• 제목/요약/키워드: Synoptic Class

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종관기상장에 따른 서울 지역 미세먼지 농도 변화 (Variation of PM10 Concentration in Seoul in Association with Synoptic Meteorological Conditions)

  • 이정영;한진석;공부주;홍유덕;이종현;정일록
    • 환경영향평가
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    • 제16권5호
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    • pp.351-361
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    • 2007
  • To evaluate dominant synoptic classes which affect on $PM_{10}$ concentration in Seoul, 64 synoptic classes are classified from four seasons, 850hPa geopotential wind and lower level stability Index. In this study, we used air monitoring and meteorological data in Seoul for five years from 2001 to 2005. The results indicate that the highest occurrence frequency of synoptic class is under a strong westerly geopotential wind and stable lower atmosphere in spring. The highest $PM_{10}$ concentration of synoptic class is associated with a weak geopotential wind speed and high lower level stability. In that class, not only $PM_{10}$ but $SO_2$, $NO_2$ and CO concentrations are also higher than other classes. The analysis of spacial distribution of $PM_{10}$ concentration in each class are indicate that the influence of synoptic class are similar in the Metropolitan area in Korea. But $PM_{10}$ concentration in some areas in Kyoung-Gi are more higher than in Seoul. The relationship between $PM_{10}$ concentration and Meteorological indicator (relative humidity, temperature, surface wind speed) under same synoptic class is more correlative in Winter than other season.

한반도 바람지도 구축에 관한 연구 (I. 원격탐사자료에 의한 종관 바람지도 구축) (Study on Establishment of a Wind Map of the Korean Peninsula (I. Establishment of a Synoptic Wind Map Using Remote-Sensing Data))

  • 김현구;최재우;이화운;정우식
    • 신재생에너지
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.44-53
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    • 2005
  • To understand general status of the national wind environment and to distinguish potential areas to be developed as a largescale wind farm, a synoptic wind map of the Korean Peninsula is established by processing remote sensing data of the satellite, NASA QuikSCAT which Is deployed for the SeaWinds Project since 1999. According to the validation results obtained by comparing with the measurement data of marine buoys of KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration), the cross-correlation factor Is greatly Improved up to 0.87 by blending the sea-surface dat3 of QuikSCAT with NCEP/NCAR CDAS data. It is found from the established synoptic wind map that the wind speed in winter is prominent temporally and the South Sea shows high energy density up to the wind class 6 spatially. The reason is deduced that the northwest winds through the yellow Sea and the northeast winds through the East Sea derived by the low-pressure developed in Japan are accelerated passing through the Korea Channel and formed high wind energy region in the South Sea; the same trends are confirmed by the statistical analysis of meteorological observation data of KMA.

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태풍-중위도 종관 시스템 상호작용 연구: 루사(0215), 매미(0314) 사례분석 (A Case Study on Typhoon-Midlatitude Synoptic System Interaction: Typhoons Rusa(0215) and Maemi(0314))

  • 최기선;김백조;박종길
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제16권9호
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    • pp.1051-1061
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    • 2007
  • The impact of midlatitude synoptic system (upper-level trough) on typhoon intensity change was investigated by analyzing the spatial and temporal characteristics of vertical wind shear (VWS), relative eddy momentum flux convergence (REFC), and potential vorticity (PV). These variables were computed over the radial mean $300{\sim}1,000km$ from the typhoon center by using GDAPS (Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System) data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The selected cases in this study are typhoons Rusa (0215) and Maemi (0314), causing much damage in life and property in Korea. Results show that the threshold value of VWS indicating typhoon intensity change (typhoon to severe tropical storm) is approximately 15 m/s and of REFC ranges 6 to 6.5 $ms^{-1}day^{-1}$ in both cases, respectively. During the period with the intensity of typhoon class, PVs with 3 to 3.5 PVU are present in 360K surface-PV field in the cases. In addition, there is a time-lag of 24 hours between central pressure of typhoon and minimum value of VWS, meaning that the midlatitude upper-level trough interacts with the edge of typhoon with a horizontal distance less than 2,000 km between trough and typhoon. That is, strong midlatitude upper-level divergence above the edge of the typhoon provides a good condition for strengthening the vertical circulation associated with the typhoons. In particular, when the distance between typhoon and midlatitude upper-level trough is less than 1,000 km, the typhoons tend to weaken to STS (Severe Tropical Storm). It might be mentioned that midlatitude synoptic system affects the intensity change of typhoons Rusa (0215) and Maemi (0314) while they moves northward. Thus, these variables are useful for diagnosing the intensity change of typhoon approaching to the Korean peninsula.

대기안정도 분류방법의 평가 및 실용화에 관한 연구 (Evaluation of Atmospheric Stability Classification Methods for Practical Use)

  • 김정수;최덕일;최기덕;박일수
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.369-376
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    • 1996
  • Major atmospheric stability classification methods were evaluated with meteorological data obtained by scoustic sounding profiler (SODAR/RASS) in Seoul. The Psequill classificatio method, the method most widely used because of its good agreement in respect of synoptic scope under the steady state, fails to describe the time lag, the response time on stability by heating or cooling caused by daily insolation or noctrunal surface radiation. Horizontal and vertical standard deviation of wind fluctuation $(\sigma_A and \sigma_E)$ method tend to classify night-time stable condition (E, F class) into unstable condition (A, B class). The classification matrix tables for Vogt's vertical temperature difference and wind speed using method ($\Delta$T $\cdot$ U) and bulk Richardson number (Rb) were amended for practical use over Seoul. The modified tables for $\Delta$T $\cdot$ U and Rb method were made by using comprehensive frequency distribution from Pasquill's method and other existing results, and the correlation coefficient(r) was equal to 0.829. It was confirmed that atmospheric stability could be changed with monitoring site characteristics, height and vertical difference between sensors of monitoring station, and classification method itself.

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부산 연안역의 오존 농도에 미치는 해풍의 영향 (The Influences of 5ea Breeze on Surface Ozone Concentration in Pusan Coastal Area, Korea)

  • 김유근;이화운
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제5권3호
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    • pp.265-275
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    • 1996
  • Air pollution characteristics and the influence of sea breeze on surface ozone concentration were studied using the data measured at 7 air quality continuous monitoring stations from June to September using 3 years (1990, 1993, 1994) in Pusan coastal area. Among the 246 sea breeze days for research Period, there were approximately 89 sea breeze days (36%) from lune to September, And there were 120 the episode days (68%) of ozone greater than or equal to 60 ppb in summer season. In 89 sea breeze days, the episode day was highly marked as 56 days (63%). So, we knew that the sea breeze greatly affects the occurence of ozone episode day. the ozone concentration under the condition of the sea breeze increase about 40% in the daytime. Frequencies distribution of $O_3$ concentration for sea breeze moved toward high concentration class. The characteristics of ozone concentration in relation to meteorological conditions of sea breeze is significant because we can discover major weather factors for eastablishing an air pollution- weather forecast system. For further. study about meterological approach method for photochemical air pollution, it is necessary to explain the characteristics of atmosphere below 1, 000 m, especially concerning the formation mechanism of inversion layers. And finally, we will study the relationships to synoptic weather conditions and vertical structure and diurnal variation of local wind systems including sea breeze, and the vertical movements of atmosphere in the city.

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종관 바람 관측 자료를 이용한 북한 지역의 풍력자원 분석 (An Analysis of Wind Energy Resources using Synoptic Observational Data in North Korea)

  • 윤준희;서은경;박영산;김학성
    • 한국지구과학회지
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.225-233
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    • 2010
  • 북한 지역의 27개 기상관측지점의 30년 바람 자료를 이용하여 고도 50 m에서의 풍력밀도를 분석하였다. 27개 지점의 연평균 풍력밀도는 58.6W/$m^2$로 1등급에 해당하는 풍력 자원이었다. 계절에 따른 평균 풍력밀도는 겨울보다 봄에 더 높았으며, 여름에는 봄의 50% 정도의 풍력밀도를 나타냈다. 풍력밀도의 일변화를 보면 거의 모든 관측 지점에서 오후에 비교적 높은 풍력밀도와 오전 3-6시 경에 낮은 풍력밀도를 보였으며, 일변화의 진폭은 봄에 가장 컸다. 특히 내륙 중심부인 개마고원 지역과 함경북도 동북부, 평안도 남부 해안, 황해도 해안 근처에서 비교적 높은 값을 나타냈다. 장진에서의 연평균 풍력밀도는 3등급인 151.2 W/$m^2$를 나타냈으며, 용연은 2등급인 102.4 W/$m^2$의 값을 보였다.

한국 상록활엽수림의 군집분류 (Syntaxonomy of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forests in Korea)

  • Kil, Bong-Seop;Kim, Jeong-Un
    • 환경생물
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.233-247
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    • 1999
  • 우리나라 상록활엽수림의 식생인 동백나무군강(Camellietea japonicae)에 대한 군집분류 체계의 수립을 시도하였다. 여러 저자들에 의한 399 식생조사 자료로 2개의 식물사회학적인 표를 작성하고 군단을 정리한 바, 한국의 상록활엽수림 식생은 현재 15개의 군집을 포함하는 3개의 군단으로 구분되었다. 즉, (1) 신칭 가시나무-잣밤나무군단(Querco-Castanopsion all. nov.)은 구실잣밤나무군집 (Castano-psietum sieboldii), 붉가시나무군집 (Quercetum acutae), 가시나무군집 (Quercetum myrsinaefoliae)과 까마귀쪽나무군집(Litseetum japonicae)등 4개의 군집으로 나누어지고 (2) 신칭 후박나무-동백나무군단 (Machilo-Camellion all. nov.)은 10개의 군집 즉, 후박나무군집 (Machiletum thunbergii), 돈나무군집 (Pittosporetum tobirae), 식나무군집 (Aucubetum japonicae), 참식나무군집 (Neolitsetum sericeae), 우묵사 스레피군집 (Euryetum emarginatae), 보리밥나무군집 (Elaeagnetum macrophyllae), 동백나무군집 (Camellietum japonicae), 차나무-동백 나무군집 (Theo-Camellietum japonicae), 다정큼나무군집 (Raphiolepietum umbellatae)과 굴거리군집 (Daphniphylletum macropodae)이 그것이다. 또 (3) 황칠나무-구실잣밤나무군단(Dendropanaco-Castanopsion sieboldii)은 하나의 군집인 좀비비추-구실잣밤나무군집(Hosto minoris-Castanopsietum sieboldii)을 포함하고 있다. 이들 군단의 식물종조성, 생태학적 특성을 기술하고 그들의 분포를 나타내는 지도를 작성했다.

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전형적인 호우와 연관된 대기순환 (Typical Patterns of the Heavy Rains and their Associated Atmospheric Circulation)

  • Hi-Ryong Byun;Mo-Rang Her
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.177-184
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    • 1998
  • 1981년부터 1990년까지 10년간 발생한 274개의 호우사례를 분류하여,한반도에서 호우시에 나타나는 강수량의 공간분포를 여섯 종류로 나누고 각각의 정관적 특성을 분석하였다. 첫때, 강하게 발달한 지표 저기압에 연관되어 발생하는 호우보다 상, 하층 제트를 동반한 채 발달중인 저기압에 연관되어 발생하는 호우가 많다. 둘째, 재부분의 호우역은 하층 제트의 위치와 방향 그리고 지표 온나전선의 위치에 연관되어 있다. 셋째, 500hPa 면의 저기압 중심이나 기압골의 위치가 서쪽으로 멀어질수록 한반도에어 호우는 고위도에서 발생하는 경향이 있다. 넷째, 한반도에 호우를 초래하는 500hPa의 저기압 중심은 하계몬순의 발달을 따라 서쪽으로 자리잡는 경향이 있으나 해마다 차이가 있다.차이가 있다.

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포장(圃場)에서 벼 군락(群落)의 미기상(微氣象) 요소(要素)들이 증발산량(蒸發散量)에 미치는 영향(影響) (Influence of Micrometeorological Elements on Evapotranspiration in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Crop Canopy)

  • 김종욱;강병화;이정택;윤성호;임정남
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.231-241
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    • 1992
  • 벼 군락(群落)의 미기상요소(微氣象要素)들이 증발산(蒸發散)에 미치는 영향(影響)과 그들의 상호관련(相互關聯)을 구명(究明)하고자 1989년(年)에 기상청(氣象廳) 수원기상대(水原氣象臺) 포장(圃場)에서 대청벼와 삼강벼를 공시(供試)하여 종관기상(綜觀氣象), 군락(群落)의 미기상(微氣象)과 증발산량(蒸發散量), 작물(作物)의 건물생산량(乾物生産量) 등을 측정(測定) 조사(調査)하고, 증발산량(蒸發散量)의 생육시기별(生育時期別) 변화(變化)와 기상요소(氣象要素)의 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 벼 군락(群落)의 증발산량(蒸發散量)은 증발계(蒸發計)의 증발량(蒸發量), 기온(氣溫), 일사량(日射量), 일조시수(日照時數), 초관부(草冠部) 상단(上端)의 공기(空氣)와의 포차(飽差), 수온(水溫) 등의 순(順)으로 상관계수(相關係數)가 높았다. 2. 벼 군락(群落)의 증발산량(蒸發散量)과 측정증발량(測定蒸發量)과의 관계(關係)는 소형증발계(小型蒸發計)의 증발량(蒸發量)에 비하여 Class A 증발계(蒸發計)의 증발량(蒸發量)이 더욱 밀접한 상관관계(相關關係)를 보였다. 3. 벼 군락(群落)의 증발산량(蒸發散量)과 증발량(蒸發量)과의 관계(關係)에서 대청벼 보다 삼강벼의 상관계수(相關係數)가 더욱 높은 품종간차이(品種間差異)를 보였다. 4. Class A 증발계(蒸發計)로 측정(測定)된 증발량(蒸發量)에 대한 벼 군락(群落)의 증발산량(蒸發散量)의 비(比)는 전생육기간(全生育期間)을 통(通)하여 1.0이상이었으며, 8월(月) 하순(下旬)에는 1.9로서 최고(最高)에 달하였다. 5. Class A 증발계(蒸發計)의 증발량(蒸發量)은 소형증발계(小型蒸發計)에 의한 측정치(測定値)의 0.719배(倍)이었다. 6. 증발산량(蒸發散量)은 순복사량(純輻射量)보다는 태양(太陽)에너지 복사량(輻射量)과의 상관(相關)이 높았으며, 순복사량(純輻射量)은 태양(太陽)에너지 복사량(輻射量)의 0.66배(倍)이었다. 7. 최고기온(最高氣溫)은 평균기온(平均氣溫)보다 작물(作物)의 증발산량(蒸發散量)과의 상관(相關)이 높았고, 6m 높이의 풍속(風速)과는 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 보였지만, 강우일(降雨日)을 제외한 경우 상대습도(相對濕度)와의 상관계수(相關係數)는 매우 낮았다. 8. 기상요소(氣象要素)를 자료(資料)로 증발산량(蒸發散量)을 추정(推定)하기위하여 작성된 회귀(回歸)모델은 $ET=-5.3594+0.7005_{pan}A+0.1926T_{mean}+0.0878_{sol}+0.025RH$이었고, 이 모델에 의한 추정치(推定値)는 실측치(實測値)와 거의 일치(一致)($R^2=0.607$)하였다.

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간호학 교과과정 개선을 위한 조사 연구 (A Study on improvement of curriculum in Nursing)

  • 김애실
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제4권2호
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 1974
  • This Study involved the development of a survey form and the collection of data in an effort-to provide information which can be used in the improvement of nursing curricula. The data examined were the kinds courses currently being taught in the curricula of nursing education institutions throughout Korea, credits required for course completion, and year in-which courses are taken. For the purposes of this study, curricula were classified into college, nursing school and vocational school categories. Courses were directed into the 3 major categories of general education courses, supporting science courses and professional education course, and further subdirector as. follows: 1) General education (following the classification of Philip H. phoenix): a) Symbolics, b) Empirics, c) Aesthetics. 4) Synthetics, e) Ethics, f) Synoptic. 2) Supporting science: a) physical science, b) biological science, c) social science, d) behavioral science, e) Health science, f) Educations 3) Professional Education; a) basic courses, b) courses in each of the respective fields of nursing. Ⅰ. General Education aimed at developing the individual as a person and as a member of society is relatively strong in college curricula compared with the other two. a) Courses included in the category of symbolics included Korean language, English, German. Chines. Mathematics. Statics: Economics and Computer most college curricula included 20 credits. of courses in this sub-category, while nursing schools required 12 credits and vocational school 10 units. English ordinarily receives particularly heavy emphasis. b) Research methodology, Domestic affair and women & courtney was included under the category of empirics in the college curricula, nursing and vocational school do not offer this at all. c) Courses classified under aesthetics were physical education, drill, music, recreation and fine arts. Most college curricula had 4 credits in these areas, nursing school provided for 2 credits, and most vocational schools offered 10 units. d) Synoptic included leadership, interpersonal relationship, and communications, Most schools did not offer courses of this nature. e) The category of ethics included citizenship. 2 credits are provided in college curricula, while vocational schools require 4 units. Nursing schools do not offer these courses. f) Courses included under synoptic were Korean history, cultural history, philosophy, Logics, and religion. Most college curricular 5 credits in these areas, nursing schools 4 credits. and vocational schools 2 units. g) Only physical education was given every Year in college curricula and only English was given in nursing schools and vocational schools in every of the curriculum. Most of the other courses were given during the first year of the curriculum. Ⅱ. Supporting science courses are fundamental to the practice and application of nursing theory. a) Physical science course include physics, chemistry and natural science. most colleges and nursing schools provided for 2 credits of physical science courses in their curricula, while most vocational schools did not offer t me. b) Courses included under biological science were anatomy, physiologic, biology and biochemistry. Most college curricula provided for 15 credits of biological science, nursing schools for the most part provided for 11 credits, and most vocational schools provided for 8 units. c) Courses included under social science were sociology and anthropology. Most colleges provided for 1 credit in courses of this category, which most nursing schools provided for 2 creates Most vocational school did not provide courses of this type. d) Courses included under behavioral science were general and clinical psychology, developmental psychology. mental hygiene and guidance. Most schools did not provide for these courses. e) Courses included under health science included pharmacy and pharmacology, microbiology, pathology, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, and Chinese medicine. Most college curricula provided for 11 credits, while most nursing schools provide for 12 credits, most part provided 20 units of medical courses. f) Courses included under education included educational psychology, principles of education, philosophy of education, history of education, social education, educational evaluation, educational curricula, class management, guidance techniques and school & community. Host college softer 3 credits in courses in this category, while nursing schools provide 8 credits and vocational schools provide for 6 units, 50% of the colleges prepare these students to qualify as regular teachers of the second level, while 91% of the nursing schools and 60% of the vocational schools prepare their of the vocational schools prepare their students to qualify as school nurse. g) The majority of colleges start supporting science courses in the first year and complete them by the second year. Nursing schools and vocational schools usually complete them in the first year. Ⅲ. Professional Education courses are designed to develop professional nursing knowledge, attitudes and skills in the students. a) Basic courses include social nursing, nursing ethics, history of nursing professional control, nursing administration, social medicine, social welfare, introductory nursing, advanced nursing, medical regulations, efficient nursing, nursing english and basic nursing, College curricula devoted 13 credits to these subjects, nursing schools 14 credits, and vocational schools 26 units indicating a severe difference in the scope of education provided. b) There was noticeable tendency for the colleges to take a unified approach to the branches of nursing. 60% of the schools had courses in public health nursing, 80% in pediatric nursing, 60% in obstetric nursing, 90% in psychiatric nursing and 80% in medical-surgical nursing. The greatest number of schools provided 48 crudites in all of these fields combined. in most of the nursing schools, 52 credits were provided for courses divided according to disease. in the vocational schools, unified courses are provided in public health nursing, child nursing, maternal nursing, psychiatric nursing and adult nursing. In addition, one unit is provided for one hour a week of practice. The total number of units provided in the greatest number of vocational schools is thus Ⅲ units double the number provided in nursing schools and colleges. c) In th leges, the second year is devoted mainly to basic nursing courses, while the third and fourth years are used for advanced nursing courses. In nursing schools and vocational schools, the first year deals primarily with basic nursing and the second and third years are used to cover advanced nursing courses. The study yielded the following conclusions. 1. Instructional goals should be established for each courses in line with the idea of nursing, and curriculum improvements should be made accordingly. 2. Course that fall under the synthetics category should be strengthened and ways should be sought to develop the ability to cooperate with those who work for human welfare and health. 3. The ability to solve problems on the basis of scientific principles and knowledge and understanding of man society should be fostered through a strengthening of courses dealing with physical sciences, social sciences and behavioral sciences and redistribution of courses emphasizing biological and health sciences. 4. There should be more balanced curricula with less emphasis on courses in the major There is a need to establish courses necessary for the individual nurse by doing away with courses centered around specific diseases and combining them in unified courses. In addition it is possible to develop skill in dealing with people by using the social setting in comprehensive training. The most efficient ratio of the study experience should be studied to provide more effective, interesting education Elective course should be initiated to insure a man flexible, responsive educational program. 5. The curriculum stipulated in the education law should be examined.

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