• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

Basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust have been widely used to investigate emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity in many studies. On the contrary, surprise emotion, Suggested also as one of the basic emotions suggested by Ekman et al. (1983), has been least investigated. The purpose of this study was to provide a description of cardiovascular responses on surprise stimulus using electrocardiograph (ECG) and photoplethysmograph (PPG). ECG and PPG were recorded from 76 undergraduate students, as they were exposed to a visuo-acoustic surprise stimulus. Heart rate (HR), standard deviation of R-R interval (SD-RR), root mean square of successive R-R interval difference (RMSSD-RR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), finger blood volume pulse amplitude (FBVPA), and finger pulse transit time (FPTT) were calculated before and after the stimulus presentation. Results show significant increase in HR, SD-RR, and RMSSD-RR, decreased FBVPA, and shortened FPTT. Evidence suggests that surprise emotion can be characterized by vasoconstriction and accelerated heart rate, sympathetic activation, and increased heart rate variability, parasympathetic activation. These results can be useful in developing an emotion theory, or profiling surprise-specific physiological responses, as well as establishing the basis for emotion recognition system in human-computer interaction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.18-22
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigated correlation between personal aggression and skin conductance level during watching attack image. Twenty three male ($21.4\pm1.8$ years) college students participated in this experiment. A personal aggression of each subject measured by questionnaire. The experimental procedure consisted of four phases, i.e., rest state (15 min), control image 1 (2 min. 14 sec), aggression image (50 sec), and control image 2 (2 min. 14 sec). Control image 1 and 2 consisted of sea, mountain, and valley scenary. Aggression image used scenes of the violence movie. Skin Conductance Level (SCL) of electrothermal activity was measured during watching the images. The SCL was greater during aggression image than during control image 1 and 2. A negative correlation was found between aggressive personality and change rate of SCL during watching aggression image compared to control image 1. This results suggests that aggression image was accompanied by the higher activation of Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS). Also, the higher aggression scores, an increasing rate of SNS activation was become smaller during watching aggression image.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2000

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) is known to be associated with the changes of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Nasal continuous positive airway pressure(nCPAP) treatment was found to correct abnormal ANS changes in OSAS but it remains to be further clarified. We aimed to assess the effects of nCPAP on ANS manifested on electrocardiogram, using spectrum analysis in the subjects with OSAS. Methods: Digital polysomnography was performed in 18 patients with OSAS(mean age $43.7{\pm}16.6$ years ; 17 males, 1 female ; mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) $48.6{\pm}20.9$) for one baseline and another CPAP nights. From each night, 300 continuous beats of ECGs without artifact were chosen from both stage 2 sleep and REM sleep and they were used for power spectrum analysis. We compared between baseline and CPAP nights the heart rate variability including VLF(very low frequency power), LF (low frequency power), HF(high frequency power), R-R means, R-R variance, and LF/HF ratio, using Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Results: In all patients, nCPAP proved to be effective in relieving apneas and snoring. During nCPAP night compared with baseline night, decreases in VLF(p<0.05), LF(p<0.01), and R-R variance(p<0.05) were found in stage 2 sleep, and decreased LF(p<0.05) was found in REM sleep. No significant differences in each sleep stage were found in other variables between the two nights. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that OSAS increases the activity of sympathetic nervous system and nCPAP application effectively decreases the activity. And nCPAP does not appear to influence the parasympathetic nervous activity in OSAS.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.82-93
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between peripheral blood leukocyte differential - Granulocyte rate, Lymphocyte rate and its calculated Granulocyte/Lymphocyte ratio - and the obstetric variables. Methods: From 270 cases of women who were in the postpartum care center attached to Won-Kwang Korean Medical Hospital, 36 cases met exclusion criteria. On the obstetric variables of 234 cases, peripheral blood leukocyte differential - Granulocyte rate, Lymphocyte rate and its calculated Granulocyte/Lymphocyte ratio - was analyzed. In the postpartum care center, the obstetric variables were asked of 234 cases of women, and who measured leukocyte differential. Results: Mean granulocyte rate and lymphocyte rate of peripheral blood leukocyte differential showed statistically significant difference from those in healthy people and was high. There was statistically significant difference in granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio according to mood of delivery, parity and period passed from childbirth. But whether postpartum women with anemia or not, maternal age and gender of neonate were not associated with granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio, and which was not significantly correlated with gestational age and neonatal birth weight. Conclusions: These findings suggest that activation of the sympathetic nervous system in postpartum women is higher than in healthy people. And granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio was influenced by mood of delivery, parity and period passed from childbirth. In future, more studies or surveys, with less bias, for the relation between peripheral blood leukocyte differential and the obstetric variables are required.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the secondary tasks such as sending text message (STM) and searching navigation (SN) on skin conductance level (SCL) and deviation of vehicle speed during driving. The participants included 30 healthy adults; 14 males aged $25.2{\pm}0.9$ with $1.9{\pm}1.8$ years of driving experiences and 16 females aged $22.6{\pm}1.9$ with $1.2{\pm}0.8$ years of driving experiences. All subjects were instructed to keep a constant speed (80km/h or 100km/h). SCL and deviation of vehicle speed were measured during driving only and driving with secondary tasks. SCL and deviation of vehicle speed were more increased during the driving with secondary tasks than driving only. Secondary tasks increased an activation of sympathetic nerve system and decreased driving performance. However, there were no significant differences in the SCL and deviation of vehicle speed according to gender and speed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 1992

It is well known that chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla secrete catecholamine in response to sympathetic nerve activation and the influx of $Ca^{2+}$ through the voltage dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channels (VDCC) in the cell membrane do a major role in this secretory process. In this study, we explored the effect of divalent cations on VDCC of rat chromaffin cells. Rat (Sprague-Dawley rat, 150-250 gm) chromaffin cells were isolated and cultured. Standard giga seal, whole cell recording techniques were employed to study $Ca^{2+}$ current with external and internal solutions that could effectively isolate VDCC currents $(NMG\;in\;external\;and\;TEA\;and\;Cs^{2+}\;in\;internal\;solution)$. The voltage dependence and the inactivation time course of VDCC in our cells were identical to those of bovine chromaffin cells. A persistent inward current was first activated by depolarizing step pulse from the holding potential (H.P.) of -80 mV to -40 mV, increased to maximum amplitude at around +10 mV, and became smaller with progressively higher depolarizing pulses to reverse at around +60 mV. The inactivation time constant $(\tau)$, fitted from the long duration test potential (2 sec) was $1295.2{\pm}126.8$ msec $(n=20,\;1\;day\;of\;culture,\;mean\;{\pm}S.E.M.)$ and the kinetic parameters were not altered along the culture duration. Nicardipine $(10\;{\mu}M)$ blocked the current almost completely. Among treated divalent cations such as $Cd^{2+},\;Co^{2+},\;Ni^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}\;and\;,Mn^{2+},\;Cd^{2+}$ was the most potent blocker on VDCC. When the depolarizing step pulse from -80 mV to 10 mV was applied, the equilibrium dissociation constant $(K_d)$ of $Cd^{2+}\;was\;39\;{\mu}M,\;K_d\;of\;Co^{2+}\;was\;100\;{\mu}M\;and\;K_d\;of\;Ni^{2+}];was];780{\mu}M.$ The principal findings of this study are as follows. First, the majority of $Ca^{2+}$ channels in rat chromaffin cells are well classified to L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel in the view of kinetics and pharmacology. Second, all divalent cations tested could block the $Ca^{2+}$ current and the most potent blocker among the tested was $Cd^{2+}$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 2016

As contemporary society has become more complicated, specialized, and segmented, people are experiencing more diverse types of stress. In particular, while several factors associated with job stress have been examined among nurses, who belong to a professional group, the existing research has made no quantitative assessments of stress that reflect temporal differences in individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand the effects of job stress on alpha-amylase with regard to the working hours of nurses, to assess the variations in jobs stress over time, and provide basic data to improve the quality of nursing services. Ninety nurses working in three shifts in general, emergency, and intensive care wards of a university hospital in D City participated in this study. Salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) was extracted and analyzed at two-hour intervals from 07:00 to 15:00 from nurses on the day shift and from 23:00 to 07:00 from those working the night shift. The SAA level was highest between 23:00 and 01:00 for nurses in general wards ($mean{\pm}S.D.\;39.00{\pm}14.88$) and between 11:00 and 13:00 for those in both intensive care units and emergency wards ($mean{\pm}S.D.\;67.50{\pm}62.93$ and $mean{\pm}S.D.\;39.67{\pm}35.96$, respectively). The characteristic variation in SAA was significant between 23:00 and 01:00 (p < 0.01) and for those in their fifties or older (p < 0.01). The activation ratio of alpha-amylase, a stress reactant, showed an increase when the sympathetic nervous system was activated by mental stress; in addition, job stress was manifested with the effect of awakening at different time segments and at different ages among the nurses. With the aim of raising the level of service based on the nurses maintaining their mental health, it is necessary to focus sharply on the time segment for critical control and to conduct repetitive studies to determine the divisions of eustress critical values as well as to expand the population.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.51-57
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• 2002

The purpose of the study was to measure and compare driver's psychophysiological responses in different driving conditions through driving simulator. Twelve male adults(more than 1 year of driving experience) were assigned to four different driving conditions, such as normal speed(70㎞/h), sudden start(0㎞/h→70㎞/h), and sudden stop(70㎞/h→0㎞/h), and their simulator sickness, subjective pleasantness and arousal, EEG, ECG, skin temperature, and GSR were measured. Subjective and physiological evaluations were executed before and after driving in each condition. The results showed that subjective pleasantness and arousal increased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, relative to stop and normal speed conditions. As the central nervous responses, beta wave increased and alpha wave decreased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, relative to stop and normal speed conditions. With regard to the autonomic responses, heart rate and GSR increased, while skin temperature decreased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, which means an activation of sympathetic nervous system. The results suggested that based upon observation of the distinctive psychophysiological changes by driving conditions, it is possible to evaluate the human sensibility in dynamic environment.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 2003

The voltage-dependence of N-type calcium current inactivation is U-shaped with the degree of inactivation roughly mirroring inward current. This voltage-dependence has been reported to result from a purely voltage-dependent mechanism. However, $Ca^{2＋}$-dependent inactivation of N-channels has also been reported. We have investigated the role of $Ca^{2＋}$ in N-channel inactivation by comparing the effects of $Ba^{2＋}$and $Ca^{2＋}$ on whole-cell N-current in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. For individual cells in-activation was always larger in $Ca^{2＋}$ than in $Ba^{2＋}$ even when internal EGTA (11 mM) was replaced with BAPTA (20 mM). The inactivation vs. voltage relationship was U-shaped in both divalent cations. The enhancement of inactivation by $Ca^{2＋}$ was inversely related with the magnitude of inactivation in $Ba^{2＋}$ as if the mechanisms of inactivation were the same in both $Ba^{2＋}$ and $Ca^{2＋}$. In support of this idea we could separate fast ( ${\gamma}$ ～150 ms) and slow ( ${\gamma}$ ～ 2500 ms) components of inactivation in both $Ba^{2＋}$and $Ca^{2＋}$ using 5 sec voltage steps. Differential effects were observed on each component with $Ca^{2＋}$ enhancing the magnitude of the fast component and the speed of the slow component. The larger amplitude of fast component indicates that the more channels inactivate via this pathway with $Ca^{2＋}$ than with $Ba^{2＋}$, but the stable time constants support the idea the fast inactivation mechanism is identical in $Ba^{2＋}$and $Ca^{2＋}$. The results do not support a $Ca^{2＋}$-dependent mechanism for fast inactivation. However, the $Ca^{2＋}$-induced acceleration of the slowly inactivating component could result from a $Ca^{2＋}$-dependent process.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 1994

It has been known for some time that dopamine-containing cells are existed in sympathetic ganglia, i.e., small, intensely fluorescent cells. However, its role and mechanism of action as a peripheral neurotransmitter are poorly understood so far. In the present study, an attempt was made to examine the effect of apomorphine, which is known to be a selective agonist of dopaminergic $D_2$. receptor on secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. The perfusion of a low concentration of 10uM apomorphine into an adrenal vein for 20 min produced significant reduction in CA secretion induced by 5.32 mM ACh, 56 mM KCl, 100 uM DMPP and 100 uM McN-A-343. Increasing apomorphine concentration to 30 uM led to more markedly decreased CA secretion as compared to the case of 10 uM apomorphine and also did inhibit clearly CA release by $10^{-5}M$ Bay-K-8644. Furthermore, in adrenal glands preloaded with a higher dose of 100 uM apomorphine, CA releases evoked by ACh, excess $K^+$, DMPP and McN-A-343 were almost abolished by the drug. The perfusion of $3.3{\pm}10^{-5}M$ metoclopramide, which is well-known as a selective dopaminergic $D_2$ antagonist, produced significantly inhibitory effect of CA release by ACh, DMPP and McN-A-343 but did not affect that by excess $K^+$. However, preloading of 30uM apomorphine in the presence of metoclopramide did not modify the CA secretory effect of excess $K+$ and DMPP. These experimental results demonstrate that apomorphine causes dose-dependent inhibition of CA secretion by cholinergic receptor stimulation and also by membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland, suggesting that these effects appear to be exerted by inhibiting influx of extracellular calcium into the rat adrenal medullary chromaffin cells through activation of inhibitory dopaminergic receptors.