• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6575-6580
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• 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity of turmeric essential oil as well as to establish biochemical mechanisms of action. Antimutagenicity testing was accomplished using strains and known mutagens with and without microsomal activation. Anticarcinogenic activity was assessed by topical application of 7, 12 - dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and 1% croton oil as promoter for the induction of skin papillomas in mice. Inhibition of p450 enzymes by TEO was studied using various resorufins and aminopyrene as substrate. Turmeric essential oil (TEO) showed significant antimutagenic activity (p<0.001) against direct acting mutagens such as sodium azide ($NaN_3$), 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine (NPD) and N-methyl-N-nitro N'nitrosoguanine (MNNG). TEO was found to have significant antimutagenic effect (>90%) against mutagen needing metabolic activation such as 2-acetamidoflourene (2-AAF). The study also revealed that TEO significantly inhibited (p<0.001) the mutagenicity induced by tobacco extract to Salmonella TA 102 strain. DMBA and croton oil induced papilloma development in mice was found to be delayed and prevented significantly by TEO application. Moreover TEO significantly (P<0.001) inhibited isoforms of cytochrome p450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2, CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP3A) enzymes in vitro, which are involved in the activation of carcinogens. Results indicated that TEO is antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic and inhibition of enzymes (p450) involved in the activation of carcinogen is one of its mechanisms of action.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2009

Since the seventies and the oil crisis, energy-saving measures have led to a reduction in the ventilation of room. The use of synthetic materials which emit various chemical substances had led to an increase in the concentration of indoor pollutants. "Sick building syndrome (SBS)" and "Sick house syndrome (SHS)" are worldwide problems. Also, the number of complaints about indoor air pollution caused by VOCs (Volatile organic compound) and HCHO (Formaldehyde) has increased. It is important that evaluating and understanding emission of indoor air pollutant from building materials. The object of this study was to evaluate emission test method for flooring such as wood based flooring, carpet tile, rubber tile, PVC sheet and tile, and to determine emission of TVOC and form-aldehyde. The quantity of TVOC and carbonyl compounds emission were sampled and measured by Tenax TA and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MSD), 2,4-DNPH cartrige with ozone scrubber and high performance liquid from flooring. The TVOC concentration emitted from carpet tile was ($7.419\;mg/m^2 h$) the highest among 5 groups of test materials. In wood based flooring and PVC tile, the emitted concentration of toluene was high. And the dodecane emission was highest in carpet. The concentration of TVOC decreased by an increase in emission test period. After 7 days, the concentration of TVOC from floorings were about 50% below of the concentration at the first day. TVOC emission from wood based flooring, carpet tile, rubber tile, PVC sheet and tile were decreased in 28 days and remained steady after about 15 days. The concentration of formaldehyde emission from floorings showed extremely low.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.756-759
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• 2006

The ocean tide loading (OTL) is an important factor for the GPS positioning, especially in the height direction. The shorter of the distance to the ocean, the larger of the error by the OTL. The influence will be changed when we measure in different place and the order of magnitude is from few centimeters to ten centimeters. In this study, more than ten kinds of the OTL models were collected and applied on the GPS static relative positioning in Taiwan. The GPS observations including five stations were obtained from Nov. 9, 2004 to Feb. 23, 2005 and we used the Bernese GPS software to execute the data processing. In this period, the average amplitudes of the 3-D coordinates are as follows: N is 0.4 cm, E is 0.7 cm, h is 1.8 cm at Kinmen station; N is 0.7 cm, E is 1.3 cm, h is 2.3 cm at Lanyu station; N is 0.5 cm, E is 0.7 cm, h is 2.0 cm at Matsu station; N is 0.6 cm, E is 0.6 cm, h is 2.0 cm at Penghu station and N is 0.5 cm, E is 1.2 cm, h is 1.7 cm at Hsinchu station. Moreover, we will analyze the advantage and disadvantage of every kind of the OTL models in different environments to offer some information to the GPS users and enhance the precision of the GPS positioning.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.25-33
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the effects of enzyme on quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of wild peach (Prunus persica L.) juice. pH levels and S.S (soluble solid) values in all samples ranged from 3.86 to 4.13 and from 48.0 to $55.0^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. The TA (total acidity) values of control (not treatment enzyme) were higher than those of the others. The highest 'L', 'a' and 'b' values were observed on PWP (preserved wild peach (Prunus persica L.) juice of cellulase/pectinase (1:1, w/w) sample. Glucose (26.65 g/100 g) and fructose (17.42 g/100 g) in PWP product were determined, however sucrose and maltose were not detected. The predominating organic acid components analyzed in PWP sample were tartaric (32.36 g/100 g) and lactc acids (209.34 g/100 g), whereas citric acid, acetic acid and malic acid were not detected. Higher scores for taste, flavor, color and overall acceptance were found for PWP products compared to other samples. The total phenolic content (13.31 mg GAE/mg dry weight) analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent, of PWP sample was higher than those of the others and the total flavonoid concentrations were also 10.95 mg CE/mg dry weight. The DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging activities in all samples ranged from 55.16 to 74.29% and from 39.59 to 82.79%, respectively. The antioxidant activities were affected by addition of enzyme. These results indicate that the use of the mixture of cellulase and pectinase could increase the quality, and antioxidant potentials of sugar preserved wild peach (Prunus persica L.) juice by enzymatic treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.5-18
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• 1996

The solid state cesium ion source os alumino-silicate based zeolite which contains cerium. The material is an ionic conductor. Cesiums are stably stored in the material and one can extract the cesiums by applying electric field across the electrolyte. Cesium ion bombardment has the unique property of producing high negative ion yield. This ion source is used as the primary source for the production of a negative ion without any gas discharge or the need for a carrier gas. The deposition of materials as an ionic species in the energy range of 1.0 to 300eV is recently recognized as a very promising new thin film technique. This energetic non-thermal equilibrium deposition process produces films by “Kinetic Bonding / Energetic Condensation" mechansim not governed by the common place thermo-mechanical reaction. Under these highly non-equilibrium conditions meta-stable materials are realized and the negative ion is considered to be an optimum paeticle or tool for the purpose. This process differs fundamentally from the conventional ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique such that the ion beam energy transfer to the deposition process is directly coupled the process. Since cesium ion beam sputter deposition process is forming materials with high kinetic energy of metal ion beams, the process provider following unique advantages:(1) to synthesize non thermal-equilibrium materials, (2) to form materials at lower processing temperature than used for conventional chemical of physical vapor deposition, (3) to deposit very uniform, dense, and good adhesive films (4) to make higher doposition rate, (5) to control the ion flux and ion energy independently. Solid state cesium ion beam sputter deposition system has been developed. This source is capable of producing variety of metal ion beams such as C, Si, W, Ta, Mo, Al, Au, Ag, Cr etc. Using this deposition system, several researches have been performed. (1) To produce superior quality amorphous diamond films (2) to produce carbon nitirde hard coatings(Carbon nitride is a new material whose hardness is comparable to the diamond and also has a very high thermal stability.) (3) to produce cesiated amorphous diamond thin film coated Si surface exhibiting negative electron affinity characteristics. In this presentation, the principles of solid state cesium ion beam sputter deposition and several applications of negative metal ion source will be introduced.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.383-395
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• 2001

Recent measurement and simulation studies have revealed that wide area network traffic displays complex statistical characteristics-possibly multifractal scaling-on fine timescales, in addition to the well-known properly of self-similar scaling on coarser timescales. In this paper we investigate the performance and network engineering significance of these fine timescale features using measured TCP anti MPEG2 video traces, queueing simulations and analytical arguments. We demonstrate that the fine timescale features can affect performance substantially at low and intermediate utilizations, while the longer timescale self-similarity is important at intermediate and high utilizations. We relate the fine timescale structure in the measured TCP traces to flow controls, and show that UDP traffic-which is not flow controlled-lacks such fine timescale structure. Likewise we relate the fine timescale structure in video MPEG2 traces to sub-frame encoding. We show that it is possibly to construct a relatively parsimonious multi-fractal cascade model of fine timescale features that matches the queueing performance of both the TCP and video traces. We outline an analytical method ta estimate performance for traffic that is self-similar on coarse timescales and multi-fractal on fine timescales, and show that the engineering problem of setting safe operating points for planning or admission controls can be significantly influenced by fine timescale fluctuations in network traffic. The work reported here can be used to model the relevant characteristics of wide area traffic across a full range of engineering timescales, and can be the basis of more accurate network performance analysis and engineering.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.177-180
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• 2002

Thickness dependence of crystallographic orientation of diol based sol-gel derived PZT(52/48) films on dielectric and piezoelectric properties was investigated The thickness of each layer by one time spinning was about 0.2 $\mu\textrm{m}$, and crack-free films was successfully deposited on 4 inches Pt/Ti/SiO$_2$/Si substrates by 0.5 mol solutions in the range from 0.2 $\mu\textrm{m}$ to 3.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$. Excellent P-E hysteresis curves were achieved without pores or any defects between interlayers. As the thickness increased , the (111) preferred orientation disappeared from 1$\mu\textrm{m}$ to 3 $\mu\textrm{m}$ region, and the orientation of films became random above 3 $\mu\textrm{m}$. Dielectric constants and longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d$\_$33/, measured by pneumatic method were saturated around the value of about 1400 and 300 pC/N respectively above the thickness of 0.8 7m. A micromachined piezoelectric cantilever have been fabricated using 0.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thickness PZT (52/48) films. PZT films were prepared on Si/SiN$\_$x/SiO$_2$/Ta/Pt substrate and fabricated unimorph cantilever consist of a 0.8 fm thick PZT layer on a SiNx elastic supporting layer, which becomes vibration when ac voltage is applied to the piezoelectric layer. The dielectric constant (at 100 kHz) and remanent polarization of PZT films were 1050 and 25 ${\mu}$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively. Electromechanical characteristics of the micromachined PZT cantilever in air with 200-600 $\mu\textrm{m}$ lengths are discussed in this presentation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.870-875
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• 2011

The $(Na_{0.52}K_{0.44})(Nb_{0.9}Sb_{0.06})O_3-0.04dLiTaO_3$ (NKNS-LT) ceramics with various $Cu_2O$ concentration were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction method. The $Cu_2O$ content was varied in the range of 0.1~0.4 wt%. The effects of Cu on microstructure, crystallographic phase transition, and piezoelectric properties were investigated. The material with perovskite structure had a tetragonal phase (T1) when $Cu_2O$ concentration was less than 0.3 wt% and it transformed to another tetragonal phase (T2) when the $Cu_2O$ amount was greater than 0.3 wt%. The phase boundary between T1 and T2 phases appeared at around 0.3 wt% of $Cu_2O$ concentration. The piezoelectric properties were shown the maximum values at the composition of the phase boundary. The electro-mechanical coupling factor ($k_p$) was 0.42 and the piezoelectric charge constant ($d_{33}$) was 245 pC/N at the 0.3 wt% of $Cu_2O$ concentration.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.135-143
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• 1989

The experimental study on the shape and behavior of bubbles in U-tube deep shaft of 32m has been performed. According to the results in this paper, the equivalent spherical diameter of bubbles was 0.422-0.722cm and the shape of bubbles was almost ellipsoidal for bubbles to be generated ta single-orifice of diameter 0.06cm in the downcomer of the deep shaft system. Gas hold-up and gas-liquid contact area of bubbles in the deep shaft was decreased in accordance with depth, Also downcomer velocity of bubbles was slower than circulation velocity of liquid and riser velocity of bubbles was fast than circulation velocity. The bubble-size-distribution of bubbles in the deep shaft was the logarithmic probability distribution. The number of bubbles in the deep shaft was decreased in accordance with depth and the number of bubbles in the downcomer is more than the bubbles in the riser.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4067-4069
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• 2013

Background: The present study was undertaken to establish any correlation of elevated levels of CA19-9 with tumor stage or grade of urothelial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This hospital based study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences between $1^{st}$ July 2012 and $31^{st}$ December 2012. Approval for the study was obtained from the institutional research ethical committee. CA19-9 was assayed with an ELISA reader for all cases and expressed in U/ml with 37U/ml taken as the cut-off upper value for normal. Results: Out of 20 cases enrolled, 15 were of urothelial carcinoma and the remaining 5 were controls. There was marked difference between the mean values of CA19-9 in cases $40.2{\pm}19.3U/ml$ of urothelial carcinoma and controls $7.98{\pm}7.34U/ml$. The number of cases in Ta, TI, T2, T3, T4 stages of urothelial carcinoma were 2, 6, 3, 3, 1 respectively. The percentage rise in CA19-9 was less with low grade tumors (22.2%) when compared with high grade tumors (66.6%) (p value $0.001^*$). The percentage of rise in CA19-9 for muscle invasive tumors was very high when compared to superficial tumors. Similarly, the percentage of rise in CA19-9 for metastatic disease was very high when compared to non-metastatic disease and it was found statistically significant (p value $0.001^*$). Conclusion: Serum CA19-9 levels predicts the prognosis of urothelial carcinoma as it is almost invariably raised in tumors having metastatic spread.