• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1998

A total of 120 pigs $(L\;{\times}\;LW\;{\times}\;D)$ averaged 14.16 kg of body weight were reared under six dietary treatments to evaluate the effects of amino acid supplementation on their performances. Treatments were 1) 18% CP diet (control); 2) 15% CP+0.28% Lys (B, 15L); 3) B+0.06% Met (15LM); 4) B+0.13% Thr (15LT) ; 5) B+0.06% Met+0.13% Thr (15LMT); 6) B+0.06% Met+0.13% Thr+0.05% Trp (15LMTT). Each treatment had 4 replicates with 5 pigs per replicate. The daily weight gains were statistically similar in 15LMT, 15LMTT and control groups. Threonine and methionine supplementation resulted in improved growth performance and nutrient digestibilities, while tryptophan supplementation had little beneficial effect. However, the best feed conversion was found in the control group. Dry. matter and CP digestibilities were improved in the 15LMT and 15LMTT groups. Gross energy, crude fat and phosphorus digestibilities were not affected by the treatment. Among the 15% CP groups, nitrogen digestibility showed the tendency to be increased as the more synthetic amino acids were added. Dry matter and nitrogen excretions were significantly reduced by feeding low protein, amino acid fortified diets, while phosphorus excretion was not influenced. Essential amino acids digestibility was higher in 15LT, 15LMT and 15LMTT groups and lower in the control. The 15LT group showed the best lysine digestibility, and methionine digestibilities were higher in all treated groups than control one. Threonine digestibilities higher in 15LT 15LMT, and 15LMTT than the control. The result shows that threonine and methionine should be added to the diet containing 15% CP diet, fortified with lysine to get same performance of 18% CP diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1626-1631
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary replacement of normal maize (NM) with quality protein maize (QPM) on performance, immune response and carcass characteristics of broiler (Krishibro) chickens. Six experimental diets were prepared separately for starter and finisher phases. Diet 1 was a control diet formulated with NM and soybean meal. In diets 2-5, the NM was replaced with QPM at 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Diet 6 was the same as the control diet, but supplemented with synthetic lysine similar to the industry standard. Each test diet was fed to 8 replicates, each of 5 chicks, reared in stainless steel battery brooders. The AME content of QPM (3382 kcal/kg) was similar to that of NM (3,352 kcal/kg), but protein (9.91 vs. 8.94%), lysine (0.40 vs. 0.26%) and tryptophan (0.09 vs. 0.07%) contents of QPM were higher than NM. Dietary replacement of NM with 50% QPM significantly (p<0.05) improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, humoral immune response, relative bursa weight, and breast muscle yield and lowered abdominal fat content. No further improvement in these parameters was recorded by increasing the level of replacement of NM with QPM to either 75% or 100%. Further, the improvement noticed in the 50% QPM group was similar to the group fed the NM diet with lysine supplementation, and thus dietary replacement of NM with QPM at 50% did not need extra synthetic lysine supplementation. It is concluded that dietary replacement of NM with QPM at the 50% level resulted in optimum performance, higher breast muscle yield and higher immune response in broiler chickens.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.503-510
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• 2009

This study investigated the effects of tannic acid (TA) in the diets for weanling pigs prepared with/without supplemental Fe on performance, hematology, fecal microflora and diarrhea incidence. Limestone and calcium phosphate used in Experiment 1 and 2 were of semi-synthetic and feed-grade quality, respectively; while the trace-mineral premix used in both the experiments was prepared without any added Fe source. In Experiment 1, 108 weaned pigs (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, initially 6.46 ${\pm}$ 1.04 kg BW) were allotted to 3 treatments including control (diet added with $FeSO_4$ and antibiotic), T1 (diet devoid of $FeSO_4$ and antibiotic) and T2 (T1 diet added with 125 mg/kg TA). Each treatment had 4 replicates with 9 pigs in each pen. Feeding of T1 diet had a negative effect on the performance and plasma Fe status of pigs, while addition of TA to T1 diet resulted in performance of pigs comparable to pigs fed the control diet, reduced diarrhea incidence but had a negative influence on the hematological and plasma Fe indices. Additionally, pigs fed T2 diet had fewer (p<0.05) total anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium spp. and coliforms than pigs fed T1 diet, and greater number of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. in feces when compared with pigs fed control and T1 diets. In Experiment 2, 144 weaned pigs (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, initially 6.00 ${\pm}$ 1.07 kg BW) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments including control (diet added with $FeSO_4$ and antibiotic) and diets devoid of supplemental Fe added with antibiotic (An), TA and both (AnTA). Each treatment had 4 replicates with 9 pigs in each pen. Addition of An, TA or both to diets devoid of supplemental Fe did not have any effect on performance, blood hematology and plasma Fe but resulted in reduced (p<0.05) diarrhea incidence and lower (p<0.05) fecal coliform population than pigs fed the control diet. These results suggest that TA has a negative influence on blood hematology and plasma Fe status when diets are inadequate in Fe; however, TA reduced diarrhea incidence and might have antimicrobial activity.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.87-100
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• 2015

It is well known that dietary protein affects the growth performance and carcass composition of poultry. Over the last several decades, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate to optimize the level of dietary protein since the protein is an important and expensive constituent in poultry feed. It is generally accepted that dietary protein should represent a balance of amino acids supporting the requirements for growth and maintenance of birds. A protein with balanced essential amino acids that matches a bird's requirement and sufficient non-essential amino acid nitrogen to enable the synthesis of all of the non-essential amino acids, is referred to as an 'ideal protein'. Feeding of excess protein or amino acids may result in an amount of nitrogen emission. Most common method to reduce nitrogen emission is using diet formulation which has lower dietary crude protein level and higher concentration of amino acid supplements. However, there are conflicting reports whether low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids can obtain the growth performance equal to high protein diets. Excessive nitrogen excretion caused by amino acid imbalance also may influence the environment of poultry house due to ammonia production from uric acid. These environmental conditions may increase the incidence of skin problem or respiratory diseases of chickens. Various strategies based on comprehensive understanding should be tested to optimize nitrogen utilization and reduce nitrogen emission while maintaining the performance in poultry production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.671-678
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• 1997

The objective was to evaluate method of feeding (free access or intubation), method of slaughter (carbon dioxide gas or barbiturate) and digesta flushing medium (distilled water or physiological saline), in the development of an ileal amino acid digestibility assay for 4 week-old broiler chickens. Three diets were used (commercial (C), semi-synthetic meat-and bone meal (MBM) or wheat (W)). For the coarser C and W diets but not for the MBM diet, feeding method had a significant effect on concentrations of chromium (Cr), nitrogen (N), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in the crop contents at a set time after a meal. There appeared to be a selection of food particles under free-access feeding. For birds receiving the wheat diet there was an effect (p < 0.05) of sampling time after feeding on the concentrations of Cr, N, ADF and NDF/Cr in the crop contents. Flushing ileal digesta with distilled water or saline led to similar apparent ileal N digestibility coefficients. Birds given the MBM diet, and killed by inhalation of $CO_2$, had significantly (p < 0.05) lower apparent ileal N digestibility coefficients (73 versus 80%) than those killed by barbiturate overdose.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.29-32
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• 1973

이화명충의 인공사육을 위해 간이합성배지, 반합성배지, 합성배지 및 수도유묘에 의한 사육실험과 각 배지별 사육단가 산출에서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 반합성배지에 의한 인공사육 결과 노숙유충의 체중 96.4mg, 자충우화율 $96.7\%$로서 타배지에 비하여 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 반면 이 배지는 성충까지의 사육비용이 3.14원으로 대량 사육시에는 많은 비용이 든다. 2). 합성배지 및 반합성배지의 제 2세대 산란 및 부화율이 타 배지에 비해 높은 것은 Choline Chloride의 영향을 받은 것 같다. 3) 수도유묘에 의한 사육방법은 재료 구입이 용이 하고 가격이 저렴한 반면에 유충생육의 불균일 및 유묘 교환시 공시충의 손실과 노력이 많이 들어 대량사육을 위해서는 적합치 못하다. 4) 간이합성배지 중 Chlorella를 첨가시킨 실험구에서 노숙유충의 체중 및 용화율의 증가를 볼 수 있었다. 5) 간이합성배지에서의 생육결과 제2세대 산란 및 부화율이 낮은 것은 배if의 영양 결핍에 기인된 것 같다. 6) 각 배지 공히 용화율이 현저하게 낮은 원인은 용화시에 노숙유충이 병원균의 감염으로 오염사 되기 때문이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein levels and casein/whey ratios on organ growth and protein metabolism in early weaned rats. Premature rats weaned by the 17th day were fed six semipurified synthetic, isocaloric and gel diets that contained three levels (low, medium and high) and two different combinations(casein/whey ; 80 : 20 or 20 : 80) of milk protein for 8 days. On the 25th day postpartum, frest weigth and DNA, RNA and milk protein contents in brain, liver, kidney and muscle were determined to ascertain organ and cellular growth. Futher, with a view to ascertain protein metabolism and renal functions, serum total protein, $\alpha$-amino N, urea N, and creatinine and creatinine and urinary urea N, creatinine and hydroxproline were determined. Total DNA contents of brain, liver and kidney, which may represent as an index of cell numbers in those organs were significantly decreased in the rats fed diets containing low level protein regardless of casein/whey ratio. However, as fat as the rats fed high protein diets were concerned, their fresh weight, protein contents and GFR of kidney were significantly increased. Furthermore, nitrogen components, $\alpha$-amino N, urea N and creatinie in serum and urine were also increassed. Another observation was that high casein/whey ratio significantly facilitated accumulation of porteins in muscle and kidney and urinary hydorxyproline excretion, not affecting the DNA content of those organs. This study showed that low(8%) or high(32%) contents of protein had less desirable effects either on protein metabolism or on organ cellular growth in prematurely weaned rats, whereas there were no effects on general growth and bone strength.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2016

The effects of dietary antioxidant [saltwort (SW), leek (LK), and dandelion (DD)] supplementation on the growth, body composition, serum chemistry, and challenge test results of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, were determined. In an experiment, 320 fish were randomly distributed into eight, 50-L flow-through tanks (40 fish per tank). Four experimental diets were prepared: the control diet (Con) with synthetic antioxidant: and diets with SW, LK, or DD from natural sources. Each diet was randomly assigned to duplicate tanks of fish, which were hand-fed to satiation twice daily for 8 weeks. After the 8-week feeding trial, 20 fish from each tank were artificially infected with Streptococcus iniae and monitored for 6 days. The dietary additives did not affect survival, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), or plasma chemistry. However, the cumulative mortality of fish fed the SW, LK and DD diets was lower than that of fish fed the control diet beginning 4 days after infection. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with SW, LK, and DD did not affect the growth, FE, PER, or plasma chemistry of rockfish. However, dietary inclusion of SW, LK, and DD lowered the mortality of rockfish following infection with S. iniae.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1291-1300
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) level and exogenous protease supplementation on growth performance, serum metabolites, carcass traits, small intestinal morphology and endogenous protease activity in broiler chickens reared under a tropical climate. Methods: A total of 480 day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. The main effects were CP level (21.0%, 19.7%, 18.5%, or 17.2% from 1 to 21 days and 19.0%, 17.9%, 16.7%, or 15.6% from 22 to 35 days) and protease enzyme supplementation (0 ppm or 500 ppm). All experimental diets were fortified with synthetic feed-grade lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan to provide the minimum amino acid recommended levels for Cobb 500. Results: Reducing dietary CP linearly reduced (p<0.05) growth performance, serum albumin, total protein, and carcass traits and increased (p<0.05) serum triglycerides and abdominal fat. There was no consistent effect of reducing dietary CP on morphological parameters of the intestine and on the pancreatic and intestinal endogenous protease activity (p>0.05). Protease supplementation improved (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, carcass yield and intestinal absorptive surface area. Conclusion: Protease supplementation, as measured by growth performance, intestinal morphology and carcass yield, may alleviate the detrimental effects of low protein diets in broiler chickens.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.131-144
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• 1993

본 실험은 식이내 지방의 종류와 수준이 흰쥐의 LCAT활성 및 콜레스테롤 대사에 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위하여 실시되었다. 식이지바의 종류는 정어리유($\omega$3 linolenic acid) 및 옥수수기름 ($\omega$6 linolic acid)의 네 처리로 나누고 각 처리마다 지방의 수준을 총 에너지의 10%, 20%, 40%등 세수준으로 모두 12군을 두었으며, 식이지바의 무첨가군을 대조구로 두었다. 총 78마리의 Sprague-Dawley 계통 흰쥐 수컷에게 시험식이를 6주간 자유급여하였다. 사양시험 종료 후 간조직에서의 콜레스테롤 합성능력을 알아보기 위해 흰쥐의 간조직을 채취하여 in vitro 배양시험을 실시하였다. 본 시험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 혈장 총 콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤. LDL-콜레스테롤농도 및 HDL-C/T-C비율은 식이지방의 종류에 의해 유의하게(p<0.001) 영향을 받았다. ($\omega$3지방산을 많이 함유한 군(정어리유와 들기름)이 ($\omega$6지방산과 포화지방산을 많이 함유한 군(옥수수기름과 우지)에 비해 혈장내 HDL-콜레스테롤농도가 유의성있게(p<0.001)증가하였고, LDL-콜레스테롤농도는 유의성있게(p<0.05) 감소하였다. 혈장내 콜레스테롤농도는 우지군이 다른지방군에 비해(p<0.001),무지방식이군이 식이지방첨가군에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05)영향을 받았다. 2) 혈장 lecithiin : cholesterol acyltransferase(LCAT) 활성은 식이지방첨가군이 무지방식이군보다(p<0.001), 식물성유지군이 동물성지방군보다(p<0.001), 정어리유군이 우지군보다(p<0.001), 들기름군이 옥수수기름군보다(p<0.05), 정어리유군이 들기름군보다 유의성있게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. 저지방식이군이 중지방식이군과 고지방식이군에 비해 혈장내 LCAT 활성이 유의하게9p<0.001) 증가하였다. 3) 간의 콜레스테롤합성 능력은 정어리유군이 다른지방군보다(p<0.001), 무지방식이군이 식이지방첨가군보다(p<0.001), 동물성지방군의 식물성유지군보다 유의하게(p<0.001) 증가하였으나, 식이 지방의 수준에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다.