• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11b
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• pp.373-376
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• 2003

본 연 구에서 얻어진 결과 제조업체별 수집한 합성피혁, 섬유, 플라스틱, 폴리우레탄, 실리콘수지등의 MBT, DBT의 농도는 대략 0 - 1000 ${\mu}g$/kg 정도의 분포를 나타내었고 TBT는 0-500 ${\mu}g$/kg 정도의 분포를 나타내었다. 그리고 전체적으로 합성피혁, 실리콘수지, 플라스틱 & 폴리우레탄, 천 등의 순으로 높게 검출 되었다. 이결과는 우리가 현재 가장 밀접하게 접하고 있는 신발, 스포츠의류, 가죽의류 등의 제품에서 유기주석 화합물의 인체에 미치는 유해성 대해서는 선진국에서 규제하는 수준에는 부합된다는 것을 보여준다. 갈수록 선진국에서 환경인증에 대 한 요구를 강화함에 따라 국제적 환경인증 마크인 ‘에코텍스 스텐더드(Oeko-tex standard) 100’ 에서는 다음과 같이 규제하고 있다. TBT, DBT의 두 화합물로 기준치는 TBT의 경우, Product Class I은 0.5 ppm. II, III, IV의 경우는 1.0 ppm이며, DBT 는 Product Class I(유아용) 에만 해당하고 1.0 ppm이다. 우리나라도 대부분의 선진국처럼 유기 주석 화합물의 사용을 적극 억제하는 등 법적인 장치 가 마련돼야 한다고 여겨진다. 또한 유독성의 유기주석 촉매 대체물질로서 환경 친화형인 즉, MBT, DBT, TBT가 전혀 함유되지 않은 무독성의 유기금속촉매를 개발하는데 노력을 기울여 야 할 것이다.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2005

Uptake kinetics of Cd and Zn by leaves and rhizome of the seagrass Zostera marina were examined in controlled laboratory radiotracer experiments. Subsequently, acute toxicity of Cd, Cu and TBT on photosynthetic quantum yield (ΔF/Fm’ of Z. marina were determined, and the differential sensitivities of rapid light curve (RLC) to those harmful substances were also compared. All measurements on photosynthetic activity were determined by chlorophyll a fluorescence method using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Metal uptake by Z. marina was saturated with increasing exposure time in leaves and rhizomes. Uptake of Zn by Z. marina was faster than that of Cd. Metal uptake rates in Z. marina decreased with the increase of dissolved metal concentrations and also with the increase of biomass. The adverse effect of TBT on effective quantum yield was stronger than other pollutants. Average acute toxicity on the RLC of the seagrass exposed to TBT and two heavy metals (Cd and Cu) was going to decrease as follows: TBT > Cd > Cu. Our preliminary results in this study suggested that Z. marina potentially can be used as a biomonitor of harmful substances contamination in coastal waters.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

The comet assay, also called single-cell electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, is a potential sensitive monitoring tool for DNA damage in cells. The primary objective of this study was to use comet assay to ascertain if the blood cells of flounder (Pleuronichthys olivaceus) and muscle cells of clam (Saxidomus purpurata) are suitable for genotoxicity screening. This was achieved by initially exposing blood and muscle cells under in vitro conditions to the reference genotoxin hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$); strong correlation between $H_2O_2$ concentration and comet values were found. Subsequently, the identification of DNA damage in isolated cells from flounder and clam was performed under in vivo exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and tributyltin (TBT). Flounder and clam were exposed to different concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100 ${\mu}g/L$) of BaP or TBT for 4 days. Regardless of treated chemicals, blood cells of flounder were more prone to DNA breakage compared to muscle cells of clam. In conclusion, in vivo genotoxicity of BaP and TBT can be biomonitored using the comet assay. This study suggests that flounder and clam do show potential as mediums for monitoring genotoxic damage by comet assay.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2001

Butyltin compounds, including mono-(MBT), di-(DBT) and tributyltin(TBT) were analyzed in 44 human blood samples randomly collected from a hospital in "K" a city. Gas chromatograph equipped with flame photometric detector(FPD) was used to quantify the amounts of butylin compounds. Method detection limits(MDL) of this analytical method were 3.69ng Sn/g for MBT, 0.91ng Sn/g for DBT and 1.09ng Sn/g wet wt for TBT respectively. Standard reference material(SRM) containing of $1.3{\mu}g/g$ TBT as chloride was analyzed to check if this analytical results would be reliable. Recovery of about 90% was obtained through this analysis, indicating that the analytical method from butyltin compounds blood was reliable. The concentrations of butyltin compounds ranged MDL(<3.69) to 7.93ng Sn/g for MBT and 1.15 to 5.41ng Sn/g wet wt for DBT. Tributyltin was below detection limit in all samples. Detection limits of our results are lower than those reported by Kannan et al. who reported butyltin compounds in 33 human blood samples in the United States. Detection of MBT and DBT on blood sample implies that butyltin compounds could be absorbed through consumption of seafoods or exposure to food stuffs made of plastics and household items. Further study is needed to examine if butyltin compounds in blood can be reliably analyzed and used as intake index.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 1992

To evaluate tritium level in some environmental samples, tissue-free water tritium (TFWT) and tissue-bound tritium (TBT) were analyzed in rices, chinese cabbages and pine needles collected at 12 locations in Korea. The TFWT was recovered by freeze-drying of the samples and the TBT was obtained in the form of water by combustion of the dried samples. Tritium was measured by liquid scintillation counter. The concentrations of TFWT were in the range of $0.96{\sim}3.96 Bq/1,\; 0.83{\sim}3.40 Bq/1\;and\;1.02{\sim}3.01 Bq/1$ in rices, chinese cabbages and pine needles, respectively. The mean specific activity ratios (TBT/TFWT) were 0.94, 1.71 and 1.39 in rices, chinese cabbages and pine needles, respectiviely. This excess TBT in the samples may be attributed to the fact that the residence time of TBT in the plant is longer than that of TFWT. The specific activity ratio depends on the plant species, the exposed time to tritiated atmosphere, atmospheric moisture, temperature and diffusion factor.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4429-4436
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• 2013

Measurements of CNR(Contrast to Noise Ratio) and SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) of T-spine breathing technique (TBT) using spontaneous breathing and T-spine exhalation technique (TET) with full exhalation were carried out, and with which the more appropriate method was suggested. Both TBT and TET were examined in a sample of fifty-three patients who visit to our hospital for spinal disease from June 2012 to November 2012. All images were evaluated with CNR measured from the differences between the mean pixels and contrast density as setting ROI of spinous process, pedicle, vertebral body, intervertebral foramen, and intervertebral disk using Image J. SNR was measured with the mean pixels and the standard deviation as setting ROI of vertebral body using Image J. In CNR comparison and SNR comparison of TET and TBT, TBT was indicated as excellent in ROI of pedicle, vertebral body, intervertebral foramen and intervertebral disk, and statistical analysis were significant(p<.01). As TBT indicated excellent images compared to the existing T-spine lateral radiography, T-spine lateral radiography would be reestablished and significant as applying to various medical institutions.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.459-465
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• 2012

We had synthesized a green dopant material based on the binaphthyl group, 7,7'-(2,2'dimethoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl-3,3'-diyl) bis(4-(thiophen -2-yl) benzo[e][1,2,5] thiadiazole (TBT). We also fabricated the white organic light emitting diode (OLED) with a phosphorescent blue emitter : iridium(III)bis[(4,6-di-fluoropheny)-pyridinato -N,C2]picolinate (FIrpic) doped in N,N'-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP) of hole transport type host material and both TBT and bis(2-phenylquinolinato)- acetylacetonate iridium(III) (Ir(pq)2acac) doped in 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazole -2-yl)benzene (TPBi) of electron transport type host material. As a result, the property of white OLED using TBT, which demonstrated a maximum luminous efficiency and external quantum efficiency of 5.94 cd/A and 3.23 %, respectively. It also showed the pure white emission with Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.34, 0.36) at 1000 nit.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.793-800
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• 2002

Butyltin (BT) compounds were measured in seawater, sediment, sediment core, settling solids, and plankton from Gwangyang Bay in 2001, Tributyltin (TBT) was detected in seawater from 1 out of the 7 seawater sampling sites and in sediment from 18 out of the 35 sediment sampling sites. The highest concentration of TBT was found in the sediment from the site near Yeosu Harbor (53 ng Sn/g dry wt), acting as the point source for TBT The mean concentrations of TBT were in the order of plankton> settling solids> sediment. The degradation indexes ([DBT]+[MBT]/[TBT]) for the plankton were less than 1, indicating the possibility of recent inputs of TBT. The indexes for the sediment and settling solids ranged from 1.14 to 8.73. The composition of the BT compounds found in the settling solids was similar to that found in the sediment. The vertical profile of the total BT compounds in the sediment was characterized by an abrupt decline from the surface. However, no butyltin compounds appeared below a depth of 10 cm, corresponding to the 1980s. Accordingly, the current results demonstrated that the levels of all butyltin species in the environment of Gwangyang Bay were relatively lower than those in other polluted coastal areas. The vertical profile also suggested a fairly recent history for the down-core.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

The persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, tributyltin chloride (TBT), induces not only imposex in gastropods but also the differentiation of adipocytes in vitro and increases adipose mass in vivo in vertebrates. TBT is a nanomolar affinity ligand for retinoid X receptor (RXR) in the rock shell(Thais clavigera) and for both the RXR and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor $\gamma(PPAR\gamma)$ in the amphibian (Xenopus laevis), mouse, and human. The molecular mechanisms underlying induction of imposex by TBT have not been clarified, though several hypotheses are proposed. TBT promotes adipogenesis in the murine 3T3-L1 cell model and perturbs key regulators of adipogenesis and lipogenic pathways in vivo primarily through activation of RXR and $PPAR\gamma$. Moreover, in utero exposure to TBT leads to strikingly elevated lipid accumulation in adipose depots, liver, and testis of neonate mice and results in increased adipose mass in adults. In X. laevis, ectopic adipocytes form in and around gonadal tissues following organotin, RXR or $PPAR\gamma$ ligand exposure. TBT represents the first example of an environmental endocrine disrupter that promotes adverse effects from gastropods to mammals.

• The Monthly Technology and Standards
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• s.90
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• pp.37-37
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• 2009