• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.195-200
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• 2007

Management of odors is essential to swine industry in the Republic of Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the odor removal efficiency of biofilter ducting systems. Rice straw and auto clave concrete(ALC) were used as filter medium. The ventilation fans(5 units, diameter: 500 mm) at the side wall of a growing pig housing were connected to a biofilter using a duct. The size of a biofilter is $2.5{\times}2{\times}1.2(W{\times}L{\times}H)$. The air velocities at the 300 mm above rice straw and ALC were 0.77 and 0.56 m/s, respectively. Ammonia concentration at the outlet of rice straw and ALC media were 2 and 3 ppm, respectively. Dust concentrations were also measured. The dust concentrations of rice straw and ALC were 93, $32\;mg/m^3$, respectively. There was no significant difference between filter mediums in terms of carbon dioxide concentrations(rice straw: 320, ALC: 270 mg/l). The concentration of hydrogen sulfide was stable over the experimentation. The actual concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were 4, 3 and 3 ppm at the days of 7, 21 and 36, respectively. These results suggest that biofilter ducting systems may remove odors from pig house effectively.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.943-952
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• 2023

Objective: For decades, LYD ([Landrace×Yorkshire] ♀×Duroc ♂) pigs are the most commonly-used commercial breed for meat production in Korea. Recently, due to the increasing demand for premium pork, the National Institute of Animal Science (Korea) has synthesized a novel pig breed named Woori Heukdon (WHD). This study aimed at comparing the carcass traits, meat yield and quality characteristics between the LYD and WHD pigs under identical rearing condition. Methods: The WHD and LYD pigs (n = 15 each) were reared under identical conditions and fed the same commercial diet until reaching recommended market weight (100 to 120 kg). After slaughter, the carcasses were evaluated for traits and meat yield, and the meat quality was assessed on shoulder butt and belly cuts. Results: Although no significant differences (p>0.05) occurred in slaughter weight between two pig types, WHD had a lower meat yield (by about 6 kg corresponding to approximately 7%) compared to the LYD pigs (p<0.05). The WHD had a higher fat content (by 4.26% and 13.52% in the shoulder butt and belly, respectively) compared to those of LYD pigs (p<0.05). The WHD meat showed a lower cooking loss and higher a* (redness) value (p<0.05). The WHD belly had a significantly (p<0.05) higher oleic acid content and concentrations of nonanal, octanal and decanal associated with fatty odor while, the LYD meat had a higher number of pyrazines associated with roasty odor. Regarding sensory quality, higher flavor, juiciness, and acceptability higher scores were given for the WHD meat than for the LYD meat (p<0.05). Conclusion: Under identical rearing conditions the WHD exhibited a better meat quality and sensory properties. However, the use of this diet resulted in a high fat level that may be associated with high trimming loss for the WHD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1435-1439
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• 2005

Bacterio-mineral water (BMW) produced from manure has been known to exert a number of positive effects on animal production and odor control. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of BMW produced from bio-reacted swine manure on in vitro gas production, cellulose degradation, microbial growth and fibrolytic enzyme activities of mixed rumen microorganisms. The five levels of 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01 and 1.0% BMW were supplemented into serum vials containing mixed rumen microorganisms. Incubations were carried out anaerobically at $39^{\circ}C$ without shaking for 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences among the treatments for the initial rate of gas production. At 72 h incubation, the gas production tended (p<0.1) to be increased by the 0.01 and 1.0% BMW treatments compared with control and the 0.001% BMW treatment. At the end of incubation (96 h), the sample supplemented with 0.01% BMW was higher (p<0.05) than control (0% BMW) in the gas production. The microbial growth rate was increased by all the BMW treatments, while 0.01% BMW was most effective in stimulating the growth rate. Although the addition of BMW on the filter paper DM degradation was not significantly influenced throughout the incubation period except the 48 h incubation, DM degradation tended to be increased by all BMW treatments compared with control. The addition of both 0.005 and 0.01% BMW highly increased (p<0.05) CMCase activity compared with control after 24 h and 48 h incubation, while at the 72 h incubation the 0.01% BMW addition only significantly increased (p<0.05). After 72 h incubation, the xylanase activity was significantly (p<0.05) increased with the addition of 1.0% BMW compared with the addition of 0.001 and 0.005% BMW, while at the other incubation times, the xylanase activity was not different among the treatments. In conclusion, the 0.01% BMW of supplementation level would be the suitable addition level to stimulate rumen fermentation increasing microbial growth and cellulose degradation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.10
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• pp.37.1-37.9
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effects of the low plane of nutrition on growth and meat quality of finishing pigs. A total of 136 crossbred barrows and gilts weighing approximately 55 kg were allotted to 8 pens, with 17 animals housed per pen, in a 2 (sex) ${\times}$ 2 (nutrition) factorial arrangement of treatments. The animals allotted to a medium plane of nutrition (MPN) received a finisher phase 1 (P1) diet containing 3.47 Mcal DE/kg and 0.92 % lysine and a P2 diet containing 3.40 Mcal DE/kg and 0.78 % lysine for 35 d and 36/43 d, respectively; the animals allotted to the low plane of nutrition (LPN) received only a P2 diet containing 3.00 Mcal DE/kg and 0.68 % lysine 7 d longer than MPN. The animals were slaughtered following the feeding trial, after which the loin, ham, Boston butt, and belly were taken from a total of 24 animals, with the average live weight being 120 kg, and their physicochemical and sensory quality traits were analyzed. Average daily gain did not differ between MPN and LPN during either P1 or P2. Average daily feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) in LPN vs. MPN during both phases whereas the opposite was true for the gain:feed ratio. Backfat thickness (BFT) was less in LPN vs. MPN (21.7 vs. 24.1 mm at 115 kg). The plane of nutrition influenced no effect on any of the physicochemical characteristics of fresh loin, ham, or Boston butt analyzed in the present study. Fresh hams from LPN exhibited superior aroma and odor scores than those from MPN; however, sensory quality traits were not influenced by the plane of nutrition in other fresh primal cuts or cooked meat. Instead, fresh primal cuts and cooked meat from gilts rendered superior physicochemical characteristics and sensory scores, respectively, than those from barrows. Results suggest that the low plane of nutrition may be useful to increase the slaughter weight of finishing pigs with a moderately high BFT by virtue of its BFT-lowering effect with or without exerting a slightly positive influence on pork quality.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

Slurry treatments included peanut shell, palm golden fiber, almond hull, which was added 2% of the amount of slurry, and non-treatment control (n=4 each group). Levels of odorous compounds were measured from the liquid slurry incubated in $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk in chamber whose structure is similar to slurry pit. Concentration of phenols and indoles was higher (p<0.05) in control (48.4, 4.0 ppm) compared to almond hull (31.5, 1.4 ppm) or palm golden fiber (29.1, 1.6 ppm) group. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level was lowest (p<0.05) in control (2,121 ppm) but highest in peanut shell group (3,640 ppm). Branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentration was highest (p<0.05) in peanut shell (296 ppm), but lowest in almond hull (90 ppm). Taken together, concentration of odorous compounds was decreased by addition of almond hull in pig slurry by which crude fiber and non-digestible fiber (NDF) may act as a carbon source.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.200-209
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• 2011

Animals produce important co-products such as meat, milk, and egg. Higher consumption and urbanization asked for more animal products and the demand was so strong that lager livestocks are now being raised densely in small farm. Large production of excreta and maldor is an inevitable consequence of condensed breeding. If this malodor couldn't be controlled, it could be chief obstacle to development of both livestock industry and environment of future. Major odor produced from livestock environments could be subdivided into four major sections: volatile fatty acids, ammonia and volatile amine, indole and phenols, and sulfur compounds. More than half of nitrogen excreted urea, so low protein feeding, synthetic amino acid feeding and supplementing with digestive enzyme, microbial agents and/or probiotics are methods for reducing nitrogen excretion. A lot of studies about feeding and probiotics, co-feed have been researched to improve environment and/or productivity in livestock industry.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.252-256
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of slurry additives on reducing the concentration of odorous compounds. Slurry treatments included control, horseradish, spent mushroom, and almond hull (n = 4 each group). Odorous compounds including volatile organic compounds (VOCs phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs short chain FA, SCFA, and branched chain FA, BCFA) were analyzed. Pigs of 85~120 kg body weight were fed diets formulated to meet the Korean Feeding Standard (2012) and their excretion was sampled from slurry pits. VOCs decreased (p<0.05) in horseradish, spent mushroom, and almond hull, compared to the control. SCFA was lower (p<0.05) in the horseradish group and BCFA was lower (p<0.05) in all three treatment groups compared to the control. Taken together, the tested additives are effective in reducing odorous compounds in pig slurry, indicating that the use of spent mushroom and almond hull can not only recycle the agri-byproduct but also reduce the impact of odors on surrounding communities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2006

Offensive odor from CAFO(concentrated animal feeding operation) and its control have become a significant issue in Korea. Control of odors from the CAFO requires to identify major odorant and their generation mechanisms. In this study, an easy method to collect gas sample and to quantify its odorants is proposed. The method involves on-site odorant extraction with solid-phase microextraction and quantitation with GC/MSD or GC/FID. Analytes of the current study include: trimethylamine(TMA), carbon disulfide($CS_2$), dimethyl sulfide(DMS), dimethyl disulfide(DMDS), acetic acid(AA), propionic acid(PA) and n-butyric acid(BA). The resulting linearity($R^2$) of calibration curve for each analyte was good over the range from several ppbv to ppmv; 0.984 for TMA(0.056-1.437), 0.996 for $CS_2$(0.039-0.999), 0.994 for DMS(0.029-0.756), 0.995 for DMDS(0.024-0.623), 0.992 for AA(0.068-1.314), 0.955 for PA(0.047-0.940), and 0.976 for BA(0.036-0.712). Method detection limits were 5.67, 6.39, 5.78, 25.2, 0.098, 0.363 and 0.099 ppbv for AA, PA, BA, TMA, DMS, $CS_2$, and DMDS, respectively. With the developed method, odorants from poultry, swine, and cattle barns were analysed. All the compounds but DMDS were detected from the sample collected in the poultry barn, and their levels exceeded the representative published human olfactory threshold.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2008

This research was conducted to examine proper manure treatment methods for a high-rise swine barn with results of the fact-finding survey on manure treatment methods used in high-rise swine barns and sawdust swine barns In Korea. The average temperatures on bedding of control, T1, and T2 were between $25.3{\sim}25.4^{\circ}C$ with little difference. Air flow rate of T2 was slower than those of control and T1. Dust generation in control was 54 cpm which was higher than T1 and T2. The average ammonia concentration in control was highest showing 6.0 ppm, ranged from 0.5 to 14.5 ppm, with statistical difference (p<0.05), compared to T1 (2.8 ppm) and T2 (2.6 ppm). Sawdust spreading used in control and T1 decreased ammonia concentration. T1 showed the lowest concentration of $CO_2$. Water contents of control and T2 were close to the proper water content, 65%. T1 had the highest water content and pH, and the lowest organic matter and C/N ratio. The volumes of sawdust spread per head were 0.26 and $0.27m^3$ in control and T2, respectively, which was less than T1. Operating cost such as an electricity bill for blowers was cheap in T2. Hence, T2 bedding sawdust up to 10 cm thick and periodically spreading additional sawdust from second story was recommended.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 2014

This study was performed to compare the level of odorous compounds in feces and urine of finishing pigs. Feces and urine from 16 finishing pigs were separately collected for 28-d. Concentrations of volatile organic compound (VOC; phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acid (VFA; SCFA and BCFA) were measured in feces and urine. Amount of phenols and p-cresol was higher (P<0.05) in urine than in feces. Urinal levels of phenols and p-cresol were 257.8 ppm and 250.9 ppm, and those of fecal phenols and p-cresol were 0.50 ppm and 0.05 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in concentration of indoles from feces (1.0 ppm) and urine (1.8 ppm). Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level in urine was higher (P<0.05) than in feces showing 4,547 ppm and 863 ppm, respectively. Proportion of acetic acid to total SCFA was higher in urine (94%) than in feces (66%). However, level of branched fatty acid (BCFA) was greater in feces (118 ppm) compare to that of urine (87 ppm). Odorous compounds analyzed in the current study, phenols and SCFA, were contained more in urine than in feces. Greater amount of VFA is typically found in feces than in urine since it is generated in the large intestine. However, urine contained more VFA than feces in the current study. Therefore, it will be necessary to exploit odor reducing techniques especially for pig urine as grassland fertilizer.