• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 1999

오하이오 중부에서 풍속이 0.5m.s$^{-1}$인 경우는 매우 드물었으며, 5년 평균 풍속은 약 2.5 m.s$^{-1}$인 것으로 나타났다. 최고 기온이 35t인 오하이오주의 대표적인 여름에 온실 내의 여섯 곳에서 측정된 기온의 최대범위는 1.7$^{\circ}C$, 온실 내외 기온의 최대차는 3.5$^{\circ}C$인 것으로 나타났다. CFD 모델에서의 온도 분포를 분석한 결과, 온실의 환기 회수가 0.9 회/분 이상일 때 실내 공기가 외부 기온을 2.8$^{\circ}C$이상 초과하는 경우는 없었던 것으로 예측되었다. 풍향과 풍속에 따라서 각각의 환기구들의 효율성이 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 환기창을 통해 유입되는 강한 바람에 의하여 발생하는 공기의 소용돌이들은 지붕창들의 효율성에 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 예측되었다. CFD model은 서쪽에서와 동쪽에서 불어오는 바람이 각각 2.1 m.s$^{-1}$와 3.5 m.s$^{-1}$이상일 때 이 연동형 온실은 적정한 자연 환기량을 취할 수 있다고 예측하였다. 측면창 바로 옆에 위치한 식물군과 벤취에 의해 측면창을 통한 자연적인 공기의 유입이 방해를 받기 때문에, 바람이 서쪽에서 불어올 때 식물군이 없을 때보다 평균 12%의 환기량의 감소 결과를 가져오는 것으로 예측되었다. 식물군은 공기의 유입창의 위치보다 약간 낮은 곳에 위치하여야 하며, 유입창을 너무 높이 설치하면 측면창을 통해 유입되는 공기는 가장 근접한 지붕창을 통해 대부분이 배출되는 것으로 예측되었다. 연동형 자연환기식 온실에 있어서 바람이 불어오는 쪽의 측면창들과 바람의 반대쪽을 향한 지붕창들의 혼합형이 가장 효율적인 온실 설계인 것으로 예측되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

In Korea, groundwater is main water source in livestock farms. Most dairy and cattle farms have constructed their own wells for human drinking and livestock farming. However, these private residential wells have not been controlled by government and also there was scant study about livestock drinking water quality. Therefore this study was to monitor of the livestock farms' groundwater quality in Korea. Water samples were collected at 123 dairy and cattle farms and were analysed forty six substances with quality standard for drinking water approved by the Minister of Environment. Seventy eight (63.4%) of 123 samples failed to drinking water stand a test. The most frequent contaminants were nitrate-nitrogen and microbial. 22.8% (n=28) of samples showed nitrate-N concentration of higher than 10 mg/L meant that can't be used drinking water for human and the Nitrate-N concentration analysed in the range of 0.2 to 61.2 mg/L. All of 78 failed to drinking samples had microbial problems, especially 5.7% (n=7) of samples indicated water could be contaminated by feces. Other contaminants detected were zinc and evaporation residue. Especially detected zinc concentration (32 mg/L) was about ten times higher than standard of zinc (3 mg/L). Regression analysis indicated that groundwater pH did not influence to nitrate-N concentration but the hardness and chloride could affect to nitrate-N concentration in the groundwater. Most livestock farms were adjacent to crop farmland in Korea. This could cause contamination of groundwater with nitrate-N and pesticide that could accumulate livestock product. Moreover Heavy metal such as zinc and copper could be released from a corrosive plated water pipe in livestock farm. Put together, Korea livestock system is indoor, not pasture-based, hence livestock could be exposed to potential contaminated water consistently. Therefore on the basis of these data, appropriate livestock drinking water quality standards should be prepared to keep livestock healthy and their product safe. Further, livestock drinking water quality should be monitored continuously in suitable livestock drinking water standards.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2021

Plants protect against viruses through passive and active resistance mechanisms, and in most cases characterized thus far, natural recessive resistance to potyviruses has been mapped to mutations in the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E or eIF(iso)4E genes. Five eIF4E copies and three eIF(iso)4E copies were detected in Brassica rapa. The eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E genes could interact with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) viral protein linked to the genome (VPg) to initiate virus translation. From the yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, the TuMV-CHN2/CHN3 VPgs could not interact with BraA.eIF4E.a/c or BraA.eIF(iso)4E.c, but they could interact with BraA.eIF(iso)4E.a in B. rapa. Further analysis indicated that the amino acid substitution L186F (nt T556C) in TuMV-UK1 VPg was important for the interaction networks between the TuMV VPg and eIF(iso)4E proteins. An interaction model of the BraA. eIF(iso)4E protein with TuMV VPg was constructed to infer the effect of the significant amino acids on the interaction of TuMV VPgs-eIF(iso)4Es, particularly whether the L186F in TuMV-UK1 VPg could change the structure of the TuMV-UK1 VPg protein, which may terminate the interaction of the BraA.eIF(iso)4E and TuMV VPg protein. This study provides new insights into the interactions between plant viruses and translation initiation factors to reveal the working of key amino acids.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2024

Objective: To investigate whether reader training improves the performance and agreement of radiologists in interpreting unenhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Materials and Methods: A study of 96 breasts (35 cancers, 24 benign, and 37 negative) in 48 asymptomatic women was performed between June 2019 and October 2020. High-resolution DWI with b-values of 0, 800, and 1200 sec/mm² was performed using a 3.0-T system. Sixteen breast radiologists independently reviewed the DWI, apparent diffusion coefficient maps, and T1-weighted MRI scans and recorded the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category for each breast. After a 2-h training session and a 5-month washout period, they re-evaluated the BI-RADS categories. A BI-RADS category of 4 (lesions with at least two suspicious criteria) or 5 (more than two suspicious criteria) was considered positive. The per-breast diagnostic performance of each reader was compared between the first and second reviews. Inter-reader agreement was evaluated using a multi-rater κ analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Before training, the mean sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the 16 readers were 70.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.4-79.9), 90.8% (95% CI: 85.6-94.2), and 83.5% (95% CI: 78.6-87.4), respectively. After training, significant improvements in specificity (95.2%; 95% CI: 90.8-97.5; P = 0.001) and accuracy (85.9%; 95% CI: 80.9-89.8; P = 0.01) were observed, but no difference in sensitivity (69.8%; 95% CI: 58.1-79.4; P = 0.58) was observed. Regarding inter-reader agreement, the κ values were 0.57 (95% CI: 0.52-0.63) before training and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.62-0.74) after training, with a difference of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.02-0.18; P = 0.01). The ICC was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.69-0.74) before training and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.76-0.80) after training (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Brief reader training improved the performance and agreement of interpretations by breast radiologists using unenhanced MRI with DWI.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2010

연구 목적: 본 연구는 연마 술식에 따른 polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)의 표면 거칠기의 차이를 비교하고, 광중합 광택제가 PMMA의 표면 거칠기에 주는 영향과 이후 칫솔질에 의한 거칠기의 변화를 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 총 60개의 $10{\times}10{\times}5\;mm$ 크기의PMMA 시편을 만들었다. 중합 방법 (압력 하 중합과 대기압 하 중합)과 표면 연마 방법 (기계적 연마와 화학적 연마)에 따라 대조군을 포함하여 각 10개씩 총 6군으로 나누었다. 기계적 연마는 카바이드 덴처버로 표면 마무리 한 후, 러버 포인트와 퍼미스를 이용하여 하였으며, 화학적 연마는 표면 마무리 후 광중합 광택제 ($Plaquit^{(R)}$; Dreve-Dentamid GMBH)를 도포하여 실시 하였다. 연마가 완료된 후 비 접촉식 3차원적 표면 형상 분석장치인 Accura $2000^{(R)}$으로 표면거칠기를 측정하였으며, 그 3차원적 영상을 얻었다. 그 후 칫솔질에 의한 마모의 영향을 평가하기 위해 초음파 전동 칫솔을 이용하여 각 시편당 칫솔질을 행하고 다시 Accura $2000^{(R)}$에 의한 표면 분석을 시행하였으며, 거칠기의 정도는 Ra 값으로 표시하였다. 연마 후와 칫솔질 후의 표면 거칠기를 비교하기 위한 통계적 분석은 Mann-Whitney test와 t-test를 이용하여 95% 유의수준에서 실시하였다. 결과: 화학적 연마군은 기계적 연마군에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 작은 평균 표면 거칠기 값을 보였으며 (P = .0045), 일반 대기압 하에서 중합시킨 군에서 그 차이가 더 크게 나타났다 (P = .0138). 초음파 전동 칫솔에 의한 모의 칫솔질 후 표면 거칠기는 기계적 연마군을 제외한 모든 군에서 크게 증가하였으며, 칫솔질 후의 표면 거칠기는 각 군에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론: 비록 칫솔질에 의한 마모의 영향으로 표면 거칠기가 증가하기는 하지만, 화학적 연마가 기계적 연마에 비해 우수한 표면 거칠기를 보인다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-55
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• 1990

Every country in the world has been trying to expand the basic health right for the peoples as W.H.O has established the goal 'health for AU' by the year of 2000. Related to this goal, our government authority has establish the policy 'the insurance of health for all' into effect from July 198\). Recently hospitalshave been making a ceaseless effort for the plan for the rationalization of its management the academic World is making it a subject of discussion by doing the secure of manpower at a resonable level and the increase of productivity by the manpower. As a result of the efforts the study was established to secure the numbers of nursing manpower at a resonable level and use the unskilled persons at the utilizing field and seek the possible area of their activity for more efficient service through the investigation of ablity of simple nursing activities of regiestered nurses and nurse aides for rational function according to the educational levels and talents. The method of study was established by the registered nurses and nurse and nurse aides(R.N 229, N.A 226) who are working in 15 hospitals with over 200 beds. This surrey was conducted from Mar 29, 1989 to April 8, 1989. The method to test the degree of importance, difficulties, and the abillity of performance of a simple nursing activities was classified into 35 activities on the basis of references on this field. The degree of importance was composed from point l(Not so important) to 5(Very important). the degree of difficulties. was composed as follows; very easy - Point 1 very difficult and complicated - Point 5. and the ability of performance was composed from point 1 to 5. The materials gathered through the survey were analyzed with frequency, mean standard deviation, percentage. t-test, Anova, pearson's coefficient of correlation, stepwise multiple regression. factor analysis, discriminant analysis. The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1. The recognition values of the simple nursing activities of each group of registered nurse and nurse aides show; The degree of importance; 4.04 and 4.26 The degree of difficulties; 2.72 and 2.94 The ability of performance; 2.07 and 2.38 The brief summary shows there are little differences between who two groups the simple nursing activities turned out to be easy and simple work. 2. Regardless of the degree of importance, and difficulties, the ability of performance the important in fluencing of the degree of the simple nursing activities between the registered nurses and nurse aides was the order of educational level, hospital career, working career in wards and ages of the registered nurses and ages and hospital creer of nurse aides. The result was that the simple nursing activities could easily be familiar through the training of their working environment and period of experience. 3. Among the 35 simple nursing activities the items capable of resonable entrusting to the nurse aides are 5 that is helping bed-bathing, 8itz Bath, using bed pan, care while delivering patient, accompaying patient when visitor's check. There wasn't and differences between RN and nurse aides in performing the above 5 items. In anywhere. so we can say obviosuly that this nursing activities should be performed under the nursing system of which chief of nurse are supposed to supervise nurse aides as a possible function to be entrusted. In view of the above mentioned results, therefore, this partial functional job of the simple nursing activities can able be entrusted to the nurse aides through the regular training course. In case of these functional activities could be entrusted under, the responsibility of registered nurse, we can able suggest to for that there are the following advantages: 1.. In the nursing activities-affairs, the qualified guarantee of the nursing services can be kept and increased or promotoed with accommodation of the required nursing service and roles being expanded presently. 2. In the productivity of the hospital manpower, therefore, we have comt to view and consider in favourly that when an automational administration times would be come in the near future time to hospital affairs as a reality, to utilize the existing nures aides is better rather than investing so as to develop the other source manpowers or seek its for the efficient business management in the operational strategy or its policy.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2007

미국과 유럽의 경우 항공 자유화(Open-sky policy)를 통해 다자간 경쟁 시장 원리 채택하였다. 하지만 아시아권의 경우 주요 국적사가 공항을 독점하고 있다. 아시아권 허브 공항의 요금 경쟁력 분석과 아시아권내 우리나라 공항의 위치성을 알아보는 것이 논문의 목적이다. 승객의 입장에서는 직항 서비스가 줄어들기 때문에 목적지를 가기 위해 더 긴 시간과 거리가 소요된다. 하지만 공항의 입장에서는 탑승 승객 수는 매년 증가하고, 항공사의 입장에서는 감소한 노선 때문에 더 잦은 운항의 서비스를 제공함으로써 항공사는 허브 공항을 선호한다. 결과적으로 다양한 노선과 늘어난 빈도수로 인해 승객과 항공사 모두에게 이익이다. 거리와 요금이 관련이 있다는 가정을 하고, 허브 H로 부터 목적지 Z의 비행 요금을 자연로그로 정의한 최종식을 도출하였다. 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 공항간 거리 비례 변수는 거리에 대해 1값으로 거리가 증가하는 만큼 요금이 증가하는 정비례가 아니라 양의 값인 0.8이다. 허브에서 종점공항간 거리 변수는 음의 값으로 허브에서 종점 공항까지의 거리가 길어지면, 기점에서 허브 공항을 경유하여 종점까지의 요금이 감소하거나, 허브 공항에서 종점까지의 요금이 증가하게 된다. 허브공항 독점도와 기점공항 독점도는 모두 음의 값으로 허브 공항과 기점 공항의 독점이 클수록 기점에서 허브 공항을 경유하여 종점까지의 요금이 감소하거나, 허브 공항에서 종점까지의 요금이 증가함을 의미한다. 그리고 시장 분할을 통해 인천 공항과 동아시아 허브 공항간 비교를 통해 요금 경쟁력을 알아보았다. 싱가포르, 베이징, 나리타공항은 인천 공항에 비해 경유 요금이 높은 것을 알 수 있고, 이것은 아시아권 허브 공항으로써의 요금 경쟁을 하지 않아도 여객 처리 순위에 어느 정도 올랐기 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 나머지 홍콩과 타이페이는 아직 요금 경쟁을 통해서 여객을 유입해야 하는 위치에 있다. 효율적 관리에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.22.97 %로 quercetin의 함량이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 루이보스 추출물의 ethylacetate 분획의 TLC 크로마토그램은 7개의 띠로 분리되었고, HPLE 크로마토그램은 9개의 피이크를 보여주었다. TLC와 HPLC의 띠와 피이크를 확인한 결과, HPLC의 9개의 피이크는 용리순서로 peak 1 (조성비 14.71 %)은 isoorientin, peak 2 (28.84 %)는 orientin peak 3 (5.63 %)은 vitexin, peak 4 (12.73 %)는 rutin과 isovitexin, peak 5 (9.24 %)는 hyperoside, peak 6 (5.40%)은 isoquercitrin, peak 7 (1.48 %)은 luteolin, peak 8 (17.61 %)은 quercetin 및 peak 9 (4.59 %)는 kaempferol로 확인되었다. Aglycone 분획은 elastase 저해활성($IC_{50}$)이 $9.08\;{\mu}g/mL$로 매우 큰 활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과들은 루이보스 추출물이 $^1O_2$ 혹은 다른 ROS를 소광시키거나 소거함으로써 그리고 ROS에 대항하여 세포막을 보호함으로써 생체계, 특히 태양 자외선에 노출된 피부에서 항산화제로서 작용할 수 있음을 가리키며, 루이보스 성분에 대한 분석과 ethylacetate 분획의 당 제거 실험 후 얻어진 aglycone 분획의 큰 elastase 저해활성으로부터 주름개선 기능성 화장품원료로서 응용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.약재료인 약초류 등을 이용하였는데 오랫동안 푹 삶아 그물에 곡류 등을 넣어 죽이나 밥으로 조리하였으며 면으로도 조리하였다. 이상과 같이 조선시대 주식류의 종류 및 조리방법에 대한 문헌적 고찰을 분석한 결과로 조선시대로부터 현재까지 주식류의

• 한국인구학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.105-130
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• 1981

This study was conducted to compare the characteristics of high performane areas for family planning with that of low performance areas and to find factors which strongly affected contraceptive practice behavior. For the study, eight areas were selected from 274 rural family planning canvassing areas of Korean Population Policy and Program Evaluation Study, which was an action study operated in all areas of Cheju Island from July 1, 1976 until December 31,1979. As a first step of the action study, Cheju Island was devided up 318 family planning canvasser areas Each area was consisted of 200 households in rural district and 300 households in urhan one Duriog the period of project, each canvassing area had been managed by a female family planning canvasser, selected by director of health center considering several individual conditions needed for family planning activities Basic activities of canvassers were to counsell all the eligihie couples in own charged area about family planning methods and also to distribute contraceptives such as condoms and oral pills. In case couples desire to accept sterilization including vasectomy and tubal-ligation, the canvassers played a linking role connecting potential client with family planning field workers. Canvassng areas shows significant differentce in performance for family planning, nevertheless they are supposed to have almost the same conditions regarding family planning distribution channel. Because the purpose of the Cheju project was to eliminate all the problems that existed in governmental distribution system, that is to remove geographic, economic, cognitive and administrative barriers Accumulated performances of family planning methods accepted by residents in each area were calculated by eligible women aged 14-49. And then canvassing areas were ranked according to performance score. Consequently, 4 areas in extremely high and low family planning performance areas were selected respectively. Major results were obtained by comparing characteristics of high performance area with that of low performance areas, which are as follows: 1. The mean number of living children was about the same both in high and low performance areas for family planning. But respondents' mean age (38.5) in high performance areas was higher than that (37.0) in low performance areas 2. Respondents' perception in the expectant educational level of others' children in high performance areas was higher than that in low performance areas, although respondents educational level, monthly expenditure and ratio of children in high school and above was not different. 3. Ratio of ownerships of TV and newspaper in high performance areas was highen than that in low performance areas 4. The duration of canvasser' charge in high performance areas was longer than that of low performance areas, showing the fact that canvassers didn't move cut in high performance areas 5. In high performance areas, canvassers' houses were relatively located in the center part of the village. And so villagers resided in near distances from the anvasser's house 6. 4H clubs' activities in high performance areas were more active than those in low performance areas Therefore it was assumed that cohesiveness of community in high performance areas were stronger than that in low areas. 7. Canvassers' family planning practice rate was higher than that in low performance areas, and also canvassers' human relationship was more sociable than that of canvassers in low performance areas. 8. Fourteen variables which showed relatively high significance level in $X^2$ and F test were selected as independent variables for stepwise regression analysis. According to the results of regression analysis. five of 14 variables-distributors education level ($R^2$=.4439), duration of distributor's charge ($R^2$=.6166), 4H club activities ($R^2$=.6697), canvasser's contraceptive practice ($R^2$=.7377) and location of distributions house ($R^2$=.8010) explained 80.1 percent of total variance.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.528-534
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• 2008

연구목적: 변연적합도는 보철수복물의 성공을 좌우하는 중요한 요소 중의 하나이다. McLean과 von Fraunhofer등에 의하면 120 ${\mu}m$ 이하를 임상적으로 허용할 수 있다고 했는데, 이를 넘는 정확하지 않은 변연은 지각과민을 일으키거나 이차 우식을 일으키고, 치태 축적을 용이하게 하여 보철물의 수명을 단축시키게 된다. 이에 최근에 우리나라에 소개되어 임상적으로 사용되고 있는 CAD-CAM 전부도재 수복물 중 $LAVA^{(R)}$ 시스템 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN)과 $EVEREST^{(R)}$ 시스템 (KaVo Dental GmbH, Biberach, Germany)으로 제작한 지르코니아 전부 도재관들이 도재전장 금속주조 수복물과 비교해 보아 코핑 상태일 때와 도재축성 후 각각 변연적합도의 차이가 있는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 재료와 방법: 상악 제1소구치 덴티폼 치아를 high speed diamond bur 로 교합면 2.0 mm, 순설면 1.0 mm, 그리고 변연은 chamfer margin을 6도 측면 경사 절삭 기계로 균일하게 제작해서 이를 인상 채득하여 금속 지대치를 제작하였다. 이를 덴티폼 모형상에 장착한 후 전악인상을 채득하여 $LAVA^{(R)}$ 수복물 코핑, $EVEREST^{(R)}$ 수복물 코핑, 그리고 도재전장 금속주조 수복물 코핑을 각각 8개씩 제작하였다. 이들 코핑을 염색제를 섞은 Fit-checker $II^{(R)}$ (GC Cor., Tokyo, Japan)를 이용하여 금속 지대치에 접합시킨 뒤, $Microhiscope^{(R)}$ system (HIROX KH-1000 ING Plus, Seoul, Korea)을 이용하여 300배율로 관찰하면서 변연 간격을 ${\mu}m$단위로 측정하였다. 도재축성 후에도 마찬가지 방법으로 모든 수복물의 변연간격을 측정하여 통계 처리를 하였다. 결과: 코핑 상태에서의 평균 변연간격 값은 $EVEREST^{(R)}$ 에서 $52.00{\pm}11.94\;{\mu}m$, $LAVA^{(R)}$ 는 $ 56.97{\pm}10.00\;{\mu}m$, 그리고 도재 전장 금속 주조 수복물은 $97.38{\pm}18.54\;{\mu}m$를 보였고, 도재축성 후에 평균 변연 간격값은 $EVEREST^{(R)}$ 는 $61.69{\pm}19.33\;{\mu}m$, $LAVA^{(R)}$ 는 $70.81{\pm}12.99\;{\mu}m$, 그리고 도재 전장 금속 주조 수복물은 $115.25{\pm}23.86\;{\mu}m$를 보였다. 결론: 1. $LAVA^{(R)}$ 와 $EVEREST^{(R)}$ 수복물은 도재 전장 금속 주조 수복물과 비교하여 각각 코핑상태일 때와 도재 축성 후 모두 유의성 있는 (P < .05) 차이를 보이는 우수한 변연 적합도를 나타내었다. 2. $LAVA^{(R)}$ 와 $EVEREST^{(R)}$ 수복물 간의 평균 변연 간격 비교에서 코핑 상태일 때와 도재 축성 후에 모두 유의성 있는 차이는 없었다 (P > .05). 3. $LAVA^{(R)}$과 $EVEREST^{(R)}$ 그리고 PFM 은 각각 코어 상태일 때와 비교하여 도재 축성 후 변연 간격에서 약간 증가되었으나 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지는 않았다 (P > .05).