• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
• /
• 1993.05a
• /
• pp.105-105
• /
• 1993

Laryngeal cancer is the commonest of all head and neck malignancies and, in Korea, constitutes approximately 2.3% of all malignancies among males. Survival rate is rather higher than any other head and neck malignancies. Treatment results of 121 laryngeal cancer patients were analyzed. 1. Glottic region 44%, supraglottic 41%, subglottic 8%, transglottic 7%. 2. Rate of cervical metastasis according to T stage was 19% in T2 stage, 47% in T3 stage, 69% in T4 stage. 3. Overall 3-year NED survival rate was 65% and showed stage I 93%, stage II 76%, stage III 63%, stage IV 53%. 4. Glottic cancer showed much better prognosis(3-year NED 82%) than supraglottic cancer(3-year NED 58 %). 5. According to treatment modality, complication rates in surgery with postoperative radiation was higher than in surgery along and disproportionally higher in salvage surgery after failed curative radiation.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.35-51
• /
• 1986

The purpose of this study is to establish family life cycle of farm and to analyze changes of economic conditions-income, consumption expenditures, savings, assets, and debts-in farm household according to the family life cycle. Income, consumption expenditures, savings, assets, and debts functions are also estimated by age of household head. The data of Farm Household Economy Survey which was conducted in 1983 by Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is used in this study. Among total data of 2000, 1603 are analyzed for mean, percentage, and regression using CRISP Program at Office of Rural Development. The results of study can be summarized as follows; 1) Eight stages of family life cycle of farm are established according to the growth of the first child. They are: Establishment stage, Child bearing and preschool stage, Elementary school stage, Middle and high school stage, College and vocational adjustment stage, Period of children's marriage, Re-adjustment stage, and isorganizing stage. 2) The economic conditions of farm household are significantly fluctuated by family life cycle. Among the eight stages, stage Ⅱ is considered relatively comfortable living period and stage Ⅲ, Ⅳ are the most difficult periods of farm household economy. 3) The estimated functions of income, consumption expenditures, savings, assets, and debts by age of household head are as follows; Y(income) = 2, 354, 832+98,456T-1,036T2(F=11.746) C(consumption expenditures) = 81,876+154,976T-1,552T2 (F=37.272) S(savings) = 2,272,956+56,511T+516T2(F=4.262) D(debts) = 903,929+28,300T-438T2(F=3.339) A(assets) = 200,816+1,213,336T-12,930T2(F=21.069) To carry on a reasonable farm household management, a suitable measure to cope with the desire of family and the economic conditions of farm household should be prepared.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.182-185
• /
• 2003

Purpose: Preoperative staging of gastric cancer is crucial because the treatment modality and the prognosis depend upon the stage of gastric cancer. Current treatment modalities for early gastric cancer have focused on the quality of life. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and abdominal computed tomography (CT) are commonly used diagnostic tools to evaluate the invasiveness (T stage) of the primary tumor. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of preoperative EUS and CT in comparison with postoperative pathology. Materials and Methods: From October 2001 to October 2002, EUS and abdominal CT were performed simultaneously on 75 patients who underwent radical gastric surgery for the treatment of gastric cancer. Through analyzing the clinical T stage and the pathologic T stage, We evaluated the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of endoscopic ultrasonography and abdominal computed tomography. Results: The male-to-female sex ratio was 1 : 0.6 (males: 47, females: 28). The mean age was 55.4 years in males (range: $28\~81$) and 54.4 years in females (range: $23\∼77$). The clinical T stage based on EUS included 22 T1mm, 7 T1sm, 22 T2, and 24 T3. The clinical T stage based on CT included 20 Tx, 23 T2, and 32 T3. The permanent pathologic report confirmed 23 T1mm, 10 T1sm, 17 T2, 24 T3, and 1 T4. The sensitivity and specificity of EUS were $84.2\%\;and\;94.7\%$, respectively. However, the sensitivity and specificity of abdominal CT were $53.3\%\;and\;77.0\%$, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that EUS is a very useful diagnostic tool for evaluating the T stage of gastric cancer because EUS has higher specificity than abdominal CT. Therefore, EUS may have a significant role as a preoperative diagnostic modality in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.176-182
• /
• 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate dry matter productivity and nitrate nitrogen content in the growth stages of barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta) cultivated for feed, which was treated with different nitrogen fertilization levels. An early variety of barnyard millet (cv. Shirohie) was used for the test, and the different treatments with nitrogen fertilizer were as follows: 50% (N-40 kg/ha, T1), 100% (N-80 kg/ha, reference amount, T2), 150% (N-120 kg/ha, T3), 200% (N- 160 kg/ha, T4), 250% (N-200 kg/ha, T5), and 300% (N-240 kg/ha, T6). Sowing was done on May 13, 2021 and plants were harvested for four stage; vegetative stage, elongation stage, heading stage, and milk stage. The length of the millet increased significantly as the amount of nitrogen fertilization increased during the harvest period (p<0.05), but the difference was insignificant during the milk stage (p>0.05). Moreover, barnyard millet dry matter yield increased significantly as the levels of nitrogen fertilization increased (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in dry matter yield among nitrogen fertilization levels during the heading stage (p>0.05). Chlorophyll also was significantly higher in T5 (250%) at all harvesting times, whereas nitrate nitrogen content was highest at the vegetative stage, gradually decreased as growth progressed, and lowest at the milk stage. Finally, as the nitrogen fertilization levels increased, the nitrate nitrogen content was significantly higher in all treatment groups (p<0.05). Therefore, our results suggest that the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer levels is between 150%-200%, considering the dry matter yield, feed ingredients and nitrate nitrogen content in barnyard millet for feed.

• Smart Media Journal
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.126-133
• /
• 2020

The treatment policy and prognosis are determined based on the final stage of lung cancer patients. The final stage of lung cancer patients is determined based on the T, N, and M stage classification table provided by the American Cancer Society (AJCC). However, the final stage of AJCC has limitations in its use for various fields such as patient treatment, prognosis and survival days prediction. In this paper, clustering algorithm which is one of non-supervised learning algorithms was assessed in order to check whether using only T, N, M stages with a data science method is effective for classifying the group of patients in the aspect of survival days. The final stage groups and T, N, M stage clustering groups of lung cancer patients were compared by using the cox proportional hazard model. It is confirmed that the accuracy of prediction of survival days with only T, N, M stages becomes higher than the accuracy with the final stages of patients. Especially, the accuracy of prediction of survival days with clustering of T, N, M stages improves when more or less clusters are analyzed than the seven clusters which is same to the number of final stage of AJCC.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.598-608
• /
• 2023

Purpose: Lymph node (LN) metastasis is a crucial factor in the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC) and is known to occur more frequently in cases with an advanced T stage. This study aimed to analyze the survival data of patients with advanced LN metastasis in T1 GC. Materials and Methods: From January 2008 to June 2018, 677 patients with pathological stage II GC who underwent radical gastrectomy were divided into an early GC group (EG: T1N2 and T1N3a, n=103) and an advanced GC (AGC) group (AG: T2N1, T2N2, T3N0, T3N1, and T4aN0, n=574). Short- and long-term survival rates were compared between the 2 groups. Results: A total of 80.6% (n=83) of the patients in the EG group and 52.8% (n=303) in the AG group had stage IIA AGC. The extent of LN dissection, number of retrieved LNs, and short-term morbidity and mortality rates did not differ between the 2 groups. The 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) of all patients was 87.8% and the overall survival was 84.0%. RFS was lower in the EG group than in the AG group (82.2% vs. 88.7%, P=0.047). This difference was more pronounced among patients with stage IIA (82.4% vs. 92.9%, P=0.003). Conclusions: T1 GC with multiple LN metastases seems to have a worse prognosis compared to tumors with higher T-stages at the same level. Adjuvant chemotherapy is highly recommended for these patients, and future staging systems may require upstaging T1N2-stage tumors.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 1987

A retrospective investigation of 52 cases of carcinoma of the larynx, who underwent total laryngectomy $\bar{c}\;or\;\bar{s}$ neck dissection at Pusan National University Hospital from 1978 to 1985, was performed. The results obtained were as follows: 1) There were 32 glottic(62.7%), 18 supraglottic(35.3%) and 1 subglottic(2.0%) carcinoma. 2) In stage grouping, stage ill was the most(64.7%) and then stage II, stage IV, stage I in order. 3) Overall rate of cervical metastasis was 29.4%. In glottic carcinoma, 0% of $T_1,\;40%\;of\;T_2,\;18%\;of\;T_3\;and\;25%\;of\;T_4$. In supraglottic carcinoma, there was 0% of $T_1,\;29%\;of\;T_2,\;56%\;of\;T_3\;and\;50%\;of\;T_4$. 4) The incidence of postoperative complication was 31.4% and stomal stenosis was the most(13.7%) 5) There were 8 cases of local recurrence and 3 cases of distant metastasis(2 cases in lung, 1 case in esophagus) among 40 cases which were able to follow up. 6) 3 year estimated survival rate for glottic and supraglottic carcinoma were 73.3 % and 85.7% respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 2018

Purpose: We evaluated prognostic value of the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union for Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) staging system for nasopharyngeal cancer and investigated whether tumor volume/metabolic information refined prognostication of anatomy based staging system. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty-three patients with nasopharyngeal cancer who were staged with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) between 2004 and 2013 were reviewed. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate prognostic value of the 8th edition of the AJCC/UICC staging system and other factors including gross tumor volume and maximum standardized uptake value of primary tumor (GTV-T and SUV-T). Results: Median follow-up period was 63 months. In multivariate analysis for overall survival (OS), stage group (stage I-II vs. III-IVA) was the only significant prognostic factor. However, 5-year OS rates were not significantly different between stage I and II (100% vs. 96.2%), and between stage III and IVA (80.1% vs. 71.7%). Although SUV-T and GTV-T were not significant prognostic factors in multivariate analysis, those improved prognostication of stage group. The 5-year OS rates were significantly different between stage I-II, III-IV (SUV-T ≤ 16), and III-IV (SUV-T > 16) (97.2% vs. 78% vs. 53.8%), and between stage I, II-IV (GTV-T ≤ 33 mL), and II-IV (GTV-T > 33 mL) (100% vs. 87.3% vs. 66.7%). Conclusion: Current anatomy based staging system has limitations on prognostication for nasopharyngeal cancer despite the most accurate assessment of tumor extent by MRI. Tumor volume/metabolic information seem to improve prognostication of current anatomy based staging system, and further studies are needed to confirm its clinical significance.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 2003

Traditionally, patients with stage IIIB non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been con-sidered Inoperable due to the short-term survival rate of this disease. However, some recent papers have reported good surgical treatment results for T4 lesions in stage IIIB NSCLC. This study reports the results of stage IIIB NSCLC patients who underwent surgical treatment at our institute. Material and Method: This study includes 109 patients who were diagnosed with pathological stage IIIA lung cancer and 59 patients who were diagnosed with pathological stage IIIB at our institute between 1994 to December 2001. Patients who underwent neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy were excluded from this study. According to the TNM classification, 13 patients from stage IIIA were classified into T3N1, 12 into T1N2, 73 into T2N2 and 11 into T3N2. Stage IIIB patients consisted of 26 patients with T4N0, 18 with T4Nl, 14 with T4N2, and 1 with T4N3. Result: The 30-day mortality for stage IIIA and IIIB were 4.58% and 5.08% respectively. The overall survival rate at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th year were 69.1%, 53.7%, 41.6%, and 30.7% respectively in stage IIIA and 68.8%, 55.6%, 42.9%, and 35.9% respectively in stage IIIB. Patients with satellite nodules in the same lobe & no Iymph node involvement had a survival rate of 53.9% in 3 years compared with 15.2% in patients with satellite nodules in the same lobe with Iymph node involvement. Conclusion: Surgical treatment is recommended for selected stage IIIB NSCLC patients (pathological N0 stage & completely resectable patients), particularly for patients with satellite nodules in the same lobe & no lymph node involvement.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2004

Recently, there has been a growing tendency to use whole crop rice for feeds as there is an increased rice supply and a decrease in the demand for rice in Korea. Little information, however, is available about the management and utilization of whole crop rice for feeds. This study was conducted to decide the optimum harvest date through examining the plant height, dry matter(DM) yield and feed composition of whole crop rice harvested at different maturity. Field study was established early in May until October 7th on a rice field at Yupori, Sinbuk-yeup, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do. "Ilpum" mutant rice was sown at 52 kg/ha, and N, P and K were applied at 209, 113 and 81 kg/ha, respectively. The rice was harvested at six different mature stages for analysis; booting stage; 17 Aug., milk-ripe stage; 27 Aug., dough stage; 7 Sep., yellow ripe stage; 17 Sep., dead ripe stage; 27 Sep. and full ripe stage; 7 Oct. Plant height was 77 cm in booting stage (P<0.05) which was lower when compared to the other stages among which the heights did not differ with average range of 93∼97 cm. The highest dry matter yield was observed in yellow ripe stage (22.8 T/ha), which was followed by dead ripe stage (19.3 T/ha), full ripe stage (19.3 T/ha), and dough stage (15.1 T/ha). Crude protein (CP) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations consistently decreased with maturity. The highest concentrations of CP and NDF were obtained in booting stage with 9 and 73.6%, respectively (P<0.05), and lowest in full ripe stage with 5.8 and 64.6%, respectively (P<0.05). The concentration of total digestible nutrient (TDN) was highest in booting stage (59.7%); however no significant difference was found among other stages. The concentrations of Ca and P were not different among mature stages. According to these results, the yellow ripe period is appropriate to harvest the whole crop rice for forage considering dry matter yields, feed compositions and TDN concentrations.