• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2006

In this paper, the collision avoidance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs) by applying the Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System II(TCAS-II) is introduced. The performances of two UAVs whose maximum vertical rates are different each other are compared and analysed by not only converting many TCAS-II commands into an autopilot input but also implementing a computer program based on the Minimum Operational Performance Standards for TCAS-II. As the alternative to a possible Near Mid-Air Collision for UAVs whose maximum vertical rates are low, we have proposed a modified algorithm considering the maximum vertical rate and altitude. The modified algorithm is available on the assumption that a wider surveillance range is provided by a ADS-B system.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.248-257
• /
• 2006

There will come someday when UAUs can fly into the airspace of manned aircraft in the near future because of the increasing number of operational UAUs together with technologies development. Since pilots of UAVs are on the gound, the equipment for sensing and avoiding obstacles in front is indispensable. In this paper, we analyze functions and interfaces of TCAS II, a collision avoidance device for manned aircraft, then find out whether it is suitable for the collision avoidance device for UAV and problems associated with it, if any. It turns out to be that the onboard directional antenna of TCAS II does not provide a precise directional information, and that the TCAS II is not assumed to be installed alone, but used as supplementary with other device which provides the better precision.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.630-638
• /
• 2009

In this paper, we propose a new SCADE-based integrated simulator for aircraft mid-air collision avoidance. The new simulator is designed to provide a convenient simulation environment for analyzing the limitations of the existing collision avoidance system(CAS) and for realizing more realistic collision environment into the CAS performance evaluation. Furthermore, we have developed a scenario editor for TCAS-II performance analysis to simulate actual flight environment which is difficult to experiment. The performance of the proposed simulator for typical collision scenarios is demonstrated by simulation using the proposed scenario editor.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.986-993
• /
• 2011

In this paper we consider the problem of the existing TCAS-II systems that fail to be satisfactory solution to mid-air collisions (MACs) and near mid-air collisions (NMACs or near misses). This is attributed to the fact that the earlier studies on the collision avoidance mainly have focused on determination logic of avoidance direction and vertical speed, reversal of the avoidance direction, multiple aircraft geometry, and availability in certain air spaces. But, the influence of sensor measurement errors on the performance of collision avoidance was not properly taken into account. Here we propose a new TCAS algorithm by using Kalman filter instead of '${\alpha}-{\beta}$' tracker to improve the avoidance performance under the influence of barometric sensor errors due to air-temperature, pressure leaks, static source error correction, etc.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.48-53
• /
• 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to clarify the topographical relationship between the accessory nerve (AN) and transverse cervical artery (TCA) to provide safe and convenient injection points for AN blockade. Methods: This study included 21 and 30 shoulders of 14 embalmed Korean adult cadavers and 15 patients, respectively, for dissection and ultrasound (US) examination. Results: The courses of the TCA and AN in the scapular region were classified into four types based on their positional relationships. Type A indicated the nerve that was medial to the artery and ran parallel without changing its location (38%). In type B (38%), the nerve was lateral to the artery and ran parallel without changing its location. In type C (19%), the nerve or artery traversed each other only once during the whole course. In type D (5%), the nerve or artery traversed each other more than twice forming a twist. At the levels of lines I-IV, the nerve was relatively close to the artery (approximately 10 mm). TCAs were observed in all specimens around the superior angle of the scapula at the level of line II, whereas they were not found below line VI. In US images of the patients, the TCA was commonly observed at the level of line II (93.3%) where all ANs and TCAs were observed in cadaveric dissection. Conclusions: The results expand the current knowledge of the relation between the AN and TCA, and provide helpful information for selective diagnostic nerve blocks in the scapular region.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2014

Though the functions and operational procedures of current ACAS-II are upgraded several times owing to technical advancement, so far the mid-air collision accidents never come to an end. Recently to solve the major issues of ACAS-II, ICAO began to develop a future ACAS (Airborne Collision Avoidance System) by the year 2015. Accordingly in order to prepare for international standardization of the future ACAS, in this paper a policy is proposed for domestic implementation of the future ACAS based on the results from studying the technical standards and future development trends of ACAS.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.131-139
• /
• 2011

This study investigated the adverse effects of sound treatment on physiological processes of the American leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii, during several developmental stages. Larval feeding activity was analyzed by measuring feeding tunnel length. It was significantly suppressed by sound treatment (5,000 Hz, 95 dB). Sound treatment delayed the pupal period at 315 - 5,000 Hz and prevented adult emergence at 1,000 - 5,000 Hz. Female oviposition was also inhibited by the stress sound treatments. However, phototactic adult movement was not affected by sound treatment. Pupae treated with 5,000 Hz showed marked changes in protein patterns analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis. MALDI-TOF analysis of specific protein spots indicated that trafficking protein particle complex I, triosephosphate isomerase, hypothetical protein TcasGA2_TC013388, polycystin-2, paraneoplastic neuronal antigen MA1, and tropomyosin I (isoform M) were predicted in the control insects and disappeared in the insects treated with sound. By contrast, DOCK9, cytoskeletal keratin II, and F0F1-ATP synthase beta subunit were predicted only in the sound-treated insects. Furthermore, stress sound significantly increased the susceptibility of L. trifolii to insecticides. These results suggest that physiological processes of L. trifolii are altered by sound stress, which may be exploited to develop a novel physical control tactic against L. trifolii.