• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.18-31
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• 2004

Ecological network can solve the ecological problems such as habitat cutting and fragmentation that are resulted from urbanization. Recently, rooftop biotope construction has been appeared as a usefull method for ecological networking in urban area. The objective of this study is to seek the possibility of rooftop greening introduction as well as to select target species for rooftop greening construction from the urban ecological network point of view. In order to select target species, we monitored two adjacent rooftop greening sites, where we found 22 species of birds and insects and 33 species of plants. We set criteria to select target species through documents research, and gave marks species according to the criteria with the help of specialists. We divided the target species into 5 groups on the basis of the 12 selecting criteria. In those two monitored rooftop greening sites, we did not find any species belong to group A, which is the best target species, but we found species belong to the other groups. Orthetrum albistylum, Sympetrum dawinianum belong to group B, which is the priority target species, 7 species besides Passer montanus, Coccinella axyridis, Agrionidae to group C, which is the possible target species, 6 species besides Atractomorpha lata to group D, which is the potential target species, and the others were found to be inadequate to the target species. We found Orthetrum albistylum, Sympetrum dawi-nianum to be the best appropriate target species in the two sites. According to the result of this study, the method of ecological network construction from the dra-gonfly habitat network point of view through the construction of rooftop habitat is ideal for Orthetrum albistylum, and Sympetrum dawinianum. For successful urban ecological network construction, selection criteria and construction techniqes & methods for rooftop habitat should be developed through future research.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

This study aimed to analyze the effect of total allowable catches (TACs) on the target species. First to effects analyse of TACs, the 8 TAC target species and 75 non-target species were selected for which catch data were available before and after the introduction of the TACs. The 8 target species were simply compared to catch changes before and after TACs. Through the comparison, it was confirmed how the catches of target fishes have changed after the implementation of the TACs. Secondly, the Difference In Differences(DID) analysis was conducted to confirm the effects of the TACs on the catches of the target fishes using the catch data of 8 TAC target species and 75 non-TAC species. Finally, to overcome the limitations of the DID analysis, the random effects model was estimated to confirm the effects of the TACs on the catch of the TAC target species. Overall, this study confirmed that the TACs affects catches of target species, not only through simple comparisons of catches before and after the introduction of the TACs but also through econometric analysis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.265-275
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• 2005

A prerequisite for deriving the abundance estimates from acoustic surveys for commercially important fish species is the identification of target strength measurements for selected fish species. In relation to these needs, the goal of this study was to construct a data bank for converting the acoustic measurements of target strength to biological estimates of fish length and to simultaneously obtain the target strength-fish length relationship. Laboratory measurements of target strength on 15 commercially important fish species were carried out at five frequencies of 50, 70, 75, 120 and 200 kHz by single and split beam methods under the controlled conditions of the fresh and the sea water tanks with the 389 samples of dead and live fishes. The target strength pattern on individual fish of each species was measured as a function of tilt angle, ranging from $-45^{\circ}$ (head down aspect) to $+45^{\circ}$ (head up aspect) in $0.2^{\circ}$ intervals, and the averaged target strength was estimated by assuming the tilt angle distribution as N $(-5.0^{\circ},\;15.0^{\circ})$. The TS to fish length relationship for each species was independently derived by a least-squares fitting procedure. Also, a linear regression analysis for all species was performed to reduce the data to a set of empirical equations showing the variation of target strength to a fish length, wavelength and fish species. For four of the frequencies (50, 75, 120 and 200 kHz), an empirical model for fish target strength (TS, dB) averaged over the dorsal sapect of 602 fishes of 10 species and which spans the fish length (L, m) to wavelength (\Lambda,\;m)$ ratio between 5 and 73 was derived: $TS=19.44\;Log(L)+0.56\;Log(\Lambda)-30.9,\;(r^2=0.53)$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.296-305
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• 2005

Acoustic target strength (TS) of 12 commercially important fish species caught in the Korean waters had been investigated and their results were presented. Laboratory measurements of target strength on 12 dominant fish species were carried out at a frequencies of 75 kHz by single beam method under the controlled condition of the water tank with the 241 samples of dead and live fishes. The target strength pattern on individual fish of each species was measured as a function of tilt angle, ranging from $-45^{\circ}$ (head down aspect) to $45^{\circ}$ (head up aspect) in $0.2^{\circ}$ intervals, and the averaged target strength was estimated by assuming the tilt angle distribution as N ($-5.0^{\circ}$, $^15.0{\circ}$). The 75 to fish length relationship for each species was independently derived by a least - squares fitting procedure. Also, a linear regression analysis for all species was performed to reduce the data to a set of empirical equations showing the variation of target strength to fish length and fish species. An empirical model for fish target strength(TS, dB) averaged over the dorsal aspect of 158 fishes of 7 species and which spans the fish length(L, m) to wavelength(${\lambda}$, m) ratio between 6.2 and 21.3 was derived: TS: 27.03 Log(L)-7.7Log(${\kanbda}$)-17.21, ($r^2$=0.59).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of planting seedlings for quarry rehabilitation. To achieve the objective, the experiment was designed for rehabilitation of quarry with planting seedlings and seeding types. Planting seedlings were categorized as target species, accompanied species and pioneer species. The study was conducted in limestone quarry (Lafarge Halla Cement Inc.) near the Baekdudaegan Mountains at Okke, Kangwon-do. The experimental planting bed was set in 2007 and field monitoring was carried out from 2007 to 2011. As the result of experiment, it was found that the early-phase pattern for surveyed species to establish was affected by the planting and seeding types. As years after planting and seeding, the percent of plant coverage also increased up to 90%. The methods of mixed planting and seeding were good for species diversity, but the growing of seedlings were affected by seeding plants. Accompanied species and pioneer species were superior to target species during first 2 years, but target species has gained predominance during last 2 years. The quality maintenance should be carried out annually to attain the goal of rehabilitation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-59
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• 2010

This study was to examine the characteristics of wirdbirds habitat for improvement plan in green corridor. The target site, Gangseo-gu artificial green corridor was set up with the structure in which small scale of core green space with Goongsan and Yeomchang neighborhood parks in urbanized city was connected with the artificial green space with Gongamnaru, Hwanggeumnae neighborhood parks with 28~42.5 m in width. Wild birds six~eleven species; Dendrocopos spp, Paradoxornis webbiana, Parus major, Phasianus colchicus, etc. were observed in core green, but wild birds of two~five species: Columba livuia, Passer montanus, Pica pica, Hypsipetes amaurotis, etc. were observed in artificial green space. Thus wild birds of artificial and generalist species only moved in artificial green space. The artificial green space where vegetation structure was consisted of single-layer with poorness chose target species laying stress on generalist species and edge species of Parus major, P. palustris, Paradoxornis webbiana etc. for short-term and interior species of Dendrocopos major, Picus canus, etc. for long-term. The result suggested enhancement methods for target species's habitat in green corridor: to secure at least a corridor 30 meters in artificial corridor, to secure ecological pond, to offer the various shelterer and environment of prey-resources through the multi-layer structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.12-24
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• 2008

With recent emphasis on the creation of environment-friendly new towns, introduction of ecological facilities for habitation and migration of wild animal's species is requested when developing new towns. In order to introduce such facilities, building an eco-network within the site based on the connectivity of the source area and habitats is essential in new town development. Therefore, this study mainly aimed at selecting species targeted for building an eco-network in Pangyo new town, which is intended to be an environment-friendly city. Therefore, criteria for selecting target species were generated. Then, species observed within the site through field surveys and literature review was evaluated based on the selection criteria and items. By totaling the score, a list of appropriate targeted species was finalized. Among species surveyed and observed in the site, appropriate target species that may be selected for Pangyo new town's eco-network include Falco tinnunculus interstinctus, Accipiter soloensis, Picus canus, Paradoxornis webbiana, Parus palustris, Parus ater, Parus major and Passer montanus Egretta in birds, Asiatic chipmunk, Nyctereutes procyonoides in mammals. For Pangyo new town, it is essential to create living environment and build a network for major wild animal species within the site based on target species. This will play a crucial role in building a reasonable ecological network enabling harmonious co-existence between mankind and nature. In order to build an ecological network successfully, follow-up studies need to be conducted on restoration technology and methods required for creating habitats appropriate to target species.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.3-10
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• 2010

The subject is to find green roofs' location as stepping stones in green-network in fine scale. The study site is Junggu, Seoul, which has core areas(Bukaksan and Namsan) and green areas(parks, etc.). Through literature review, the closer to core areas and green areas, target species reach green roof easier, and target species must be avifauna(flying species) and high class in food chain, because of possibility of reaching. So, Great Tits, inhabited in Namsan and urban bird, is target species. The location standard of green roofs, realized birds' reaching distance, consists of home range(horizontal range and vertical range) and roof-greening capable area. The green roofs' distribution of location was resulted through GIS analysis of feasible site finding, and classified with weight of score. In discussion, Namsan gives more effect to locate green roofs than Bukaksan does and selected buildings which are grouped in some parts need to be managed with group, green roof district.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze ecological characteristics and select target species for effective restoration plans of wildlife corridors at Galmachi of Sungnam City. The actual vegetation in study area was physiognomically mixed with deciduous broad leaved forests dominated by oaks and artificially planted species. And it is a secondary forest formatted by sprout originated stand and being on early succession stage as a young stand. So study site was regarded as not suitable for the habitats for wildlife. The number of mammal species at study site was total 22 species, but most of these species were found as not so many in individual numbers. The individual number of hare was approximately 4 to 8, while the raccoon dog and water deer with 2 to 3 and 1 to 2, respectively. As such, it was estimated as a low population density due to discontinuation of ecosystem and the man-made impacts. In this study, raccoon dog and water deer were selected as the target species because of their migration patterns and ecological value in local ecosystem. It was suggested to establish a wildlife corridors of an over-bridge type at the peak area of Galmachi, known to be the mostly-used migratory route for 2 target species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

This study investigates the environmental factors of endemic species in Korea in order to understand their ecological characteristics, and to investigate the target species of their natural habitats to find similar sites. The purpose is to restore and follow suitable growth methods for the appropriate highway facility of target species to establish a management system via monitoring. This study endeavors to restore the target species near highway facilities on the basis of monitoring data and restore sites have similar natural characteristics of the target species. After restoring the target species, a restoration strategy and management plan will be established for breeding and continuation. The restoration strategy and management plan of the target species is divided into breeding, restoring, maintaining and monitoring plans. Specially management plans include several divisions such as soil, water, non-point pollution source reduction and naturalized plants. The results of this study can be used as reference materials for the restoration of endemic Korean plants in the future of highway routes, and for systematic management measures in habitats.