• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.173-176
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• 2007

${\gamma}-Oryzanol$ is one of the chain breaking antioxidants. Both sterol (triterpene) and phenolic hydroxyl groups in the structure of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ may be responsible for its antioxidative function. We hypothesize that ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ is more effective in preventing the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) than the synthetic phenolic compounds in an oil/water (O/W) emulsion system. The antioxidative effectiveness of different concentrations of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ and synthetic antioxidants was evaluated at different incubation times (0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 h) by measuring both the formation of hydroperoxides and the decomposition product of hydroperoxides (hexanal) in each emulsion system. Overall, the order of effectiveness of various antioxidants for inhibiting the formation of hydroperoxide in the O/W emulsion was: ${\gamma}-oryzanol$> tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)> butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)> butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). O/W emulsion with selective lower concentrations of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ showed better effectiveness than that with higher concentration of synthetic antioxidants. However, the ability of both ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ and synthetic antioxidants to decompose hydroperoxide was similar. ${\gamma}-Oryzanol$ was more effective antioxidant than the synthetic phenolic compounds in preventing the formation of hydroperoxide in the O/W emulsion system.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 1995

The antioxidant activity of synthetic antioxidants, BHA, BHT and TBHQ and natural antioxidants, rosemary extract, sesamol, caffeic acid and pyrogallol In a skip jack oil were studied. A control and substrates containing synthetic(0.02%) and natural antioxidant (0.05%) were stored in an incubator kept at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. The antioxidant activity of synthetic and natural antioxidants was investigated by comparing peroxide values. The results of this study were as follows All the synthetic antioxidants used for this study exhibited antioxidant activity in skip jack oils. The antioxidant activity of TBHQ was greater than that of BHA and BHT. The rosemary extract did not show antioxidant activity in skip jack oils. The antioxidant activity of sesamol and caffeic acid were greater than those of BHA. Especially Pyrogallol exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, comparable to that of the TBHQ. The antioxidant activity of the sesamol, caffein acid and pyrogallol used skip lack oil, In decreasing order as follows : pyrogallol>caffeic acid> sesamol.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.310-314
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• 1997

Antithiamin activities of BHA, BHT, PG and TBHQ of synthetic antioxidants on the effect of temperature and pH was determined by means of HPLC. The influence of synthetic antioxidants on the degration of thiamin was found to be dependent on temperature and pH. The degradation of thiamin was considerably more rapid at pH 7 than pH 4. The influence on the heat of synthetic antioxidants at pH 4 and 38* was extremely slight, but the degradation of thiamin at pH 7 was much more rapid at 60* than at 38*. After 24 hours of incubation both PG and TBHQ at pH 7 and 60* nearly completely destroyed thiamin. Tests of antithiamin activities showed that TBHQ, which was decomposed completely in 72 hours, was more effective than PG at pH 7 and 38* but BHA and BHT hardly had antithiamin activities which was evaluated under various reactions of pH and temperature. Thiamin degradation, at pH 7 and 6$0^{\circ}C$, was proportional to the concentration of PG. When the ratio of PG to thiamin was increased from 0.15:1 to 2:1, the degradation rate also increased. However, the change between ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 was negligible.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 1981

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of synthetic antioxidants con the degradation of angiotensin II which is made up of 8 amino acids: Asp-Arg-Val-Try-Ile-Gly-Pro-Phe, by the $\alpha$-chymotrypsin and trypsin. the results obtained were as follow; 1. Dibutyl hydroxytoluene, butyl hydroxyanisole and sodium L-ascorbate showed no inhibitory effect on the activity of $\alpha$-chymotrypsin on the angiotensin II, but ethyl protocathechuate inhibited. its activity at the concentration of 100ppm. However, the angiotension II was gradually degradated by $\alpha$-chymotrypsin after one hour incubation with ethylprotecathechuate. 2. Butyl hydroxyanisole inhibited trypsin activities above 100ppm, but no inhibitory activities was observed by the other antioxidants used in this experiment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.232-235
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• 1993

We investigated the effect of antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, and sodium azide), which efEectively inhibited the chlorophyll bleaching of Panax ginseng CA Meyer under the high light intensity, treated by folilar wiping on the early stage of photosynthesis and transpiration of ginseng in the 5000 $\mu$mol photon.$m^{-2}$.$s^{-1}$. Ascorbate and glutathione, endogenous antioxidant, completely recovered ginseng from the photoinhibition, but sodium azide, synthetic quencher, showed negative effect. We assumed that endogenous antioxidants could be available to the protection of the leaf-burning phenomenon of ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.411-414
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• 1990

Antithiamin activities of BHA, BHT PG and TBHQ of synthetic phenolic antioxidants at various pH's and temperatures were studied. All antioxidants had little antithiamin activity as is the case with control group at pH 4 and $38^{\circ}C$, but antithiamin activity was stronger at $60^{\circ}C$ than at $38^{\circ}C$ under the same pH. Meanwhile, the destruction of thiamin incubated at $38^{\circ}C$ was more rapid at pH 7 than at pH 4, and the destruction of thiamin at pH 7 was much more rapid at $60^{\circ}C$ than at $38^{\circ}C$. BHA and BHT had little, or extremely slight antithiamin activity. Antithiamin activity of PG was comparatively strong, but TBHQ had the strongest antithiamin activity among synthetic phenolic antioxidants examined.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.124-128
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• 1981

This study was carried out to understand the activity of pepsin, the proteolytic enzyme, to octapeptide (angiotensin II) in the presence of various synthetic antioxidants as food additives. 1) Dibutyl hydroxy toluene, butyl hydroxyanisole and ethyl protocathechuate did not influence the inhibitory activity of pepsin an the octapeptide as a substrate, but sodium-L-ascorbate inhibited pepsin activity at above 100ppm. However sodium L-ascorbate was completely removed after 30 minutes. 2) Pepsin brought about a quick break up the octapeptide, Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Gly-Phe, by splitting the Gly-Phe and Val-Tyr bond. 3) The melting point of synthetized octapeptide was $209-212^{\circ}C$, chemical formula and molecula weight were $C_{43}H_{65}N_{13}O_{12}{\cdot}CH_3COOH{\cdot}H_2O$ and 956.05, respectively. 4) The amino acid mole ratio of synthetized octapeptide by acid hydrolysis were Asp:0.98, Arg: 1.02, Val: 1.00. Tyr: 0.95, Ile: 1.00, His: 1.03, Gly: 0.96, Phe: 1.00.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 1997

The prevention of oxidative degradation in fats and oils is largely controlled by the use of synthetic phenolic antioxidants. Antioxidants, BHA: 2-&-3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol, BHT: 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene, TBHQ: tert-butylhydroquinone, PG: propyl gallate, PTG: pentyl gallate, OG:octyl gallate, were extracted from fatty foods with hexane and from hexane layer to presaturated acetonitrile with hexane. The polar phenolic hydroxyl groups of antioxidants were silylated with MSTFA and injected to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. The calibration plots were linear in the investigated range, 0.1~10.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The limit of detection for 6 phenolic antioxidants was 0.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. Recoveries and reproducibilities from samples fortified at 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g were in the range of 70~90% and 0.5~13%, respectively. The simultaneous determination of phenolic antioxidants in fatty foods using GC/MS-SIM mode and macro program was described.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1305-1313
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• 2023

Synthetic antioxidants have shown adverse effects on consumers. The review, thus, aims to assess the effect of marinating broiler meat with plant leaves-derived antioxidants potential for improving shelf-life and human health. Broiler meat loss and waste due to spoilage is more than three million kg annually, thus, extending shelf-life by reducing initial microbial load and autoxidation is essential. Adding various antioxidants would reduce oxidation of protein and fatty acids improving nutritional shelf-life through synergic interactions. Antioxidant synergetic effects also improves reduction in microbiota proliferation leading to the delayed development of off flavours and deterioration of meat colour. To reduce initial microbial load and autoxidation effects, the inclusion of polyphenols and antioxidants from varying sources by mixing various antioxidants would lead to improved synergic effects.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2005

Antioxidant films are one active packaging technology that can extend food shelf-life through preventing lipid oxidation, stabilizing color, maintaining sensory properties and delaying microbial growth in foods. Because raw, fresh and minimal processed foods are more perishable during storage or under display conditions than further processed foods, they rapidly lose their original quality. Foods are susceptible to physical, chemical, and biochemical hazards to which packaging films can be effective barriers. Although films incorporated natural (tocopherols, flavonoids and phenolic acids) or synthetic antioxidants (BHT, BHA, TBHQ, propyl gallate) have been extensively tested to improve quality and safety of various foods, food applications require addressing issues such as physical properties, chemical action, cost, and legal approval. Increased interest in natural antioxidants as substitutes for synthetic antioxidants has triggered research on use of the new natural antioxidants in films and coatings. Use of new components (phytochemicals) as film additives can improve food quality and human health. The biosynthesis of plant phenolics can potentially be optimized by active coatings on harvested fruits and vegetables. These coatings can trigger the plants natural proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway to increase the phenolic contents and maintain overall plant tissue quality. This alternate metabolic pathway has been proposed by Dr. K. Shetty and is supported by numerous studies. A new generation of active food films will not only preserve the food, but increase food's nutritional quality by optimizing raw food biochemical production of phytochemicals.