• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.33-38
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• 2009

Poly(vinyl acetate) films containing benzophenone were photocrosslinked by continuous UV irradiation.UV irradiation of PVAc film containing 5% benzophenone induced bulk crosslinking of the polymer indicated by 84.1% of gel fraction after ethyl acetate extraction. The crosslinking was attributed to the recombination of tertiary polymer radicals generated upon UV irradiation, which was enhanced by the hydrogen abstraction of benzophenone. Also the UV irradiation resulted in scission of ester linkage and photooxidation of PVAc surface, which was verified by ATR and zeta potential analysis, implying that the PVAc surface became more polar and hydrophilic. The zeta potential proportionally increased from +4.5mV to -26.8 mV with increasing UV irradiation. Also the surface energy of the PVAc film increased with higher UV irradiation upto 56.5 $mJ/m^2$ by the enhanced Lewis acid/base component with larger contribution of Lewis acid parameter. Accordingly the crosslinked PVAc showed higher thermal stability with increasing UV energy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.926-931
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• 2000

The microwave dielectric properties and the microstructures as a mole fraction of (1-x)ZnNb$_2$O$_{6}$-xPb$_{5}$Nb$_4$O$_{15}$ ceramics with CuV$_2$O$_{6}$, Sb$_2$O$_3$ and glass(ZNPN ceramics) was investigated. 0.98ZN-0.02PN ceramics containing 1.5 wt% CuV$_2$O$_{6}$ 1.0 wt% Sb$_2$O$_3$ and 1.0 wt% glass had a dielectric constant($\varepsilon$$_{r}$) of 23, Qxf$_{o}$ value of 15000 and TCF(Temperature Coefficient of resonance Frequency) of -25 ppm/$^{\circ}C$ and it is possible to be co-fired with Ag electrode at 90$0^{\circ}C$. As sintered temperature increases over 90$0^{\circ}C$ the grain size of ZNPN ceramics was increasing for growth and it has poor co-fired properties with Ag electrode.e.ctrode.e.e.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.270-280
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• 2012

This study examined the dyeing characteristics of five oriental herbs, namely Gardenia jasminoides, Sophora japonica L., Rheum coreanum, Rhus javanica L., Ginkgo biloba L., on fabrics with traditional fermentation using malt. And the properties of Hwangsu (mineral water) of Yeongcheon (Korea)as a mordant in the post-treatment of textile were evaluated. The dyeability and fastness of cotton fabric and silk to light and washing as well as different fermentation periods and temperatures were investigated, and the following results were obtained. The dyeability of the fermented and non-fermented material did not show a significant difference. Fabrics mordanted with Hwangsu generally exhibited a reddish color due to the presence of iron. The dyeing of cotton fabric and silk by fermentation and Hwangsu mordanting were found to be effective on Rhus javanica L. and Rheum coreanum. These results were confirmed through fastness to light 3 of cotton on Rheum coreanum and 3-4 of silk on Rhus javanica L., respectively. The washing fastness of both fabrics dyed with fermented Rhus javanica L. and Rheum coreanum was improved, showing higher K/S value after washing than before washing.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.260-269
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to develop higher-value added dyeing materials with the fermentation-dyeing -mordanting system using only the natural ingredients by integrating traditional fermentation techniques with traditional dyeing technique. Nuruk, which is used mainly to ferment traditional foods, was used as a fermenting agent to ferment 5 different types of materials. Acidic burnt alum and alkaline calcium hydroxide were used as natural mordants. The dyeability checked after fermentation showed that both cotton and silk mordanted with Gardenia jasminoides did not show notable changes, and 10 days of fermentation was found to be appropriate. Sophora japonica L. performed better on cotton materials mordanted with slaked lime, and alkaline mordants were found to be more effective than acidic ones. With Rheum coreanum, a fermentation period of more than 24 days ($5^{th}$ fermentation) worked best on cotton material, showing a 5 fold increase in the K/S value after the $5^{th}$ slaked lime fermentation than with no fermentation. Rhus javanica L. was found to increase the color fastness to gentle washing and the fastness to light was found to possess 4 means that natural dyed fabric have the highest level of durability, the grade 1 the lowest level of fastness.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.127-134
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• 2019

Cotton fabrics were treated with gelatin to improved their dyeability, color strength toward cochineal dye. Gelatin were used as the protein. Gelatin is containing a large number of hydrophilic groups. Pad-dry-cure method was used for the treatment process(10g/L concentration). The scanning electron micrograph showed the gelatin was deposited on the surface of cotton. Pretreated fabrics were mordanted with 10%(owf) alum. Then the fabrics were dyed with cochineal. Compared with original cotton fabric the K/S value with cochineal dyes was significantly improved on gelatin modified cotton. Treating cotton with 10g/L concentration gelatin offered higher cochineal adsorption. The dyeability of pH 4 yielded the highest color strength. In dyebaths of a ratio of ethanol and water such as; 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, 0:10, fabrics were dyed. The ratio of ethanol and water had powerful effects on solution polarity. Cochineal dye uptake showed maximum value, when the proportion of ethanol and water was 9:1. Dyeing at increased temperatures and with increased time resulted in higher dye uptake and reddish-purple color(5RP). The washing fastness was 1-2grade, and the fastness to light was 2-3grade.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.256-263
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• 2018

The binder polymers for digital textile printing(DTP) pigment inks were prepared using miniemulsion polymerization with various monomer compositions to study effects of monomer compositions on particle size distribution, average molecular weight, Tg, and color strength and rubbing fastness of the dyed fabrics with the prepared binder based pigment ink. The monomers used were MMA(Methyl methacrylate), BA(Butyl acrylate), MAA(Methacrylic acid), NMA(N-methylol acrylamide), NEA(N-ethylol acrylamide) and the ratios of the monomers were changed. The particle size was the smallest with 136nm when the MMA to BA weight ratio was 4:16 and the largest with 290nm when the MMA, BA, MAA, NEA ratio was 2.5:17:0.25:0.25. However, the glass transition temperature was lowest with $-41.90^{\circ}C$ and the color strength and rubbing fastness of the resulting sample were the best when the MMA, BA, MAA, NEA ratio was used. This suggested that the introduction of the NEA monomer to the binder polymer for the pigment ink could be an efficient way to enhance the rubbing fastness of the DTP pigment inks present.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.275-287
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• 2018

In recent years, research on the development of eco-friendly synthetic suede based on water-dispersed polyurethane resin and non-fluorine water repellent has been conducted. Synthetic suede has a problem that the fastness to dyeing is greatly lowered after the water-repellent processing at a high temperature of $160^{\circ}C$ because the polyester is dyed with a disperse dye. Therefore, in this study, silica was added to water-dispersed polyurethane resin to improve dye fastness. To distribute the $PUD-SiO_2$ mixture evenly in the water-dispersed polyurethane resin, sufficient stirring was done for a period of time. When the $PUD-SiO_2$ mixture(PUD 1-5%) is applied to the substrate, it is confirmed through SEM that the mixture is uniformly applied without particle condensation. The results showed that silica with a diameter of 4~12nm and BET of $200{\sim}380g/m^2$ had the ability to improve dispersibility and fastness.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.237-244
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• 2018

Three super hydrophobic red fluorescence dyes were selected to dye high molecular weight polyethylene fiber. Their absorbance and emission spectra were obtained and Stokes' shift was measured. Fluorescence emission strength of the dyes on the fiber was investigated and therefore Fluoro Red 3 was determined as the best one among those three dyes in this experiment. Dyeing properties and fluorescence intensities were investigated using the Fluoro Red 3 on high molecular weight polyethylene fiber at various dyeing conditions. The optimum concentration of a dispersing agent was appeared at 10wt% in aqueous solution. The best dyeing was obtained at $125^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. The color fastnesses to the washing and rubbing were as high as ratings 4~5, however, the fastness to light was exhibited ratings 2~3.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.208-216
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• 2020

In this study, C.I. Disperse Red 60 (DR60), C.I. Disperse Yellow 54 (DY54) dyes were used to investigate the washing fastness characteristics of PET fibers according to supercritical CO2 and aqueous dyeing process. The changes in K/S values and L⁎ values before and after washing of dyed PET fibers were observed according to the KS K ISO 105 washing fastness measurement method. In addition, it was confirmed by changing the ΔE⁎ and ΔL⁎ values of control PET fibers. Overall, it was confirmed that both the supercritical CO2 and aqueous dyeing process had excellent washing fastness ratings of 4-5 for DR60 and DY54 dyes. Comparatively, the K/S and L⁎ values for before and after washing of PET fibers with supercritical CO2 dyeing process was higher than that of the aqueous dyeing process and the ΔE⁎ and ΔL⁎ values of the control PET fibers were low. From the results, we observed that the supercritical CO2 dyeing process of PET fibers has better washing fastness characteristics than the aqueous dyeing process.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.189-195
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• 2023

In this study, as one of the eco-friendly dyeing methods, indigo, Phellodendron amurense and Caeasapinia sappan were complexed dyed on cotton fabric. For complexed dyeing, the cotton that was pre-dyed 5 times with indigo was dyed 1 ~ 2 times repeatedly with Phellodendron amurense and Caeasapinia sappan. Then the color, tensile strength, density, and color fastness of complexed dyed sample were analyzed and the following analysis results could be obtained. As a result of color difference measurement, the L* value was 22.7 in the sample in which the cotton was dyed 5 times and then the Phellodendron amurense was dyed 1 time, and the K/S value was 15 or higher in all samples. As a result of measuring the strength, cotton fabrics tended to have a slight decrease in tensile strength when complexed dyeing. As a result of measuring the density, the density decreased by 15 ~ 20% in all samples at the warp and increased by 20 ~ 30% in the weft due to the complexed dyeing of cotton fabric. Moreover, the fastness to washing and drycleaning showed good results of 2 ~ 3 or higher, and the light fastness was 4 or higher.