed that axial MR images in external rotation of the arm combined with oblique coronal images have proved to be effective to detect SLAP Ⅱ lesion, and should be considered in imaging protocol for MR arthrography of the SLAP Ⅱ lesion.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to correlate the degree of sonographic medial meniscal extrusion with MRI and arthroscopic findings. Materials and Methods: Out of these 32 patients, with medial meniscal tear who went on arthroscopic surgery, 14 patients had the medial meniscal tear and 18 patients had both lateral and medial meniscal tear. The extent of meniscal extrusion without meniscal tear was assesed in 24 patients who did not show meniscal tear on MRI. The extent of meniscal extrusion was measured between tibial medial joint line (excluded osteophyte) and the outer margin of the medial meniscus. Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale was assessed in plain X-ray image and the location of lesion was assessed during arthroscopic surgery. We also measured the extent of meniscal extrusion on MRI and sonography respectively, and compared each other. Results: There was significant difference between patients with medial meniscal tear and both lateral and medial meniscal tear, patients with medial meniscal tear, patients with both medial and lateral meniscal tear, patients without meniscal tear (P value<0.05). Conclusion: The Meniscus tear must be considered when sonography shows the meniscal extrusion more than 5 mm in length.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2013

Purpose: Proprioceptive function has been known to be important to shoulder stability. However, the function in rotator cuff tear patients is rarely investigated. The purpose of current study is to report the proprioceptive function in rotator cuff tear patients and to analyze the proprioceptive function regarding the tear size and the presence of subscapularis tear. Materials and Methods: Between 2011 and 2012, total 76 patients (male 28 and female 48) were recruited and average age was 61.7 years old (range, 38~76). Preoperatively, joint position senses in internal and external rotation were measured for proprioceptive function testing by method of active re-positioning technique. The absolute difference from set point was measured. Proprioceptive function was further analyzed according to tear size of rotator cuff, the presence of subscapularis tear, visual analogue scale of pain, shoulder functional score (American society of elbow and shoulder score), and ranges of motion in shoulder. Results: The absolute difference for external rotation was $4.9^{\circ}{\pm}2.9^{\circ}$, in normal joint and $4.9^{\circ}{\pm}3.0^{\circ}$for involved joint in rotator cuff tear patients. This difference was not significant statistically (p=0.87). The absolute difference for internal rotation was $4.0^{\circ}{\pm}2.7^{\circ}$in normal joint whereas $4.8^{\circ}{\pm}3.7^{\circ}$ for involved joint showing statistically significant difference (p=0.043). There was some trend that the proprioceptive function of internal rotation was more impaired in the bigger tear size group (more than medium tear) compared to the smaller tear size group (partial thickness and small tear, 5.0 vs. 4.0, p=0.061). The impairment of internal rotation proprioception was also accentuated in patients with subscapularis tear (4.8 vs. 4.0, p=0.065). The proprioceptive function of internal rotation was decreased when the pain visual analogue scale was increased (5.2 vs. 4.0 p=0.04), shoulder functional score was decreased (6.1 vs. 4.2, p=0.005), or range of motion in shoulder joint was restricted (5.3 vs. 3.7, p=0.041). Conclusion: The deficit of proprioceptive function was observed in rotator cuff tear patients. Proprioception for internal rotation was impaired in patients with the bigger tear size and subscapularis tear. Pain, shoulder function score, and range of motion were also shown to be related with the deficit in proprioceptive function.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2015

Purpose: The effect of pigmentation in circle contact lens on lens wearers' tear film stability was investigated in this study. Methods: Non-invasive tear film break-up times of 54 normal eyes before and after lens wearing in twenties and the portion of first tear breakup were measured. The frontal and back surface roughness of circle contact lens was further observed with a scanning electron microscope. The clear lens which was made of hilafilcon B and circle contact lenses which were made of hilafilcon B, polymacon and copolymer of HEMA NVP were tested. Results: Non-invasive tear film breakup time was significantly reduced compared with it before lens wearing. In some case, statistically significant difference in tear film breakup time was also observed between circle contact lenses. The tear file break-up was usually early started in lower than upper portion, and in temporal than nasal portion although there was variation in the lens material. The tear film break-up of circle contact lenses made of hilafilcon B was more commonly observed in peripheral portion(pigmented area) compared with clear contact lens made of same material. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the stability of tear film was affected by wearing circle contact lens and the result seems to be used as the basis for the problem solving that can occur due to the pigmentation when wearing circle contact lens.