• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.42.1-42.10
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• 2020

Long-lasting post-switched plasma cells (PCs) arise mainly from germinal center (GC) reactions, but little is known about the mechanism by which GC B cells differentiate into PCs. Based on our observation that the expression of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EPBβ) is associated with the emergence of post-switched PCs, we enquired whether a cell-autonomous function of C/EPBβ is involved in the program for PC development. To address this, we generated C/EPBβ-deficient mice in which the Cebpb locus was specifically deleted in B cells after transcription of the Ig γ1 constant gene segment (Cγ1). In response to in vitro stimulation, B cells from these Cebpb^fl/flCγ1^Cre/+ mice had defects in the induction of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1) and the formation of IgG1⁺ PCs, but not in proliferation and survival. At steady state, the Cebpb^fl/flCγ1^Cre/+ mice had reduced serum IgG1 titers but normal IgG2c and IgM titers. Moreover, upon immunization with T-dependent Ag, the mice produced reduced levels of Ag-specific IgG1 Ab, and were defective in the production of Ag-specific IgG1 Ab-secreting cells. These results suggest that a cell-autonomous function of C/EPBβ is crucial for differentiation of post-switched GC B cells into PCs through a Blimp1-dependent pathway.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2015

Objective : The aim of this study was to explore the immunity in rats transplanted with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and acellular nerve (ACN) for repairing sciatic nerve defects. Methods : ADSCs were isolated from the adipose tissues of Wistar rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a sciatic nerve defect model and then divided into four groups, according to the following methods : Group A, allogenic nerve graft; Group B, allograft with ACN; Group C, allograft ADSCs+ACN, and Group D, nerve autograft. Results : At the day before transplantation and 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation, orbital venous blood of the Sprague-Dawley rats in each group was collected to detect the proportion of $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ subsets using flow cytometry and to determine the serum concentration of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At each postoperative time point, the proportion of $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ subsets and the serum concentration of IL-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in group C were all near to those in group B and group D, in which no statistically significant difference was observed. As compared with group A, the proportion of $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ subsets and the serum concentration of IL-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ were significantly reduced in group C (p<0.05). Conclusion : The artificial nerve established with ADSCs and ACN has no obvious allograft rejection for repairing rat nerve defects.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moderate physical exercise program on a number of immune parameters in middle school boys($15.07{\pm}0.39$ yrs). 14 volunteers were included in this physical exercise program. They were randomly assigned to an experiment(7) and a control(7) group. Measurements were taken before program, after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of aerobic exercise for immune parameters such as number of circulating leukocytes, concentration of WEC subsets, lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulins, complements, and number of blood adipose components. Aerobic exercise consisted of track running at a work intensity of 65% HRmax, $45{\sim}55$ min per day, 3 times per week, and for 8 weeks. The results are as follows; 1. There were no significant changes between and within groups in the number of circulating leukocytes and concentration of WEC subsets. 2. There were significant(p<.05) changes in concentration of B-cell between groups, and T-cell, helper T-cell, and B-cell within experimental group. 3. There were no significant changes between and within groups in concentration of complements. 4. There were significant(p<.05) changes in concentration of IgG between groups and within experimental group. 5. There were significant(p<.05) changes in concentration of TG between groups, and TG, HDL-C and LDL-C within experimental group. In conclusion, the moderate exercise training for 8 weeks can be beneficial on immune function and decrease the concentration of flood adipose components in adolescents.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.489-499
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• 2019

Subunit vaccines are safer and more stable than live vaccines although they have the disadvantage of eliciting poor immune response. To develop a subunit vaccine, an effective delivery system targeting the key elements of the protective immune response is a prerequisite. In this study, oxidized carbon nanospheres (OCNs) were used as a subunit vaccine delivery system and tuberculosis (TB) was chosen as a model disease. TB is among the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide and an effective vaccine is urgently needed. The ability of OCNs to deliver recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins, Ag85B and HspX, into bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and dendritic cells (BMDCs) was investigated. For immunization, OCNs were mixed with the two TB antigens as well as the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). The protective efficacy was analyzed in vaccinated mice by aerosol Mtb challenge with a virulent strain of Mtb and the bacterial burdens were measured. The results showed that OCNs are highly effective in delivering Mtb proteins into the cytosol of BMDMs and BMDCs. Upon immunization, this vaccine formula induced robust Th1 immune response characterized by cytokine profiles from restimulated splenocytes and specific antibody titer. More importantly, enhanced cytotoxic $CD8^+$ T cell activation was observed. However, it did not reduce the bacteria burden in the lung and spleen from the aerosol Mtb challenge. Taken together, OCNs are highly effective in delivering subunit protein vaccine and induce robust Th1 and $CD8^+$ T cell response. This vaccine delivery system is suitable for application in settings where cell-mediated immune response is needed.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.547-553
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 민방이나 한방에서 천연 약재로 많이 사용하고 있는 느릅나무 뿌리껍질(유근피)로부터 수용액 추출물을 분리하여 이 중 단백다당체를 분리하여 성분분석 및 단백다당체가 갖고 있는 면역활성에 의한 항암효과를 실험적으로 제시하였다. 느릅나무 추출물 당단백질의 화학적 조성을 보면 총당함량은 55.8∼72.1%였고, 총산성당 함량은 30.0∼30.5%, 총단백질 함량은 5.0∼6.1%으로 수용성 고분자이며, 50 내지 500 kDa 범위의 분자량을 나타내었다. 그리고, 단백다당체를 구성하는 주요 당성분으로는 글루크론산, 람노스아라비노스, 글루코스, 갈락토스 등이었다. 단백다당체의 면역활성 검정에 따르면 면역세포의 증식을 자극하는 mitogen 역할을 하며, 특히 T세포에 의한 면역증강 효과를 나타내었다 B16 흑색종 이식 마우스를 이용한 생체내 면역활성에 의한 항암효과를 조사한 결과 유의성 있는 항암효과를 나타내었으며, 느릅나무 추출물인 단백다당체가 3mg/kg 군에서 가장 강한 항암효과를 나타내어 용매대조군에 대해 약 140% 생존연장효과를 나타내었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune activation effect of Sasamsaengmaek-san (SSSMS) consisted of a mixture of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Liriope platyphylla, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Schisandra chinensis. in Balb/c mice. Measuring alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartic acid transaminase (AST) levels in Balb/c mice was performed to analyze the cytotoxicity. Cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12) which regulate the immune activation in Balb/c mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activated T lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), spleen, lymph nodes were analyzed by flow cytometry using percentages. All tests were compared with red ginseng 100 ㎍/mL (RG 100), which is the most used for immune activity. As a result, cytokine activity was significantly increased at SSSMS 300 group. Activated T lymphocytes in PBMC, spleen, lymph nodes were significantly increased at SSSMS 300 group. These results suggest that there is a possibility of SSSMS activating an immune system by activating the cytokines, and it is confirmed that SSSMS also effective for generation and differentiation of T, B lymphocytes which activate the immune response.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.175-179
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• 1992

돼지(n=22) 순환혈액내 단핵세포(PB-MNCs)중 T 및 B 림프구를 정량하고자 rosette 형성기법을 적용하였다. T 림프구는 여러 농도의 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide(Aet)나 dextran(Dex) 용액 또는 Aet와 Dex로 조합 처리된 면양(SRBC) 및 재래산양(GRBC)의 적혈구를 사용한 E-rosette 법으로, B 림프구는 erythrocyeantibody(EA) 및 erythrocyte-antibody-complement(EAC) rosette 법으로 각각 정량하였다. 한편 rosette 형성세포의 냉장정치시간에 따른 판독결과를 비교하여 적정판독시간대를 구명한 바 아래의 결과를 얻었다. 1. PB-MNCs와 SRBC/GRBC와의 자연 rosette형성을(RFR)은$ 32.9{\pm}7.9%/31.3{\pm}9.4%$인데 비하여 Aet 또는 Dex 처리군에서는 모두 증가되었고 특히 0.15M Aet$(40.2{\pm}4.6%/37.0{\pm}3.3%)$ 및 8% Dex$(71.5{\pm}4.5%/69.9{\pm}5.8%)$ 처리군에서 각각 높게 나타났다. 한편 0.1M Aet처리후 8% Dex 첨가군에서는 $67.8{\pm}7.4%$ 및 $69.8{\pm}8.5%$로 나타나 복잡한 Aet와 Dex를 복합처리하기 보다는 8% Dex 단독처리가 간편함을 알 수 있었다. 2. Rosette 형성세포의 냉장보관중 최적판독시간대는 10~20시간의 범위이었다. 3. EA 및 EAC의 RFR은 SRBC의 경우 $39.1{\pm}10.2%$, $27.6{\pm}7.0%$, GRBC의 경우 $32.6{\pm}6.1%$, $21.0{\pm}3.2%$로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 돼지 PB-MNCs내의 T 및 B 림프구를 rosette 형성법으로 분리할 수 있으며 rosette assay에서 SRBC 뿐아니라 GRBC의 이용이 가능함을 제시한다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.211-222
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• 1996

수태기간중 태아가 모체에 의해 면역학적으로 거부반응을 일으키지 않고 동종이식 상태로 유지되는 기작을 밝히는 연구의 일환으로 C3H/HeJ계의 암컷 생쥐와 DBA/2계의 수컷 생쥐를 교배하여 모체에서 발생되는 체계적인 면역기능 및 국소적 면역기능현상에 대하여 연구하고자 수태기 간별로 비 장 및 자궁으로 들어가는 림프절에서 T세포 및 B세포의 아형을 측정하였고 자연살해 세포의 활성도를 측정하였다. 또한 수태혈청 및 수태성 호르몬이 자연살해세포의 활성도에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 각 수태기간별로 비장세포에 있어서 T세포와 B세포의 아형을 관찰한 결과, Thy-1.2$^{+}$세포는 수태기간중 중기 이후에 감소하기 시작하여 수태 4기에는 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였으며 수태말기에는 회복하였다. L3T4$^{+}$세포도 Thy-1.2$^{+}$ 세포와 비교하여 비슷한 경향으로 감소 또는 증가하였다. Ly2$^{+}$세포는 수태중기 이후부터 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였으며 B세포는 수태중기 이후부터 수태말기까지 계속 증가하였다. 비장에 있어서 자연살해세포의 세포독성은 수태 5일에서 수태 8일 사이에 가장 증가하였으며 그 이후는 대조군 수준으로 감소하였다. 정상혈청 및 수태혈청의 자연살해세포의 세포독성에 대한 영향을 수태시기별로 조사한 결과, 정상혈청과 수태혈청 모두 자연살해세포의 세포독성을 유의하게 억제하였으며, Progesterone은 시험관내실험과 생체내 실험 모두 약리적인 농도이상에서 농도에 의존적으로 자연살해세포의 세포독성을 증가시켰으며, HCG는 5 unit/ml에서 5000 unit/ml까지 처리농도에 비례하여 자연살해세포의 세포독성을 억제하였다. 자궁으로 들어가는 림프절에서 T세포의 아형은 Thy-1.2$^{+}$세포는 수태 2기부터 증가하여 대조군에 보다 유의하게 증가하였으며, L3T4$^{+}$세포의 유의한 변화없이 Ly2$^{+}$세포가 수태 2기 이후부터 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였고 분만 직전에는 조금 감소하였다. 자궁으로 들어가는 림프절에서의 자연살해세포의 세포독성은 착상직후 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였으며, 수태중기와 수태후기에도 대조군에 비하여 세포독성이 증가하였으며, 같은 시기의 비장세포의 자연살해세포의 세포독성보다 높게 나타났다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2008

Background: A co-inhibitory molecule, B7-H4, is believed to negatively regulate T cell immunity by suppressing T cell proliferation and inhibiting cytokine production. However, the mechanism behind B7-H4-mediated tolerance remains unclear. Methods: Balb/c $(H-2^d)$ mice were fed with dendritic cell line, DC2.4 $(H-2^d)$ every day for 10 days. Meantime, mice were hydrodynamically injected with recombinant plasmid expressing B7-H4 fusion protein (B7-H4.hFc) or hFc via tail vein. One day after last feeding, mice were immunized with allogeneic B6 spleen cells. 14 days following immunization, mice were challenged with B6 spleen cells to ear back and the ear swelling was determined the next day. Subsequently, a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was also performed and cytokines profiles from the reaction were examined by sandwich ELISA. Frequency of immunosuppressive cell population was assayed with flow cytometry and mRNA for FoxP3 was determined by RT-PCR. Results: Tolerant mice given plasmid expressing B7-H4.hFc showed a significant reduction in ear swelling compared to control mice. In addition, T cells from mice given B7-H4.hFc plasmid revealed a significant hyporesponsiveness of T cells against allogeneic spleen cells and showed a significant decrease in Th1 and Th2 cytokines such as IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-5, and TNF-${\alpha}$. Interestingly, flow cytometric analysis showed that the frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs in spleen was increased in tolerant mice given recombinant B7-H4.hFc plasmid compared to control group. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that B7-H4 synergistically potentiates oral tolerance induced by allogeneic cells by increasing the frequency of FoxP3+ CD4+CD25+ Treg and reducing Th1 and Th2 cytokine production.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.92-95
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• 2000

The HIV-1 p24(202-221) sequence ETINNEEEWDRVHPV HAGP contains a B-cell epitope with the earliest immune response and the highest antibody titer against anti-mouse sera obtained by immunization with p24 antigens. A novel mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) was generated against the immunodominant B-cell epitope of the HIV-1 p24 capsid protein, p24(202-221). BALB/c mice were immunized with the four branched multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) containing the HIV-1p24(202-221) sequence, and antibody-secreting hybridoma were produced by fusion of mouse splenocytes with P3X63Ag8.653, mouse myeloma cells. One clone which produced the antigen-specific mAb named KI-24 (Isotype IgG1, light chain: ${\kappa}$) was identified. mAb KI-24 was highly specific for both the p24(202-221) and p24 proteins when analyzed by ELISA and Western blotting. Since p24(202-221) also contains a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope, this specfic peptide epitope and the monoclonal antibody with specific reactivity against the p24 protein and p24(202-221) can be used in peptide vaccine development and p24 antigen detection from HIV patients.