• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1425-1431
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• 2015

The lymphocyte component of the immune system is divided into B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce antibodies (humoral immunity) via maturation into plasma cells, and T lymphocytes kill other cells or organisms (cellular immunity). A traditional immunological paradigm is that B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte interactions are a one-way phenomenon, with T lymphocytes helping to induce the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin class-switched plasma cells. A deficiency of T lymphocytes was reported to result in defective B lymphocyte function. However, evidence for a reciprocal interaction between B and T lymphocytes is emerging, with B lymphocytes influencing the differentiation and effector function of T lymphocytes. For example, B lymphocytes have been shown to induce direct tolerance of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and induce T lymphocytes anergy via transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production. The present study showed that LPS-stimulated B lymphocytes inhibited the differentiation of Th1 lymphocytes by inhibiting the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) from dendritic cells. An interaction between the B lymphocytes and dendritic cells was not needed for this inhibition, and the B lymphocytes did not alter dendritic cell maturation. B lymphocyte-derived soluble factor (BDSF) suppressed the LPS-induced IL-12p35 transcription in the dendritic cells. Overall, these results point to a novel B lymphocyte- mediated immune suppressive mechanism. The findings cast doubt on the traditional paradigm of immunological interactions involving B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte interactions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.686-692
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• 2015

Cancer is subject to dynamic interactions between contrary immune reactions that drive both tumor growth and suppression. Forkhead box p3 positive T cells (Foxp3 positive T cells) might support tumor promotion, while CD8 positive T cells might protect the host. The present study examined the distributions of CD8- and Foxp3-positive T cells and CD8 positive T cells/ Foxp3 positive T cells ratio in skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its precancerous lesions; it also compared this with data for basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Iimmunohistochemical staining for CD8 and Foxp3 was conducted in 20 cases of SCC, Bowen's disease (BD), actinic keratosis (AK) and BCC. The BD and SCC cases exhibited significantly increased numbers of both CD8- and Foxp3-positive T cells in their advancing regions compared with the AK and BCC cases, and the BD cases exhibited significantly lower CD8 positive T cells / Foxp3 positive T cells ratio in these regions than did the AK and BCC cases. There was no significant difference in both T cells and the ratio between BD and SCC. The degree of both T cells infiltration differed between the advancing and central areas in SCC and BCC. Immune micro-environments differ between cutaneous squamous cell tumors and BCC and differ as well among tumor compartments.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.146-150
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• 1998

소 림프구내의 Theileria sergenti감염을 확인하기 위하여 T. sergenti감염혈액에서 림프구를 분리한 후 중합효소연쇄반웅을 실시하였다. 또한,분리한 림프구내의 T. sergenti감 염을 증명하기 위하여 IFA test와 acridine orange stain을 실시하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 성적을 얻을 수 있었다. T. sergenti 감염헐액의 전혈과 림프구를 각각 생리식염수로 2배율 연 속회석하여 중합효소연쇄반응을 실시한 결과, 림프구내에서는 1,024배 회석배율까지 T. sergenti의 genomic DNA가 중폭되었으며, 전혈내에서는 256배 회석배율까지 증폭되었다. 그리 고 중합효소연쇄반응으로 T. sergenti 감염이 확인된 림프구를 이용하여 IFA test와 acridine orange 염색을 실시한 결과, 림프구내에 T. sergenti가 존재하는 것을 증명할 수있었다. 한편, 중합효소연쇄반응을 이용한 림프구내의 T. sergenti 감염의 진단 유용성을 확인하기 위하여 전 북지역에서 사육중인 소 16두를 대상으로 이들의 혈액으로 PCR 증폭을 실시하였다. 그 결과 전혈에서 genomic DNA를 취한 경우에는 3두(18.8%)만이, 그리고 림프구에서 genomic DNA를 취한 경우에는 11두(68.8%)의 소에서 T. sergenti DNA의 증폭을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1997

Toxoplasmn gonnii, an intracellular protozoan infecting many kinds of eukaryotic cells, has been used to experimentally infect macrophages, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and various cancer cells, but rarely T and B Iymphocytes or granulocytes. The present study was performed to determine the susceptibility of murine (BALB/c or CBA) splenic T and B llrnphocytes, and granulocytes to infection trio T. gondii RH tachyzoites. The ultrastructure of the infected host cells was observed by TEM, and the degree of intracellular parasite proliferation was quantified using 3H-uracil uptake assay. At 24 hrs post-culture, the host cell cytoplasm was found to contain 1 or 2, or a maximum of 7-8 tachyzoites. Infected T Iymphocytes demonstrated a peripherally displaced nucleus, a parasitophorous vacuole enveloping the parasite, and an increased number of mitochondria. In B Iymphocytes infected with tachyzoites, RER was not well developed compared to uninfected B Iymphocytes. Uninfected granulocytes contained many electron dense granules, but T. gondii-infected granulocytes demonstrated a decreased number of granules. Based on the 3H-uracil uptake assay. the susceptibility of T and B Iymphocytes, and granulocytes, to infection with T. gonnii tachyzoites was fairly high irrespective of cell type and strain of mouse. This strongly suggests deterioration in the functioning of infected host immune cells.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 1996

Purpose : To evaluate the changes of differential counts and lymphocyte subsets in cancer patients' leukocyte before and after radiotherapy. Materials and Methods : From Dec. 1994 to Mar 1995, the changes of leukocyte and its subsets in 16 patients who received radiotherapy in the Dept. of Radiation Oncology of Dong-A University Hospital were investigated. Radiation was delivered from 2700 cGy to 6660 cGy with median dose of 5400 cGy. The results of pre- and Post-radiotherapy were analyzed by paired T-test. The results of patients Who received < 50 Gy and $\geq$ 50 Gy were analyzed by Wilcoxon test. Results : Before and after radiotherapy, there was not any significant differences in the counts of leukocyte, granulocyte and monocyte. A remarkable decrease was noted in lymphocyte counts after radiotherapy(p=0.015). T cells, B cells and natural killer cells were also decreased in number after radiotherapy but it was not significant statistically. 1 helper cells and T suppressor cells were also decreased in number(p>0.05). The ratio of T helper/suppressor cell was decreased from 1.52 to 1, 11 and it was significant statistically(p=0.016). The portion of T suppressor cell among all T cells was increased after radiotherapy (p=0.0195). No significant difference was observed in the analysis of leukocyte and its subsets between patients who received < 50 Gy and $\geq$ 50 Gy, Conclusion : Radiotherapy caused remarkable decrease in lymphocyte count and its subsets. Among all lymphocyte subsets, T helper cell might be the most vulnerable to radiation, considering decreased ratio of T helper/suppressor cell count after radiotherapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2009

SLE 등의 자가면역질환 병인론에 있어서 $CD4^+$ T 조력 림프구 (T helper cell)의 기능과 항상성 조절의 이상이 중요하다는 것은 알려진 사실이지만 $CD4^+$ T 조력 림프구 (T helper cell)의 발달과 기능에 대한 성호르몬의 정확한 역할에 대하여는 아직 확립되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 에스트로겐의 $CD4^+$ T 림프구에 대한 여러 방면의 작용에 대한 결과는 에스트로겐 매개 신호가 전달되는 정황에 매우 의존적이라고 할 수 있으며, 또한 에스트로겐이 B 림프구와 항원발현세포들 같이 T 림프구 기능을 변화시킬 수 있는 다른 분획 세포들의 기능에 대해서도 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 사실을 고려한다면, 에스트로겐이 $CD4^+$ T 림프구매개반응에 미치는 작용은 매우 복잡하다고 할 수 있다. 현재로선 이런 과정들과 관련된 에스트로겐의 정확한 기전에 대한 연구 성과는 현재로선 아직걸음마 단계에 지나지 않는다고 볼 수 있다. 일부 분자학적 표적들의 발견에도 불구하고 ER-$\alpha$와 ER-$\beta$, 또는 이런 표적들의 조절에 대한 유전자적 또는 비유전자적 경로의 상대적 역할에 대해서는 현재로선 알려진 바가 많지 않은 것 또한 사실이며, T 림프구 자체의 미세 환경과 ER 매개 전사반응에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 방법 역시 아직까진 알려진 바가 없다. 따라서 에스트로겐의 $CD4^+$ T 림프구에 대한 다각적 영향을 규명하는 데 있어 이런 경로들에 대한 보다 체계적이고 상세한 연구가 반드시 필요하다. 최근 골다공증의 병인에 있어 에스트로겐에 의한 TNF 및 RANK-RANKL계 억제에 대해 연구가 심도 있게 진행됨으로써 결과적으로 다른 시토카인과 면역세포들에 대한 영향이 간접적으로 규명되고 있는 점은 매우 고무적인 현상이라고 여겨진다. 이러한 연구들은 추후 에스트로겐의 면역 및 염증체계에 대한 특징적 작용을 규명하는데 있어서 밑거름이 될 수 있을 것이다. 나아가 호르몬 자체, 또는 SERM 같은 준호르몬제제들이 면역계에 미치는 영향을 분자학적으로 규명함으로써 향후 이러한 지식들이 또한 류마티스성 자가면역질환이나 만성염증성질환, 또는 전신성 감염질환에 있어 면역글로불린이나 기타 다른 기존 치료 약제들을 대체 보완할 수 있는 호르몬 치료로 이어질 수 있는 결정적인 단서를 제공할 수 있을 것이라 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 2011

T cells play a key role in viral infection. However, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, HCV-specific T cells are dysfunctional and impaired in the liver, which is the primary site for HCV replication. There are multiple potential mechanisms for HCV-specific T cell dysfunction including induction of immune inhibitory pathways (program death-1; PD-1, cytotoxic t lymphocyte associated antigen-4; CTLA-4) and immune tolerance induced specific for the liver. However, the interaction between hepatocytes and HCV-specific CD8 T cells has not clearly established. In this study, we confirmed huh (human hepatoma) 7.5 cells expressing HLA (human leukocyte antigen) A2 presented antigen to activate HCV-specific CD8 T cells in HLA A2-restricted manner and expression of PD-L (program death ligand) 1 on huh7.5 cells reduced HCV-specific CD8 T cell activation, suggesting an immune modulatory activity. Loss of HCV-specific tetramer responses following antigenic stimulation correlated with increased caspase-3 activity. In addition, PD-L1 on huh7.5 cells rescued HCV-specific CD8 T cells from apoptosis. Our results suggest that the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1 can recover the function of HCV-specific CD8 T cells in the liver, which could be applied in therapy of HCV chronic infection.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 1998

Cyclosporin A(CsA) is a selective immunosuppressive agent that has been credited with improved survival of solid organ allografts. Lymph node of BALB/C mouse administered CsA immunohistochemically observed to understand immunosuppressive effects of CsA on T lymphocytes, IL-2 receptors, and natural killer NK cells in lymph node. CsA orally administered daily for 10days at the dose 45mg/kg/day/. The lymph node were obtained at day 3, 7, and 14 after CsA administration and embedded with paraffin, and then stained by following ABC method that used monoclonal antibody including L3T4(CD4), Ly2(CD8), IL-2R(CD25), and NK-1.1(CD56). There were little changes of reactive degree and number of helper T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, IL-2 receptors, and NK cells at day 3 after CsA administration, but they began to decrease at day 7. These decrease were greatest at day 14. The helper T lymphocytes. cytotoxic T lymphocytes, IL-2 receptors, and NK cells distributed in paracortex and medullary sinus. These results indicated that the secretion of IL-2 began to decrease at day 7 after CsA administration and subsequently to suppress T lymphocytes and NK cell as components of cell-mediated immunity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.484-488
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• 1994

Background : The antigen-specific receptor on the surface of most peripheral T lymphocytes is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ subunits, noncovalently associated with CD3 polypeptides. Recently, a novel type of CD3-associated heterodimer was described on a T cell subset that does not express CD4 or CD8 molecules. This second type of TCR dimer is composed of chains encoded for by the $\gamma$- and $\delta$-TCR genes. These cells may exert both cytotoxic and lymphokine producing functions. Although it was reported that some ${\gamma}{\delta}$-TCR might recognize an MHC-linked determinant, the funεtion or physiologic ligand for this new receptor is not yet clear. It was found that ${\gamma}{\delta}$-TCR can react with 65 kD heat shock protein of M. tuberculosis, which suggests the possible protective role of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T lymphocytes against tuberculosis. In our previous study, there was neither the increase in number nor the functional activation of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in the peripheral blood from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Now we report the distribution of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in the regional sites of M. tuberculosis infection, especial1y tuberculous lymphadenitis. Methods : Lymph nodes from patients with pathologically-proven tuberculous lymphadenopathy (n=5) and reactive hyperplasia (n=3) were used. Tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after removal and stored below $-70^{\circ}C$. The cryostat sections of these frozen specimens were stained with anti-Leu-4 Ab, Identi-T TCR ${\delta}1$, and Identi-T ${\beta}F1$. The number of positively stained cells were counted at high power field. Results : The infiltration of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells was significantly higher in the lymph nodes from patients with tuberculous lymphadenopathy than that with reactive hyperplasia ($16.3{\pm}10.3%$ vs. $1.7{\pm}1.5%$). Conclusion : These results suggest that ${\gamma}{\delta}$) T cells may play a role in the defense against M. tuberculosis infection, especially in the regional sites of infection.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1998

Lymph node tissues of BALB/C mouse treated with DNCB were immunohistochemically observed to investigate the activation of cell mediated immunity in lymph node of murine with allergic contact dermatitis. The inguinal region of BALB/C mice were sensitized by one application of $25{\mu}l$ of 5% 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) onto an abdominal skin and 2 weeks later, the mice were challenged with $4{\mu}l$ of 2.5% DNCB. The inguinal lymph node were obtained at hour 24, 48, and 72 after 2nd DNCB treatment and embedded with paraffin, and then stained by following ABC method that used monoclonal antibody including L3T4(CD4), Ly2(CD8), IL-2R(CD25). The distribution of helper T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and IL-2 receptors began to increase at hour 24 after after 2nd DNCB treatment and these increase appeared in paracortical area and medullary sinius. These increase were greatest at hour 48. These results indicated that the IL-2 secretion began to increase by activation of helper T lymphocytes in lymph node of DNCB re-exposure area and subsequently to activate suppress T lymphocytes.