• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.235-241
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune activation effect of Sasamsaengmaek-san (SSSMS) consisted of a mixture of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Liriope platyphylla, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Schisandra chinensis. in Balb/c mice. Measuring alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartic acid transaminase (AST) levels in Balb/c mice was performed to analyze the cytotoxicity. Cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12) which regulate the immune activation in Balb/c mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activated T lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), spleen, lymph nodes were analyzed by flow cytometry using percentages. All tests were compared with red ginseng 100 ㎍/mL (RG 100), which is the most used for immune activity. As a result, cytokine activity was significantly increased at SSSMS 300 group. Activated T lymphocytes in PBMC, spleen, lymph nodes were significantly increased at SSSMS 300 group. These results suggest that there is a possibility of SSSMS activating an immune system by activating the cytokines, and it is confirmed that SSSMS also effective for generation and differentiation of T, B lymphocytes which activate the immune response.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2004

Mercury is a widespread metal and consequently there are large populations that currently exposed to low levels of mercury. Endotoxin is a component of the gram-negative bacteria and promotes inflammatory responses. The present study was designed to determine the impact of mercury on lymphocytes phenotype populations and endotoxin-induced inflammatory cytokine expressions in immune organ, spleen and thymus. Male BALB/c mice were exposed continuously to 0, 0.3, 1.5, 7.5, or 37.5 ppm of mercuric chloride in drinking water for 14 days and at the end of the treatment period, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 2 h prior to euthanasia. The dose-range of mercury used did not cause hepatotoxicity. Mercury at 7.5 and 37.5 ppm dose-dependently decreased CD3$^{+}$ T lymphocytes in spleen; both CD4$^{+}$ and CD8$^{+}$ single positive lymphocyte populations were decreased. Exposure to 7.5 and 37.5 ppm of mercury decreased the CD8$^{+}$ T lymphocyte population in the thymus, whereas double positive CD4$^{+}$ / CD8$^{+}$ and CD4$^{+}$ thymocytes were not altered. Mercury altered LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine gene expressions such as, tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$, interferon ${\gamma}$, and interleukin-12 in spleen and thymus. Results indicated that decreases in T lymphocyte populations in immune organs and altered cytokine gene expression may contribute to the immune-modulative effects of inorganic mercury.ganic mercury.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1185-1191
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• 1992

Cell mediated immunity is depressed following surgical procedure and the degree of immunosuppression is directly related to the magintude of the procedure, blood transfusion, and length of operation. So we would expect cardiac operations to be highly immunosuppressive, although little is konwn about their immunosuppressive effect. The nearly complete consumption of complement factors and decreased levels of IgM and IgG resulting in an impaired opsonizing capacity. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts including T-and B-lymphocytes and T-cell subsets are reduced. Depression of cell-mediated immunity following open-heart surgery is potentially detrimental because it could increase the susceptability of patients to viral and bacterial infection. We reviewed 20 patients after cardiac operation to search for changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets. Lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometer and the preoperative values of lymphocyte subsets were compared with those from the first, fourth, and seventh days after operation. After cardiac operation, total mumbers of T lymphocyte was severely depressed on the first postoperative day and returned to the preoperative level by the seventh day after operation. CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes were decreased on the first postoperative day and returned to the preoperative level by the seventh day also. There was four cases of wound infection and these patients had increased CD4 lympocyte and more decreased CD19 lymphocyte compared with the non-infected group. It is concluded from these data that cell-mediated immunity is significantly depressed for at least one week following open-heart surgery and this result was closely related to the postoperative infection.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2011

In the present study, we investigated whether volatile organic compounds induce inflammatory response in human T lymphocytes by evaluating the alteration of inflammatory cytokines. Volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde, o-xylene, benzene, and hydroquinone have no cytotoxic effects on Jurkat T cells at a high concentration of 50 ${\mu}M$ for 48 h. IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ were increased after the treatment with volatile organic compounds, although alteration of cytokines is different among volatile organic compounds. LPS as a positive control increased the secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$. MCP-1 and CCL17 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, TARC) were weakly increased after the treatment with volatile organic compounds but the amount of the increased cytokine was below 20 pg/ml. These results suggest that the measurement of cytokine in Jurkat T cells may be used as a useful method for evaluating the toxicity of volatile organic compounds in immune response.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.491-493
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• 2002

Erythrodermic actinic reticuloid (EAR) is a photosensitive disorder characterized by dense lymphocytic infiltration in the sun-exposed areas and an increased number of atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. We have reported 2 patients with EAR with circulating atypical lymphocytes and photosensitivity to both ultraviolet (UV) B and A. Although no clonal proliferation of T-cells was observed in the peripheral blood, CD8+ cells were increased in number in an oligoclonal fashion. A number of proliferating CD8+ cells were small, but most cells expressed bcl-2. These findings suggest EAR is a photosensitivity dermatitis characterized by the overspill of oligoclonal CD8+ lymphocytes responsive to UV irradiation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.359-364
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• 1999

We investigated the pathological changes in young rabbits which were experimentally infected with rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Experimental infection of RHDV was carried out in both thymectomized and non-thymectomized young immature rabbits and adult rabbits. None of young rabbits infected with RHDV died during the experiment. Histologically, single or focal hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis with mild lymphocyte infiltration were observed in the rabbits killed at 30 hours and 5 days PI. Lymphocyte infiltration was more severe at 5 days PI than at 30 hours PI. RHDV antigens were mainly detected in the degenerating hepatocytes adjacent to the infiltrated lymphocytes at 30 hours PI and 5 days PI. In electron microscopical observation, infiltrated lymphocytes in the lesions had large nuclei without cytoplasmic granules and interdigitated with adjacent hepatocytes. It is assumed that infiltrated lymphocytes in hepatic lesions in RHDV infected young rabbits are T-lymphocytes and originate from peripheral lymphoid organs or tissues rather than from thymus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.55-62
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• 2003

The mucosal immune system provides a first line of defense against invasion of infectious agents via inhalation, ingestion and sexual contact. For the induction of protective immunity at these invasion sites, one must consider the use of the CMIS, which interconnects inductive tissues, including PP and NALT, and effector tissues of the intestinal, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. In order for the CMIS to induce maximal protective mucosal immunity, co-administration of mucosal adjuvant or use of mucosal antigen delivery vehicle has been shown to be essential. When vaccine antigen is administered via oral or nasal route, antigen-specific Th 1 and Th2 cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs) and IgA B cell responses are effectively induced by the CMIS. In the early stages of induction of mucosal immune response, the uptake of orally or nasally administered antigens is achieved through a unique set of antigen-sampling cells, M cells located in follicle-associated epithelium(FAE) of inductive sites. After successful uptake, the antigens are immediately processed and presented by the underlying DCs for the generation of antigen-specific T cells and IgA committed B cells. These antigen-specific lymphocytes are then home to the distant mucosal effector tissues for the induction of antigen-specific humoral(e.g., IgA) and cell-mediated (e.g., CTL and Th1) immune responses in order to form the first line of defense. Elucidation of the molecular/cellular characteristics of the immunological sequence of mucosal immune response beginning from the antigen sampling and processing/presentation by M cells and mucosal DCs followed by the effector phase with antigen-specific lymphocytes will greatly facilitate the design of a new generation of effective mucosal antigen-specific lymphocytes will greatly facilitate the design of a new generation of a new generation of effective mucosal adjuvants and of a vaccine deliver vehicle that maximizes the use of the CMIS.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1401-1406
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• 2011

Morphological changes in immune cells occur due to pathogen infection and natural circulation. T cells produce uropod, filopodia, lamellipodia, and microvilli for inflammation, immunosurvelliance, migration, and diapedesis. Short finger-like microvilli cover the surfaces of circulating mammalian immune cells. The surface features of monocytes and neutrophils are quite different, containing membrane ruffles as their predominant structure. In this study, we present the involvement of actin cytoskeleton regarding T lymphocyte microvilli. From analysis of scanning electron micrographs, Jurkat T lymphocyte microvilli was observed to rapidly disassemble when exposed to the actin-sequestering molecule, cytochalasin D. In contrast to cytochalasin D treatment, we found that median microvillar thickness was enlarged on Jurkat T lymphocytes treated with PMA via Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3 Kinase (LIMK) and cofilin signaling. In addition, actin cytoskeleton was involved in polarity formation in EL4 T lymphocytes. These results suggest that microvilli formation or polarity of T lymphocytes are involved in actin cytoskeleton dynamics.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.119-129
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• 2002

Although there are many reports on the splenic (systemic) T cell response after Toxoptasma gondii infection, little information is available regarding the local T cell responses of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and gut intraepithelial Iymphocytes (IEL) following peroral infection with bradyzoites. Mice were infected with 40 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, and then sacrificed at days 0, 1, 4, 7 and 10 postinfection (PI). The cellular composition and T cell responses of PEC and IEL were analyzed. The total number of PEC and IEL per mouse increased after infection, but the ratio of increase was higher in IEL. Lymphocytes were the major component of both PEC and IEL. The relative percentages of PEC macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils increased signiflcantly at day 1 and 4 PI, whereas those of IEL did not change significantly. The percentage of PEC NK1.1 and ${\gamma\delta}T$ cells peaked at day 4 PI (p < 0.0001), and CD4 and $CD8{\alpha}T$ cells increased continuously after infection. The percentages of IEL $CD8{\alpha}$ and ${\gamma\delta}T$ cells decreased slightly at first, and then increased. CD4 and NK1.1 T cells of IEL did not change significantly after infection. $IFN-{\gamma}-producing$ PEC NK1.1 T cells increased significantly from day 1 PI, but the other T cell subsets produced $IFN-{\gamma}$ abundantly thereafter. The proportion of IEL $IFN-{\gamma}-producing$ $CD8{\alpha}$ and ${\gamma\delta}T$ cells increased significantly after infection, while IEL NK1.1 T cells had similar $IFN-{\gamma}$ production patterns. Taken together, CD4 T cells were the major phenotype and the important $IFN-{\gamma}$ producing T cell subsets in PEC after oral infection with T. gondii whereas $CD8{\alpha}T$ cells had these roles in IEL. These results suggest that PEC and IEL comprise different cell differentials and T cell responses, and according to infection route these factors may contribute to the different cellular immune responses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.47.2-47.2
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• 2007

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