• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.8
• /
• pp.3835-3838
• /
• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent cancer types within female populations. Silibinin is a chemotherapeutic agent ative against cancer. Niosomes are biodegradable, biocompatible, safe and effective carriers for drug delivery. Objective:To prepare nanoniosomal silibinin and evaluate its cytotoxicity inthe T-47D breast cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: Niosomes were prepared by reverse phase evaporation of a mixture of span 20, silibinin, PEG-2000 and cholesterol in chloroform and methanol solvent (1:2 v/v). The solvent phase was evaporated using a rotary evaporator and the remaining gel phase was hydrated in phosphate buffer saline. Mean size, size distribution and zeta potential of niosomes were measured with a Zetasizer instrument and then nanoparticles underwent scanning electron microscopy. The drug releasing pattern was evaluated by dialysis and the cytotoxicity of nanoniosomes in T-47D cells was assessed by MTT assay. Results: Particle size, size variation and zeta potential of the niosomal nanoparticles were measured as $178.4{\pm}5.4nm$, $0.38{\pm}0.09$ and $-15.3{\pm}1.3mV$, respectively. The amount of encapsulated drug and the level of drug loading were determined $98.6{\pm}2.7%$ and $22.3{\pm}1.8%$, respectively; released drug was estimated about $18.6{\pm}2.5%$ after 37 hours. The cytotoxic effects of nanoniosome were significantly increased when compared with the free drug. Conclusions: This study finding suggests that silibinin nanoniosomes could serve as a new drug formulation for breast cancer therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.2277-2284
• /
• 2016

Ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) from Mirabilis jalapa L. leaves has cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell lines but is less toxic towards normal cells. However, it can easily be degraded after administration so it needs to be formulated into nanoparticles to increase its resistance to enzymatic degradation. The objectives of this study were to develop a protein extract of M. jalapa L. leaves (RIP-MJ) incorporated into nanoparticles conjugated with Anti-EpCAM antibodies, and to determine its cytotoxicity and selectivity in the T47D breast cancer cell line. RIP-MJ was extracted from red-flowered M. jalapa L. leaves. Nanoparticles were formulated based on polyelectrolyte complexation using low viscosity chitosan and alginate, then chemically conjugated with anti-EpCAM antibody using EDAC based on carbodiimide reaction. RIP-MJ nanoparticles were characterised for the particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, particle morphology, and entrapment efficiency. The cytotoxicity of RIP-MJ nanoparticles against T47D and Vero cells was then determined with MTT assay. The optimal formula of RIP-MJ nanoparticles was obtained at the concentration of RIP-MJ, low viscosity chitosan and alginate respectively 0.05%, 1%, and 0.4% (m/v). RIP-MJ nanoparticles are hexagonal with high entrapment efficiency of 98.6%, average size of 130.7 nm, polydispersity index of 0.380 and zeta potential +26.33 mV. The $IC_{50}$ values of both anti-EpCAM-conjugated and non-conjugated RIP-MJ nanoparticles for T47D cells (13.3 and $14.9{\mu}g/mL$) were lower than for Vero cells (27.8 and $33.6{\mu}g/mL$). The $IC_{50}$ values of conjugated and non-conjugated RIP-MJ for both cells were much lower than $IC_{50}$ values of non-formulated RIP-MJ (>$500{\mu}g/mL$).

• Journal of IKEEE
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2009

Design consideration on electric drivetrain(E-D/T), usually referred as electric motor for driving, its compatible reduction gear, and inverter, are performed for developing electric vehicle(EV) with efficient driving performance. Universal mode of driving cycle has been used to make up the actual vehicle performance, and its results are incorporated to the design of E-D/T.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2001

The human PTK6 (also known as Brk) polypeptide, which is deduced from its full-length cDNA, represents a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). It contains SH3, SH2, and tyrosine kinase catalytic domains that are closely related to Src family members. We generated an antihuman PTK6 antibody by immunizing rabbits with a PTK6-specific oligopeptide conjugated to BSA, which corresponds to 11 amino acid residues near the C-terminus. An immunoblot analysis with the antibody detected an expected 52-kDa band in various mammalian transformed cell lines. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that PTK6 is phosphorylated on the tyrosine residues) and interacts with approximately a 23-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated polypeptide (most likely a substrate of PTK6) in breast carcinoma T-47D cells. An immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that PTK6 is localized throughout the cytoplasm of T-47D cells. These results support a possible role for PTK6 in the intracellular signal transduction through tyrosine phosphorylation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.16
• /
• pp.6627-6632
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The present study concerns molecular mechanisms involved in induction of apoptosis by a fungal taxol extracted from the fungus Cladosporium oxysporum in T47D human breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Apoptosis-induced by the fungal taxol was assessed by MTT assay, nuclear staining, DNA fragmentation, flow cytometry and pro- as well as anti-apoptotic protein expression by Western blotting. Results: Our results showed inhibition of T47D cell proliferation with an $IC_{50}$ value of $2.5{\mu}M/ml$ after 24 h incubation. It was suggested that the extract may exert its anti-proliferative effect on human breast cancer cell line by suppressing growth, arresting through the cell cycle, increase in DNA fragmentation as well as down-regulation of the expression of NF-${\kappa}B$, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins like Bax, cyt-C and caspase-3. Conclusions: We propose that the fungal taxol contributes to growth inhibition in the human breast cancer cell through apoptosis induction via a mitochondrial mediated pathway, with possible potential as an anticancer therapeutic agent.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 1993

The Inhibiting activity of newly synthesized phenol (E-series) and triazine (T-series) derivatives was evaluated by using thylakoid membranes extracted from cyanobacteria (Anacystis nidulans $R_2$). There were no significant differences between phenol derivatives and dinoseb to the thylakoid membrane extracted from wild type in the Hill reaction. However, a phenol derivative, E-24 which has no -Cl at phenyl ring, did not show any activity. The longer the length of R substituents was in phenol derivatives, the lower inhibiting activity was in the Hill reaction. Triazine derivatives, T-27, T-28, T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 were also compared with diuron and atrazine. Among triazine compounds, T-27 and T-28 showed 10 and 30 times activity as high as atrazine to wild type, respectively. Other triazine derivatives, T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 showed low inhibiting activity to wild and mutant type. A structural difference of T-27 and T-28 from T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 was the presented of -C-NH-. Both T-27 and T-28 were very closely associated with serine, an amino acid located at the 264th position of D1 protein because of the resistant ratio(R/S) to mutant G-264 were higher than that of atrazine.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.47-55
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of various government support policy for IoT sector and survey the level of satisfaction and relative importance among policies. In order to achieve the goal, this study surveyed experts in the field of IoT, utilizing Hierarchy Process Analysis methods. Major findings are as follows; first, despite of wide range of IoT-related policies, experts in the industry and academy are very limited, ; second, the order of policy satisfaction is primarily on Oversea Marketing, followed by R&D support, Venture support, Human resource education.; third, the order of importance is primarily Venture support, followed by R&D support, Human resource education. Also, it has been given the higher importance to the role of leader as R&D support, Oversea market pioneering, and industry university network, rather than the role of coordinator and supporter. However, expert group does not recognize the importance of policies related to the role of coordinator because these policies always have been conducted in major government projects.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 1992

A total of 197 fecal specimens was prepared for quantitative examination of helminth eggs by modified Kato's cellophane thick smear (M.C.T.S.) and Stoll's dilution egg counting technique (D.E,C.T.). The comparative effectiveness of two techniques was evaluated and conversion function was deduced. The average time required for the microscopic examination on one slide by M.C.T.S. was 12.6 minutes and that of D.E.C.T. was 14.6 minutes. M.C.T.S. showed lower false negative rate than D.E.C.T in light worm burden cases. Functions to convert the counts obtained by M.C.T.S. to E.P.G. by Stoll's dilution egg counting technique were $47.86{\times}10^{0.87{\;}logM.C.T.S.},{\;}$ in A. lumbricoides, $41.69{\times}10^{0.82{\;}logM.C.T.S.}$ in T. trichiura and $63.10{\times}10^{0.85{\;}logM.C.T.S.}$ in C. sinensis. It was suggested M.C.T.S. be better than D.E.C.T. for the quantitative examination of intestinal helminthiases such as A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and C. sinensis infections even in the cases with low worm burden.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.8
• /
• pp.3213-3222
• /
• 2015

Background: Cancer metastasis depends on cell motility which is driven by cycles of actin polymerization and depolymerization. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metabolic oxidative stress have long been associated with cancer. ROS play a vital role in regulating actin dynamics that are sensitive to oxidative modification. The current work aimed at studying the effects of sub-lethal metabolic oxidative stress on actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion and cell migration. Materials and Methods: T47D human breast cancer cells were treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), or doxorubicin (DOX), individually or in combination, and changes in intracellular total glutathione and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. The expression of three major antioxidant enzymes was studied by immunoblotting, and cells were stained with fluorescent-phalloidin to evaluate changes in F-actin organization. In addition, cell adhesion and degradation ability were measured. Cell migration was studied using wound healing and transwell migration assays. Results: Our results show that treating T47D human breast cancer cells with drug combinations (2DG/BSO, 2DG/DOX, or BSO/DOX) decreased intracellular total glutathione and increased oxidized glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity. In addition, the drug combinations caused a reduction in cell area and mitotic index, prophase arrest and a decreased ability to form invadopodia. The formation of F-actin aggregates was increased in treated T47D cells. Moreover, combination therapy reduced cell adhesion and the rate of cell migration. Conclusions: Our results suggest that exposure of T47D breast cancer cells to combination therapy reduces cell migration via effects on metabolic oxidative stress.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.46-50
• /
• 1988

The estimation of beam radiation intensity on a tilted surface is very important to the design of a solar energy system. In order to get the beam radiation intensity, it is required to calculate the ratio of the diffuse solar radiation to the global radiation ($k_d$). The data measured at Chung-Buk National University. Cheong-ju, (from May 16, 1985 to Nov, 10, 1987) were analysed to define the relationship between hourly clearness index ($k_t$) and diffuse ratio ($t_d$). The results are is follow: 1. The percent of clearness index($k_t$) of less than 0.3 and of more than 0.8 were 2.7% and 3.1% respectively, and between 0.5 and 0.8 was 76.5%. 2. The regression equation between $k_t$ and $k_d$ was an exponential function as: $$k_d=\[{1\hspace{120}:\hspace{10}(k_t<0.1)\\1.28{\times}0.074^{k_t}\hspace{30}:\hspace{10}(0.1{\leq}=k_t<0.9)\\0.12\hspace{98}:\hspace{10}(0.9{\leq}=k_t)$$ There was a little difference between the result. of this study based on the data of 30 months and the results of previous study (ITRA 2(1):42-47, 1986.) based on the data of 8 months. 3. The hourly exponential regression equation between $k_t$ and $k_d$ was $k_d=A{\times}8^{k_t}$ and the values of constant A and coefficient B of the: equations are as the following table; 4. The percent of $k_d$ of less than 0.4 was 72.9% and of more than 0.7 was 6.6%. 5. Total mean value of $k_t$ and $k_d$ wert 0.56 and 0.32, respectively. From 10:00 to 15:00 o'clock the total mean value of $k_t$ was smaller that the hourly man value of $k_t$ and the one or $k_d$ larger.