• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.124-132
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• 1993

In order to examine the effect of anisotropy and stress ratio on fatigue crack propagation rate and opening-closing behavior and also arrest behavior by single tension peak overload, the fatigue tests of constant amplitude atress and single tension peak overload adding to cycle of constant amplitude were carried out in stress ratio of -0.4, -0.2, and 0.4 with materials of T-L and L-T directions in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy plate. Crack opening-closing begavior were measured by the compliance method using COD gage and strain gage. In case of the crack opening-closing behavior was measured by strain gage, the effect of stress ratio is unchangeable. But in the case of COD gage, that is remarkably decreased. Fictitious effective stress intensity factor(U sub(f)) and effective stress intensity factor ratio(U) in L-T direction was higher than those in T-L direction and also threshold arrest overload ratio incrased as stress ratio decreased and that of T-L direction was higher than that in L-T direction.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.846-850
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• 2006

The biological nutrient removal from domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio is difficult. Therefore, this study was performed to increase influent C/N ratio by ammonia stripping without required carbon source and for improving treatment efficiencies of sewerage by the combination process of ammonia stripping and BNR (StripBNR). The results of this study were summarized as follows. BOD removal efficiencies of BNR and StripBNR were 95.3% and 93.2%, respectively. T-N and T-P removal efficiencies of BNR were 53.3% and 40.8%, respectively. T-N and T-P removal efficiencies of StripBNR were 72.8% and 62.9%, respectively. Concentrations of $NH_3-N$, $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$ at BNR effluent were 0.03 mg/L, 0.08 mg/L and 9.12 mg/L, respectively. On the other hands, concentrations of $NH_3-N$, $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$ at StripBNR effluent were 5.79 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L and 0.14 mg/L, respectively. Consequently, influent C/N ratio of BNR process was increased by ammonia stripping. Removal efficiency of T-N and T-P was improved about 20% by the process of StripBNR.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1998

In this research, Effect of C/N ratio on nutrient removal in intermittently aerated activated sludge system(IAASS) was investigated with dormitary, building and swine wastewater. Three types (2-stage, 4-stage, modified) of IAASS were operated. Time interval of aeration/nonaeration in IAASS was 1hr/1hr. In treatment of Dormitary wastewater(BOD/T-N ratio : 4.4), Building wastewater (BOD/T-N ratio : 3.14) and swine wastewater(BOD/T-N ratio : 3.84), Nitrogen removal efficiency of 80, 70 and 90.4% was achieved, respectively. Nitrogen removal in IAASS was a great influenced on influent C/N ratio, efficient nitrogen removal was achieved at BOD/T-N ratio over 4. In IAASS operation, $\Delta $BOD mg/L/$\Delta $ nitrogen mg/L ratio was about 4-6. Simultaneous removal of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus in IAASS can achieved. And influent organic was efficiently utilized in denitrification. IAASS could be one of the best alternative process for the retrofit of conventional activated sludge system for the removal of nutrients.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.199-207
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• 1996

This experiment was canied out to determine the effects of seeding method and seeding ratio in mixed cropping of forage rye and red clover on dry matter yield, nutritional yield and chemical characteristics of soil. The main treatment was two seeding methods(drilling and broadcasting) and the sub treatment was six seeding ratios between rye and red clover(T1; 150kg : 0 kg/ha, T2; 120 : 3, T3; 90 : 6, T4; 60 : 9, T5; 30 : 12, T6; 0 : 15). The experiment was performed at the College of Natural Science of Kon-Kuk University in Chungju in 1992. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Protein content was increased by increasing the seeding ratio of red clover, but content of NDF and ADF were decreased. 2. The seeding method did not affects significantly the dry matter yield, but broadcasting showed higher dry matter yield than drilling in the same seeding ratio. Especially, T3 of broadcasting was the highest yield of 13, 172 kg/ha The T3 of broadcasting and T4 of drilling showed hlghly crude protein yield of 1, 268 kgha and 1, 252 kg/ha, respectively. 3. Comparing the each seeding ratio of two seeding method, total nitrogen yield of shoot and root of drilling were higher than broadcasting. Especially, T2 and T4 of drilling were the highest in total nitrogen yield. 4. There were more increase in organic matter and nitrogen contents but decrease in K, Ca of soil by increasing the seeding ratio of red clover than soil before experiment. In the seeding methods, broadcasting was an effect of soil improvement.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2010

골다공증 환자를 대상으로 이중 에너지 X선 흡수(DEXA) 방법을 이용한 골밀도 영상에서는 T-score를 측정하고 자기공명영상 기법 중 확산강조영상에서는 신호대 잡음비와 현성 확산 계수를 측정한 다음 T-score변화에 따라 신호대 잡음비와 현성 확산 계수가 어떻게 변화하는지 알아보았다. 골다공증이 없는 건강한 사람 30명과 2009년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지 허리 통증으로 내원한 환자 중 단순 방사선 촬영에서 골다공증 소견이 보이는 환자 30명을 대상으로 Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)를 이용하여 척추 L1-L4부위의 T-score를 측정 후 각각의 척추에 대해서 골감소증, 골다공증으로 분류하였다. 1.5T MR scanner를 이용하여 b value를 $400\;s/mm^2$으로 획득한 확산강조영상에서는 L1-L4 네 부위에서 신호 강도(signal intensity)측정을 하였고 현성 확산 계수(apparent diffusion coefficient; ADC) map 영상에서는 현성 확산 계수를 측정하였다. 정량적 분석방법으로 관심영역의 T-score와 신호대 잡음비(signal to noise ratio)와 ADC를 구하고 평균화 하여 관심영역에서 T-score변화에 따른 신호대 잡음비와 현성확산계수의 변화를 비교하였고 T-score에 의해 골감소증, 골다공증으로 분류하여 그룹별로 신호대 잡음비와 현성확산계수의 변화도 비교하였다. 정성적인 분석방법은 육안적으로 건강한 그룹과 골감소증, 골다공증그룹의 T1강조 시상면 영상에서 요추체중 L4 부위에서의 신호강도 차이를 알아보았다. 정량적 분석에서 골감소증 그룹과 골다공증그룹은 T-score가 감소함에 따라 확산강조영상에서의 신호대 잡음비가 감소하여 나타났으며 골다공증 그룹에서 신호대 잡음비가 가장 크게 감소하였다. ADC map영상에서는 골감소증그룹과 골다공증 그룹은 T-score가 감소함에 따라 현성 확산 계수는 감소해서 나타났고 건강한 그룹과 골감소증 및 골다공증 그룹의 경우 현성 확산 계수 차이는 골다공증 그룹에서 현성 확산 계수가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 정성적 분석에서는 건강한 그룹과 골감소증 및 골다공증 그룹에서 L4 부위의 신호강도는 건강한 그룹에서 가장 낮게 나타났고 골다공증그룹에서 높게 나타났다. 골다공증이 진행 될수록 신호대 잡음비와 현성 확산계수는 감소하고 T1강조 영상에서는 신호강도가 증가 하는 결과를 얻었고 자기공명검사가 골다공증 진단에 유용함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.200-207
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• 2010

The sewage treatment plants to be built to improve the water quality of the Mankyung River will total 11, of which combined capacity will reach $39,850m^3/day$, and saying in detail, 5 at Gunsan city, 2 at Iksan city, 1 at Kimje city and 3 at Wanju gun, The scenario for water quality improvement was developed, considering the conditions of plant operation ratio and the accomplishment of the water quality target (BOD 4.4 mg/L, T-P 0.356 mg/L) at the end of the watershed of Mankyung B was predicted, making use of QUAL2E model. As a result of prediction using QUAL2E model based on scenarios with 70% and 100% of operation ratio, respectively, at 11 plants in 2010, the water quality at the watershed of Mankyung B was estimated at 4.322 mg/L which was lower than the target of BOD 4.4 mg/L, indicating the target water quality was achieved, when it comes to 70% of operation ratio, But in case of T-P, it was estimated at 0.565 mg/L, which was higher than the target. When it comes to 100% of operation ratio, T-P also was 0.563 mg/L which exceeded the target, 0.356 mg/L. As indicated above, the effect of water quality improvement appeared very insignificant, which was attributable to the limit of small scale sewage treatment plant in total reduction capacity. Hence, the measures for additional reduction in a bid to achieve the target water quality of T-P at the designated location need to be taken, and the measures to build the Sewage treatment facilities at the place where the pollution is significantly caused by T-P appeared to be required as well.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.87-98
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• 1995

When the crack in orthotropic material is propagating under dynamic model I load, influences of anisotropic property ratio $E_{L}$/ $E_{T}$ on stress and displacement around propagating crack tip are studied in this paper. When M<0.55 and .alpha.=90.deg.(.alpha.; the angle of fiber direction with crack propagating direction, M; crack propagation velocity/shear stress wave velocity), the influence of $E_{L}$/ $E_{T}$ on stress .sigma.$_{x}$, .sigma.$_{y}$, .tau.$_{xy}$ and .sigma.$_{\theta}$ is the greast on .sigma.$_{y}$. Except M<0.55 and .alpha.=90.deg., it is the greast on .sigma.$_{x}$ in any situation. Increasing $E_{L}$/ $E_{T}$, stress components are increased or decreased. When maximum stress is based, the stress .sigma.$_{x}$(.alpha.=90.deg.), .sigma.$_{y}$(.alpha.=0.deg.) and .tau.$_{xy}$ (.alpha.=90.deg.) are decreased with increment of $E_{L}$/ $E_{T}$ in M=0. any stresses except .sigma.$_{*}$x/(.alpha.=0.deg.) are decreased with increment of $E_{L}$/ $E_{T}$ in M=0.9. When .alpha.=90.deg., the influence of $E_{L}$/ $E_{T}$ on displacement U and V is V>U in any velocities of crack propagation, when .alpha.=0.deg., it is VU in M>0.75 and when $E_{L}$/ $E_{T}$ is increased, U and V are decreased in any conditions.sed in any conditions.tions.tions.tions.