• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.989-995
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• 2017

Distributed Control System (DCS) communication networks, which use Fast Ethernet with redundant networks for the transmission of information, have been installed in digitalized nuclear power plants. Normally, failover tests are performed to verify the reliability of redundant networks during design and manufacturing phases; however, systematic integrity tests of DCS networks cannot be fully performed during these phases because all relevant equipment is not installed completely during these two phases. In additions, practical verification tests are insufficient, and there is a need to test the actual failover function of DCS redundant networks in the target environment. The purpose of this study is to verify that the failover functions works correctly in certain abnormal conditions during installation and commissioning phase and identify the influence of network failover on the entire DCS. To quantify the effects of network failover in the DCS, the packets (Protocol Data Units) must be collected and resource usage of the system has to be monitored and analyzed. This study introduces the use of a new methodology for verification of DCS network failover during the installation and commissioning phases. This study is expected to provide insight into verification methodology and the failover effects from DCS redundant networks. It also provides test results of network performance from DCS network failover in digitalized domestic nuclear power plants (NPPs).

• Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2017

This study focused on the role of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotypes to predict phenotypes in the metabolism of dextromethorphan. CYP2D6 genotypes and metabolic ratios (MRs) of dextromethorphan were determined in 201 Koreans. Unsupervised clustering algorithms, hierarchical and k-means clustering analysis, and color visualizations of CYP2D6 activity were performed on a subset of 130 subjects. A total of 23 different genotypes were identified, five of which were observed in one subject. Phenotype classifications were based on the means, medians, and standard deviations of the log MR values for each genotype. Color visualization was used to display the mean and median of each genotype as different color intensities. Cutoff values were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves from the k-means analysis, and the data were validated in the remaining subset of 71 subjects. Using the two highest silhouette values, the selected numbers of clusters were three (the best) and four. The findings from the two clustering algorithms were similar to those of other studies, classifying $^*5/^*5$ as a lowest activity group and genotypes containing duplicated alleles (i.e., $CYP2D6^*1/^*2N$) as a highest activity group. The validation of the k-means clustering results with data from the 71 subjects revealed relatively high concordance rates: 92.8% and 73.9% in three and four clusters, respectively. Additionally, color visualization allowed for rapid interpretation of results. Although the clustering approach to predict CYP2D6 phenotype from CYP2D6 genotype is not fully complete, it provides general information about the genotype to phenotype relationship, including rare genotypes with only one subject.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.107-107
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• 2019

Millets are provided considerable amounts of nutrients and gluten-free cereal products and their rich non-nutritional compounds having proven health benefits, especially phenolic compounds. The aim of present investigation was to determine phenolic composition and antioxidant and SOD activity of three different millet of genetic resources namely, foxtail, proso and finger millet. Phenolic compounds were extracted from dehulled grain of genetic resources using methanol and examined for their total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. The TPC range of hog millet, finger millet and finger millet range from 3.3 to 25.1, 11.1 to 29.0 and 3.8 to 94.3 gallic acid equivalent (GAE)mg/g, respectively. Most of TCP content in dehulled millet grains was distributed from 10 to 20 gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, but two accessions of finger millet (IT235690 and 235689) were showed over than 90. The antioxidant activities were measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Finger millet and hog millet showed 26.4% and 26.7% in the mean of DPPH scavenging activity percentage, but foxtail millet was 13%. The finger millet showed the higher value than hog and foxtail millet in superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. Particularly, two accessions of finger millet (IT235690 and 235689) showed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activities among the used millet genetic resources and will be primary resources for finger millet breeding to develop the appropriate breeding strategies.

• Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.166-171
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• 2018

Although there are many commercially available training software programs for pharmacokinetics, they lack flexibility and convenience. In this study, we develop simulation software to facilitate pharmacokinetics education. General formulas for time courses of drug concentrations after single and multiple dosing were used to build source code that allows users to simulate situations tailored to their learning objectives. A mathematical relationship for a 1-compartment model was implemented in the form of differential equations. The concept of population pharmacokinetics was also taken into consideration for further applications. The source code was written using R. For the convenience of users, two types of software were developed: a web-based simulator and a standalone-type application. The application was built in the JAVA language. We used the JAVA/R Interface library and the 'eval()' method from JAVA for the R/JAVA interface. The final product has an input window that includes fields for parameter values, dosing regimen, and population pharmacokinetics options. When a simulation is performed, the resulting drug concentration time course is shown in the output window. The simulation results are obtained within 1 minute even if the population pharmacokinetics option is selected and many parameters are considered, and the user can therefore quickly learn a variety of situations. Such software is an excellent candidate for development as an open tool intended for wide use in Korea. Pharmacokinetics experts will be able to use this tool to teach various audiences, including undergraduates.

• Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2018

The safety and efficacy of fimasartan have been evaluated through post-marketing surveillance in real world clinical practice. The multi-center, prospective, open-label and non-interventional study. A total of 3,945 patients (3,729 patients for safety assessment and 3,473 patients for efficacy assessment) were screened in patients with essential hypertension in 89 study centers from 9 September 2010 through 8 September 2016. Among the total patients, 2,893 patients (77.6%) were administered fimasartan for 24 weeks or longer and were classified as 'patients with long-term follow-up', and the additional safety and efficacy analysis were performed. The improvement was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) controlled to ${\leq}140mmHg$ or decreased SBP differences ${\geq}20mmHg$ after treatment or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) controlled to ${\leq}90mmHg$ or decreased DBP differences ${\geq}10mmHg$ after treatment. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported in 3.8% patients; dizziness, and hypotension were the most frequently reported ADRs in total patients. The results of patients with long-term follow-up were comparable with total patients. The overall improvement rate in all efficacy assessment at the last visit was 87.1% (3,025/3,473 patients). The overall improvement rate of the patients with long-term follow-up was 88.9%. Fimasartan was well tolerated, with no new safety concerns identified and an effective treatment in the real world clinical practice for Korean patients with hypertension.

• Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2018

Appropriate prescription writing is one of the critical medical processes affecting the quality of public health care. However, this is a complex task for newly qualified intern doctors because of its complex characteristics requiring sufficient knowledge of medications and principles of clinical pharmacology, skills of diagnosis and communication, and critical judgment. This study aims to gather data on the current status of undergraduate prescribing education in South Korea. Two surveys were administered in this study: survey A to 26 medical schools in South Korea to gather information on the status of undergraduate education in clinical pharmacology; and survey B to 244 intern doctors in large hospitals to gather their opinions regarding prescribing education and ability. In survey A, half of the responding institutions provided prescribing education via various formats of classes over two curriculums including lecture, applied practice, group discussions, computer-utilized training, and workshops. In survey B, we found that intern doctors have the least confidence when prescribing drugs for special patient populations, especially pregnant women. These intern doctors believed that a case-based practical training or group discussion class would be an effective approach to supplement their prescribing education concurrently or after the clerkship in medical schools or right before starting intern training with a core drug list. The results of the present study may help instructors in charge of prescribing education when communicating and cooperating with each other to improve undergraduate prescribing education and the quality of national medical care.

• Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.63-66
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• 2017

Allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome are reportedly associated with the $HLA-B^{\star}58:01$ genotype. Three patients who developed SCARs after allopurinol administration were subjected to HLA-B genotyping and lymphocyte activation test (LAT) to evaluate genetic risk and to detect the causative agent, respectively. All three patients given allopurinol to treat gout were diagnosed with DRESS syndrome. Symptom onset commenced 7-24 days after drug exposure; the patients took allopurinol (100-200 mg/d) for 2-30 days. HLA-B genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequence-based typing (SBT) method. All patients had a single $HLA-B^{\star}58:01$ allele: $HLA-B^{\star}13:02/^{\star}58:01$ (a 63-year-old male), $HLA-B^{\star}48:01/^{\star}58:01$ (a 71-year-old female), and $HLA-B^{\star}44:03/^{\star}58:01$ (a 22-year-old male). Only the last patient yielded a positive LAT result, confirming that allopurinol was the causative agent. These findings suggest that patients with $HLA-B^{\star}58:01$ may develop SCARs upon allopurinol administration. Therefore, HLA-B genotyping could be helpful in preventing serious problems attributable to allopurinol treatment, although PCR-SBT HLA-B genotyping is time consuming. A simple genotyping test is required in practice. LAT may help to identify a causative agent.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

네트워크 내의 다양한 악성코드는 변종들이 빠르게 생성되고 그 행위는 점차 지능화되어 피해도 커지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 효과적인 악성코드 탐지를 위해 탐지규칙 생성에 효과적인 척도선정 방법을 제안한다. 실험에 헤더 정보만을 활용함으로써 페이로드 데이터를 검사하는 과부하를 최소화하였고, 패킷의 단순한 정보가 아닌 네트워크 연결정보인 다양한 척도를 사용하여 악성코드의 특징 파악을 용이하게 한다. 실험에 사용된 80개의 연결정보 중 유용한 탐지척도를 선정하기 위해 히스토그램 방법을 이용해 확률 분포를 구하고, 단순 추정량에 적용한 후, 상대 복잡도를 이용한다. 단순 추정량 방법은 기존 방법인 히스토그램 방법의 단점인 임의로 나눈 경계 부근의 값에 대한 오분류를 해결하고, 악성코드 탐지에 유용한 척도의 선택을 유도한다. 선정된 척도를 바탕으로 탐지규칙을 생성하고, 탐지실험을 하여, 그 결과를 기존 방법과 비교 평가함으로써 제안하는 기법이 유용함을 보인다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.508-514
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• 2020

LTE (Long Term Evolution) 및 5G와 같이 지속적으로 발전하는 이동 통신 표준을 구현하기 위해 소프트웨어 정의 라디오 (SDR, Software Defined Radio) 개념은 뛰어난 유연성과 효율성을 제공한다. 수년 동안, 최고급 디지털 시그널 프로세서 (DSP, Digital Signal Processor) 시스템 온 칩 (SoC, System on Chip)은 멀티 코어 및 다양한 하드웨어 보조 프로세서를 지원하는 방향으로 개발되어왔다. 이 논문에서는 TI의 TCI663x 칩을 사용해 구현한 SDR 플랫폼 하드웨어에 대해 소개하고, 이 플랫폼 상에서 멀티 코어 DSP를 BCP (Bit Rate Coprocessor) 및 TPC (Turbo Decoder Coprocessor)와 연동하여 구현한 LTE 전송 채널 (Transport Channel)의 성능을 다양한 구현 옵션에 따라 평가한다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.301-311
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• 2021

The technological advancements of the last two decades directed the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT enables billions of devices to connect through the internet and share their information and resources on a global level. These devices can be anything, from smartphones to embedded sensors. The main purpose of IoT is to make devices capable of achieving the desired goal with minimal to no human intervention. Although it hascome as a social and economic blessing, it still brought forward many security risks. This paper focuses on providing a survey of the most commonly used application layer protocols in the IoT domain, namely, Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). MQTT, AMQP, and XMPP use TCP for device-to-device communication, while CoAP utilizes UDP to achieve this purpose. MQTT and AMQP are based on a publish/subscribe model, CoAP uses the request/reply model for its structuring. In addition to this, the quality of service provision of MQTT, AMQP, and CoAP is not very high, especially when the deliverance of messages is concerned. The selection of protocols for each application is very a tedious task.This survey discusses the architectures, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each of these protocols. The main contribution of this work is to describe each of the aforementioned application protocols in detail as well as providing their thorough comparative analysis. This survey will be helpful to the developers in selecting the protocol ideal for their system and/or application.