• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.679-686
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• 2012

This study was to elucidate the effects of Ukgan-san on the hyperthyroidism induced by sodium levothyroxine. Hyperthyroidisms were induced by continuous subcutaneous treatment of LT4, 0.3 mg/kg, once a day for 27days, and 1,500, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg of Ulkansan extracts were orally administered, once a day for 15 days from 12th LT4 treatment, and the changes on the body, thyroid gland, liver and epididymal fat pad weights, serum triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine(T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH), asparte aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations, hepatic lipid peroxidation(LPO), glutathione(GSH), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activities were investigated with throid gland, liver and epididymal fat pad histopathological changes. The effects of Ukan-san extracts were compared with that of propyl thiouracil(PTU), a standard antithyroidic drug 10 mg/kg(intraperitoneally). 1,500 and 1,000 mg/kg of Ukan-san extracts reversed all LT4-induced hyperthyroidisms and these effects indicating their potential in the regulation of hyperthyroidism. Further, the Ukan-san extract normalized LT4-induced liver oxidative stresses, and also reduced liver damages and epididymal fat pad reducements suggesting its antioxidative and relative organ protective nature. However, nor favorable effects on LT4-induced hyperthyroidisms were detected in Ulkansan 500 mg/kg treated rats as compared with LT4 control rats in the present study. These effects of Ukan-san may help improvement of hyperthyroidisms and accompanied various organ damages.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1989

The circadian rhythm of spontaneous motor activity was not significantly altered by $T_4$(4mg/kg, i.p. inj. once a day for 5 days: $T_4$) and PTU (fed ad lib in 0.01% drinking water for 5 weeks: PTU). The plasma thyroxine level was markedly increased by $T_4$ but reduced by PTU, and the plasma thyrotropin level was markedly increased by PTU but moderately increased by $T_4$. Clonidine slightly increased the plasma CS level, but the clonidine effect was significantly enhanced by $T_4-pretreatment$. The brain NE and MHPG contents were little affected by $T_4$ but the NE content was significantly decreased by PTU. The SS-induced increase of plasma CS level was moderately decreased by PTU but increased by $T_4$. However, clonidine significantly inhibited the SS-induced increase, and the inhibitory effect of clonidine was not significantly affected by PTU and $T_4$, respectively. The brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE ratio were significantly decreased by clonidine but increased by SS. The clonidine- and SS-induced changes of brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE ratio were not altered by $T_4$. PTU did not affect the SS-induced increase of brain NE turnover but significantly attenuated the clonidine-induced decrease. The SS-induced increases of brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE rtatio were markedly inhibited by clonidine, and the inhibitory effect of clonidine was not affected by $T_4$ and PTU, respectively. These results suggest that the responses to swim-stress is not signigicantly affected by the alteration of thyroid function and that the hypothalamo-adenohypophysis-adrenocortical stimulation in response to swim-stress seems to be mediated via hypothalamic noradrenergic activation, and the stress response may be inhibited by the agonistic activity of clonidine on the presynaptic ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.624-631
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• 2007

Hypothyroidism is a common disease of the endocrinal system, characterized by fatigue, cold intolerance, bradycardia, and so on. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common biochemical abnormality which can be found in routine screening tests of thyroid function. It is defined as an asymptomatic state which characterized by normal free thyroxine(FT4) and elevated thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with palmijihwang-tang and to observe the changes in triiodothyronine(T3), free thyroxine(FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) level and VAS of cold intolerance, hoarseness, dry skin. After the treatment, triiodothyronine(T3) increased from 57.12ng/dl to 120.53ng/dl. Free thyroxine(FT4) increased from 12.59pg/ml to 14.21pg/ml. Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) decreased from 10.61mU/L to 1.57mU/L. Cold intolerance, hoarseness and dry skin changed for the better. These results support a role for oriental medical therapy in treating subclinical hypothyroidism. Further case studies of herbal treatment of this ailment are needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.379-385
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• 1997

This study was designed to determine whether genetic defects in the efficiency of ATP synthesis existed in the NIDDM-prone BHE/cdb rat and to determine whether these defects caused the development of glucose intolerance. Thyroxine treatment provided an excellent clue as to the nature of the genetic defects in this rat. The characteristics of hyperhyroid and control Sprague-Dawley(SD) and BHE/cdb rats were studied. Hyperthyroidism was induced through the addition of thyroxine($T_4$) to the diet(2mg/kg of diet). Active proton conductances and passive proton conductances were tested. Mitochondria from hyperhyroid BHE/cdb rats were less efficient iii active proton conductances than mitochondria from hyperhyroid SD rats. It showed that decreased efficiency of ATP synthesis in the BHE/cdb rat was probably related to defects in active proton conductance, Indicating aberrant FoATPase. The levels of $F_1F_0$ATPaseATPase activity were tested. Mitochondria from hyperthyroid BHE/cdb rats were less active than mitochondria from hyperthyroid SD rats. This may be an attribute of aberrant F$_1$ATPase and may contribute to the BHE/cdb strain s characteristic of reduced ATP synthesis efficiency. Glucose tolerances were tested. BHE/cdb rats were profoundly affected by thyroxine, whereas SD rats were less so. It showed that the diabetes phenotype in BHE/cdb rats was related to defects in thyroxine-induced uncoupling. These results showed the decreased efficiency of ATP synthesis due to genetic defects in $F_1F_0$ATPase had relevance to the characteristic of impaired glucose tolerance in the NIDDM-prone BHE/cdb rat.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1981

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the measurement of free thyroxine (FT4) by radioimmunoassay, we measured free $T_4\;and\;T_4,\;T_3,\;T_3RU$, TSH and TBG serum levels by radioimmunoassay in 18 healthy persons and 52 patients with various thyroid diseases and 11 normal pregnant women. The results are as follows. 1. In 19 cases of overt hyperthyroidism, $T_3,\;free\;T_4$ and FTI, $T_4/TBG$ ratio reflect hyperfunction in all cases. $T_4$ is increased in 94% (18/19) and TBG and TSH are decreased in 79% (15/19). 2. In 8 patients with overt hypothyroidism, TSH is increased in all cases and free $T_4$ and FTI is decreased in all cases. $T_4$ is decreased in 87.5% (7/8), $T_3$ is decreased in 75% (6/8) and $T_4/TBG$ ratio is decreased in 62.5% (5/8). 3. In 5 patients who are clinically in euthyroid state after treatment of hyperthyroidism, $T_4,\;free\;T_4$, FTI and TSH are in the normal range in all cases and $T_3$ is normal in 60% (3/5) and slightly increased in 40% (2/5). 4. In 10 patients who showed clinically borderline hypothyroidism after treatment of hyperthyroidism, TSH is increased in all cases and free $T_4$ and FTI are decreased in all cases, but $T_4\;and\;T_3,\;T_4/TBG$ ratio are in the normal limit in all cases. So after treatment of hyperthyroidism, TSH, free $T_4$ or FTI are recommended as optimal thyroid function test. 5. In normal pregnancy, free $T_4$, FTI and $T_4/TBG$ ratio reflect normal function, but the other parameters revealed unreliable due to the influence of increased TBG. Also TBG and TSH level in pregnancy is increased significantly compared with normal healthy control group. 6. The coefficients of correlation between free $T_4$ and FTI were 0.862 (p<0.001) and 0.685 (p<0.001) between free $T_4\;and\;T_4/TBG$ ratio. In most patients, diagnostic value of free $T_4$ was comparable and even superior to FTI, so free $T_4$ measurement can be used routinely with thyrotropin assay in the diagnosis of hypothyrodism or with $T_3$ for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.99-119
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• 1993

In order to compare and examine the effect the effect of Kuibitang, Kamiondarmtang and Kuibiondarmtang against stress, I induced immobilization stress by binding rats for 200mins under a little anesthetized with ether. I classified as normal group, control group which administrated 0.9% NaCl solution, sample A group which administrated Kuibitang, sample B group which administrated Kamiondarmtang and sample C group which administrated Kuibiondarmtang. I got some conclusions by measuring amounts of norepinephrine, epinephrine, triiodothyronine($T_3$) and thyroxine($T_4$) in 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. 1. Norepinephrine showed high meaningful decrease after 1. 3 and 5 days in sample A group. It showed little decrease in sample B group. It showed a little meaningful decrease after 1 day and high meaningful decrease after 3 and 5 days in sample C group. 2. Epinephrine showed high meaningful decrease after 3 and 5 days in sample A group. It showed little decrease in sample B group. It showed a little meaningful decrease after 3 days and high meaningful decrese after 5 days in sample C group. 3. Triiodothyronine($T_3$) inclined to approach normal value in sample A, B, C group in comparision wit control group but didn't have high meaning. 4. Thyroxine($T_4$) inclined to approach normal va1ue in sample A, B, C group in comparision with contrl group but didn't have high meaning. As I consider the effect of experiments, I think that Kuibitang and Kuibiondarmtang have some effects against stress and it is right to apply to the treatment of stress.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1982

Serum thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) was measured with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit (GammaDab TBG). The TBG concentration in 23 adult normals was $23.7{\pm}1.9{\mu}g/ml(mean{\pm}SD)$. The serum TBG levels of $21.6{\pm}3.5{\mu}g/ml$) in hyperthyroidism, $24.7{\pm}4.9{\mu}g/ml$ in subacute thyroiditis, $20.7{\pm}7.0{\mu}g/ml$ in liver cirrhosis and $22.6{\pm}3.7{\mu}g/ml$ in sick patient were not significantly different from normals. The levels of $31.8{\pm}5.9{\mu}g/ml$ in hypothyroidism, $36.2{\pm}5.1{\mu}g/ml$ in pregnancy (p<0.01, p<0.001) and $29.3{\pm}6.1{\mu}g/ml$ in molar pregnancy (p<0.01) were significanty higher that in normals. In various cases without thyroid dieases (euthroid group), the TBG concentration correlated with the value for Amerlex $T_3$ (r=0.816) though there was curvilinear relationship. This relationship was altered in hyperthyroidism, subacute thyroiditis and molar pregnancy in which sera were overloaded with thyroxine $(T_4)$ so that concentration of unoccupied binding sites on TBG (free TBG concentration) were more decreased than expected from normal TBG concentrations. Hypothyroidism was also separated from the curvilinear relationship in euthyroid group indicating that free TBG concentrations were more increased relative to slightly increased TBG concentrations. Measurement of the TBG concentration was considered useful in the diagnosis of TBG defiency, in differentiating molar pregnancy from hyperthyroidism and for correct understanding the hormone binding in liver dieases and other nonthyroidal illness.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2004

The effects of Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) leaf, Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae) fruit and Ocimum sanctum. (Labiateae) leaf extracts were studied in L-thyroxine (0.5 mg/kg) induced hyperthyroidic mice. Separately combined effects of these three plant extracts and of a commonly used antithyroidic drug, Propyl thiouracil (PTU) were investigated for comparison. Serum concentration of thyroxine $(T_4)$, triiodothyronine $(T_3)$, glucose and the activity of hepatic Glucose 6-Phosphatase (G-6-Pase) were considered as main parameters. Hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities were also studied to reveal the toxic effect of the plant extracts, if any. While exogenous $T_4$ enhanced serum concentration of $T_4$, $T_3$, glucose and the activity of hepatic G-6-Pase, a simultaneous administration of either A. marmelos leaf (1.0 mg/kg), E. officinalis fruit( 30 mg/kg) and O. sanctum leaf (50 mg/kg) extracts, to hyperthyroidic animals decreased all these parameters. However, the effects were more pronounced, as nearly normal thyroid function and serum glucose concentration were exhibited when all three plant extracts were administered together. A decrease in LPO and a concomitant increase in SOD and the CAT activities indicated the safe and antiperoxidative nature of the plant extracts, administered either alone or in combination. Our findings reveal that the three test plant materials exhibit synergistic effects without any hepatotoxicity, suggesting their potential use in the amelioration of hyperthyroidism and/ or hyperglycaemia.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 1995

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) larvae of pre-metamorphic and early metamorphic stage were treated with different concentrations of triiodothyroxine $(T_3)\;and\; thyroxine\;(T_4)$ by immersion (0.02, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 ppm) for 11 days. Although $T_3$ was more potent than $T_4,\;both\;T_3\;and\;T_4$ accelerated the settlement time of fish larvae. Duration upto complete settlement in hormone-treated groups was significantly shorter than that in controls. Survival of hormone-treated groups at the pre-metamorphic stage decreased as hormone concentrations increased, however groups treated at the early metamorphic stage were not differ from control. Growth rates of groups treated with high concentration of hormone were slightly lower than that of control except 0.02ppm $T_4$ treated group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.551-556
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• 2002

We have experimentally evaluated the content of thyroid hormones (THs), the growth and activity of larval rockfish (Sebastes schiegeli) born from parturient mother fish injected with 20 $\mu$g/g BW of 3,5,3-triiodo-L-thyronine ($T_{3}$). There was no difference of L-thyroxine ($T_{4}$) levels between controls (sham control and control) and $T_{3}$ groups in yolk-sac larvae just born from broodstock, while $T_{3}$level of $T_{3}$ group was significantly increased compared with controls. In addition, the both larval $T_{3}$ and $T_{4}$ levels in $T_{3}$ group were always higher than those of control during experimental period. Also, there were significant differences in the development of larvae from the two groups. The larval growth in total length and body weight according to the elapsed days after parturition showed the linear and curve equations, respectively, and the slopes of $T_{3}$ group were significantly higher than those of control. The survival rate of larvae in $T_{3}$ group was higher than that of control. Although the survival rate in $T_{3}$ group under the condition of starvation was significantly depressed compared with the control, larval swimming index in $T_{3}$ group was higher than control. Finally, these findings suggest that the exogenous $T_{3}$ could be transferred into hatched larvae in parturient rockfish by maternal injection, and subsequently the exogenous hormone could play some roles on physiological metabolism of larvae after parturition and may confer a distinct advantage to the fragile larvae during the early developmental stage.