• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.837-843
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to compare the feed intake patterns and growth performance of Meishan and Yorkshire growing pigs. Experiment 1 was carried out over a 6-wk period and used 48 barrows with equal numbers of purebred Meishan (M) and Yorkshire (Y). Pigs were allocated to four groups of 12 pigs consisting of equal numbers of M and Y. Initial BW were $36.4{\pm}0.32kg$ and $42.1{\pm}1.41kg$ for M and Y, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out over a 5-week period and used 48 pigs consisting of equal numbers of both barrows and gilts and of crossbred Meishan$\times$Yorkshire (MY) and purebred Yorkshire (Y) animals. Pigs were allotted to 6 pens of 8 pigs, with 4 single- and 2 mixed-genotype groups (initial $BW=28.5{\pm}0.99kg$). In both experiments, pigs were given ad libitum access to a grower diet (17% crude protein, 0.9% lysine, 3365 kcal/kg ME) via feed intake recording equipment (F.I.R.E.). Pigs carried an ear-tag transponder with an unique identification which allowed the time, duration, and size of individual meals to be recorded. In Exp. 1, Y had higher ADG (721 vs 353 g, p<0.01), daily feed intake (DFI; 2.338 vs 1.363 kg, p<0.01), made more frequent visits to the feeder per day (NFV; 18.5 vs 7.7, p<0.01), had a shorter feeder occupation time per visit (FOV; 7.4 vs 12.9 min, p<0.01), and ate less feed per visit (FIV; 130 vs 177 g, p<0.01) than M pigs. Feed consumption rates (CR) were greater for Y compared to M (19.3 vs 14.8 g/min, p<0.01). Feeder occupation time per day (FOD) was longer for Y than M (114.3 vs 82.8 min/pig, p<0.01). Yorkshire pigs visited the feeder more frequently between 0800 and 1100 h. Meishan pigs showed more frequent feeder visits between 0600 and 0800 h, and between 1600 and 2100 h when feeding competition with Y was reduced. In Exp. 2, there was no effect of genotype or group composition on DFI, ADG or gain:feed ratio. Crossbred pigs (MY) made fewer feeder visits (12.6 vs 17.7, p<0.01), and had greater FIV (124 vs 98 g/visit, p<0.01), and longer FOV (8.11 vs 7.24 min/visit, p<0.01) and FOD (112 vs 100 min, p<0.05) than Y pigs. Results of this study suggest substantial genetic variation in feeding patterns as well as in growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1717-1725
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• 2000

The objective was to determine the relationship between feed intake levels and patterns, and growth performance and body composition of barrows and gilts using automatic feed intake recording equipment (F.I.R.E.). This system records the time of visits to the feeder and the duration and size of meals for individual animals housed in groups. Ninety-six crossbred pigs were grown from $33.4{\pm}0.51$ to $109.7{\pm}1.39kg$ live weight over a 13-week period. Eight mixed-sex groups of 12 pigs were used and 4 dietary treatments were compared giving 2 pens per treatment. The dietary treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal diets with differing protein levels which ranged from 14.7% to 19% between 30 to 55 kg, from 13.3% to 16.9% between 56 and 85 kg, and from 12.3% to 16.8% for the remainder of the study. Animals were ultrasonically scanned to measure loin-eye area and backfat thickness to estimate carcass fat-free lean content at the beginning and end of the study. Barrows had higher daily feed intake than gilts (2.67 vs. 2.46 kg resp. p<0.05) which was the result of a longer feeder occupation time per visit (4.77 vs. 4.54 min, resp. p<0.05), higher feed consumption rates (30.4 vs. 29.0 g/min, resp. p<0.05), and higher feed intakes per visit (136.9 vs. 126.8 g, resp. p<0.01). Gilts had less backfat and greater loin-eye area than barrows (p<0.05). Diet had no significant effect on growth performance and had limited impact on feeding patterns. Body weight showed high correlations with ADG (r=0.74), feed intake per visit (r=0.51) and feed consumption rate (r=0.69). Positive correlation were also found between daily feed intake and feed intake per visit (r=0.45), feeder occupation time per day (r=0.56), and feed consumption rate (r=0.55), and between daily feed intake and backfat thickness (r=0.32) and feed consumption rate and loin-eye area (r=0.32). There were negative correlations between number of feeder visit per day and daily feed intake (r=-0.54), and between feed intake per visit and number of feeder visits per day (r=-0.43). However, correlations between feed intake traits and carcass traits were generally low. Visits to the feeder were greatest during the morning (0700 to 1100 h) and lowest during the evening and nighttime. These results highlight limited variation among the sexes in feeding patterns and suggest important relationships between feeding behavior and feed intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.410-420
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• 2012

A trial was conducted to: i) evaluate the BW growth, energy intakes and energetic efficiency of pigs fed high and low density diets from 27 to 141 kg BW, ii) evaluate sire line and sex differences when fed both diets, and iii) to compare ME to NE as predictor of pig performance. The experiment had a replicated factorial arrangement of treatments including four sire lines, two sexes (2,192 barrows and 2,280 gilts), two dietary energy densities and a light or heavy target BW, 118 and 131.5 kg in replicates 1 to 6 and 127 and 140.6 kg in replicates 7 to 10. Pigs were allocated to a series of low energy (LE, 3.27 Mcal ME/kg) corn-soybean meal based diets with 16% wheat midds or high energy diets (HE, 3.53 to 3.55 Mcal ME/kg) with 4.5 to 4.95% choice white grease. All diets contained 6% DDGS. The HE and LE diets of each of the four phases were formulated to have equal lysine:Mcal ME ratios. Pigs were weighed and pen feed intake (11 or 12 pigs/pen) recorded at 28-d intervals. The barrow and gilt daily feed (DFI), ME (MEI) and NE (NEI) intake data were fitted to a Bridges function of BW. The BW data of each sex were fitted to a generalized Michaelis-Menten function of days of age. ME and NE required for maintenance (Mcal/d) were predicted using functions of BW (0.255 and 0.179 BW^0.60 respectively). Pigs fed LE diets had decreased ADG (915 vs. 945 g/d, p<0.001) than pigs fed HE diets. Overall, DFI was greater (p<0.001) for pigs fed the LE diets (2.62 vs. 2.45 kg/d). However, no diet differences were observed for MEI (8.76 vs. 8.78 Mcal/d, p = 0.49) or NEI (6.39 vs. 6.44 Mcal/d, p = 0.13), thereby indicating that the pigs compensated for the decreased energy content of the diet. Overall ADG:DFI (0.362 vs. 0.377) and ADG:Mcal MEI (0.109 vs. 0.113) was less (p<0.001) for pigs fed LE compared to HE diets. Pigs fed HE diets had 3.6% greater ADG:Mcal MEI above maintenance and only 1.3% greater ADG:Mcal NEI (0.152 versus 0.150), therefore NEI is a more accurate predictor of growth and G:F than MEI.Pigs fed HE diets had 3.4% greater ADG:Mcal MEI and 0.11% greater ADG:NEI above maintenance than pigs fed LE diets, again demonstrating that NEI is a better predictor of pig performance than MEI. Pigs fed LE diets had similar daily NEI and MEI but grew slower and less efficiently on both ME and NE basis than pigs fed HE diets. The data suggest that the midds NE value (2.132 Mcal/kg) was too high for this source or that maintenance was increased for pigs fed LE diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1282-1289
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• 2001

One feeding trial and two metabolic trials were conducted to investigate the effects of lysine to protein ratio in practical swine diets on growth performance and efficiency of nitrogen retention and utilization in different growing phases. In Trial one (the feeding trial), 90 mixed sex pigs weighing $9.1{\pm}1.4kg$ (Duroc ${\times}$ Landrance ${\times}$ Beijing Black) were used to study the effects of concentrations of 5.2, 5.3, 5.8, 6.4 and 7.2 g lysine/100 g CP in diets containing 1.2% lysine on growth performance and serum urea nitrogen. The results showed that feed conversion efficiency and economic efficiency were best for pigs fed the diet containing the lysine concentration of 5.8 g /100 g crude protein. Serum urea nitrogen concentration decreased linearly (p=0.0009) and serum free lysine content increased linearly (p=0.0017) as the lysine to protein ratio in diets increased from 5.2 to 7.2 g/100 g. In Trials two and three (the metabolic trials), five growing barrows (Duroc ${\times}$ Landrance ${\times}$ Beijing black), with initial body weights of approximately $26{\pm}2.4kg$ and $56.3{\pm}3.5kg$, respectively, were allotted to five dietary treatments according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. Trial two contained 5.2, 5.7, 6.1, 6.7 and 6.8 g lysine/100 g CP treatments. Trial three contained 4.6, 5.0, 5.6, 6.1 and 6.6 g lysine/100 g CP treatments. The results showed that nitrogen retention in growing pigs decreased linearly (p=0.0011 in Trial two; p=0.0099 in Trial three) as the lysine to protein ratio in diets increased. The ratio of lysine to protein in diets resulting in maximum nitrogen retention was 5.2 g/100 g and 5.0 g/100 g in Trial two and Trial three, respectively. In Trial two, apparent biological value and gross nitrogen efficiency increased linearly (p=0.0135 and p=0.0192, respectively) as the lysine to protein ratio increased from 5.2 to 6.8 g lysine/100 g CP. In summary, we concluded that the optimal Lysine to Protein Ratios for 8-20 kg and 20-80 kg pigs were 5.8 g/100 g and 5.0 to 5.2 g/100 g, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2008

We compared the effects of supplementing $L-lysine{\cdot}SO_4$ to L-lysine HCl on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in weaning pigs. A total of 96 crossbred pigs, weaned at $21{\pm}3$ days of age and with an average initial body weight (BW) $6.23{\pm}0.01kg$, were given one of 4 treatments, which translated into 6 replicates of 4 pigs in each pen. The animals were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments according to a randomized completely block design (RCBD) as follows: 1) control-no synthetic lysine, lysine deficient (0.80% total lysine); 2) L-C (= 0.2% L-lysine HCl); 3) K-L-S (= 0.332% $L-lysine{\cdot}SO_4$, A company); 4) C-L-S (= 0.332% $L-lysine{\cdot}SO_4$, B company). Diets were formulated with corn, soy bean meal, and corn gluten meal as the major ingredients, and all nutrients except the lysine met or exceeded NRC requirements (1998). The lysine content of supplemented synthetic lysine was the same in all treatment groups except the control. No clinical health problems associated with the dietary treatments were observed. During the entire experimental period, body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F ratio) increased (p<0.01) in pigs fed the experimental diets supplemented with L-lysine??HCl or $L-lysine{\cdot}SO_4$ produced by A company, irrespective of the two synthetic lysine sources. Although the supplementation of $L-lysine{\cdot}SO_4$ produced by B company tended to improve the ADG and G:F ratio, significant differences were not seen among all treatments and tended to be lower than the L-C (L-lysine HCl) and K-L-S ($L-lysine{\cdot}SO_4$ groups using the product from A company). The digestibility of crude protein (CP) was increased by the supplementation of synthetic lysine (p<0.05), irrespective of the L-lysine source (L-C, K-L-S, C-L-S). The results of this study showed that ADG, G:F ratio, and CP digestibility improved when $L-lysine{\cdot}SO_4$ or L-lysine HCl was supplemented into the weaning pigs' diet. There was a clear difference in efficacy between the two $lysine{\cdot}SO_4$ products based upon the growth performance of weaning pigs. Consequently, the bioavailability of $lysine{\cdot}SO_4$ products should be evaluated before supplementation of synthetic lysine in swine diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.97-101
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• 2006

Certain amino acids are essential precursors of a variety of important biomolecules in addition to their major function as protein building blocks. ${\delta}$-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is synthesized from the condensed form of succinyl-CoA with glycine after decarboxylation catalyzed by ALA synthase. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of ALA supplementation on growth performance, behavioral characteristics and hematological/immune status in nursery pigs. A total of 144 pigs weaned at 21 d of age were allotted to three dietary treatments representing (-) control (w/o antibiotics; NC), (+) control (w/carbadox at 50 mg/kg; PC), and the treatment group with ALA supplementation (0.05%; TA). Each treatment had 6 pens (replicates) with 8 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed phase 1 (21.9% CP, 1.40% Lys) and 2 (20.6% CP, 1.15% Lys) experimental diets for 3 and 2 wks, respectively. Feed intake and weight gain were measured weekly during phase 1 and at the end of phase 2. At the end of phase 2, blood samples were taken and analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. Skin color and activity of pigs (48 h) from all pens in each treatment were measured at the second week of phase 2. Growth performance was not affected (p>0.05) by the dietary supplementation of ALA during the 5 wk nursery period. Pigs in the TA (6.46) and PC (6.68) had a higher (p<0.05) number of red blood cells ($10^6cell/{\mu}L$) than pigs in the NC (6.15). Pigs in PC (12.16) had a higher (p<0.05) hemoglobin level (g/dL) than pigs in the NC group (11.29) and the TA group (11.47). Pigs in the TA and PC had darker (p<0.05) and less (p<0.05) yellow skin color than pigs in the NC. Pigs in the PC tended (p = 0.081) to be less active than pigs in the other groups. There were no differences in behavioral characteristics between the NC and the TA. The data suggest that ALA supplementation has no adverse effects on growth performance of nursery pigs. Moreover, ALA supplementation increased red blood cell counts which may be beneficial to pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.533-540
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• 2011

The objectives of experiments were to compare directly the effects of synchrony of slowly fermented (corn and corn gluten meal; C-CGM) and of rapidly fermented ingredients (barley and soybean meal; B-SBM) in the rumen on starch disappearances in gastrointestinal tracts (Experiment 1) and growth performance (Experiment 2) of Hanwoo steers in the feedlot barn. In experiment 1, four Hanwoo steers ($288{\pm}21$ kg) fitted with ruminal and "T" shaped duodenal cannula were placed in one pen with Calan gate and assigned randomly to a duplicate $2{\times}2$ Latin square design. In experiment 2, eight intact Hanwoo steers ($311{\pm}8$ kg) were assigned randomly to one of two pens with Calan gate to evaluate the effect of the same diets as like in experiment 1 on growth performance. There were no differences in ruminal pH, ammonia and total VFA concentrations between treatments. Percentage of apparent ruminal starch disappearance was 33.3% unit lower (p<0.05) for steers fed C-CGM than for steers fed B-SBM diets and this difference resulted in 268% higher (p<0.05) in duodenal starch flows for steers fed C-CGM diet than for steers fed B-SMB diet. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in quantity (927 vs. 400 g/d) of corn starch digested post-ruminally compared to barley starch. However, percentage of starch apparently digested post-ruminally was 8% higher (p=0.1) in steers fed fast synchrony diet with B-SBM than in steers fed slow synchrony diets with C-CGM. The differences of percentage and amount of starch apparently digested post-ruminally between C-CGM and B-SBM diets did not affect rice straw DM intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency. In conclusion, there is some uncertainty in regards to the relationship between site of starch digestion and DM intake, ADG, and feed efficiency in this study.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.255-261
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• 2019

This trial was conducted to determine the optimal supplementation level of Hermetia illucens (HI) on the growth performance, the apparent total tract retention of nutrients and the economic efficiency in weaning pigs. A total of 192 weaned pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$; $6.51{\pm}0.15kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments and 6 replicates on the basis of their initial body weight. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal based diet supplemented with 0, 1, 2 or 3% HI. There were no significantly effects between the treatments in phases I, II and overall. But average daily gain was significant and linearly increased when HI was added to the diet in the overall group. Although digestibility of dry matter (DM) was increased by adding HI, digestibility responses were not observed by supplying HI in phase I. Also, all the parameters of economic efficiency were not significantly different according to the level of HI. The results showed that HI had beneficial effects on growth performance and digestibility of dry matter. However, there were no effects on economic efficiency by using HI in weaning pig diets.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.131-140
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• 2013

Offspring of 14 sows were used to evaluate the effect of yogurt substituted for creep feed on growth performance, diarrhea score and blood profiles. The piglets of sows were randomly allocated into 1 of 2 treatments (1 treatment separated piglets of 7 sows). The dietary treatments were as followed: CF, creep feed; YG, yogurt. The creep feed and yogurt diets were given from 3 d after piglets were born to the day of weaning (21 d after piglets were born). The body weight and feed consumption were weighed and recorded at d 0, 7, 14, and 21 after piglets were born for calculating average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI). At the weaning day, two piglets were randomly chosen from each pen and bled via jugular venipuncture to obtain blood samples for WBC and IgG measurement. All data were subjected to the GLM procedures of SAS (2002) as a randomized complete block design, with pen as the experimental unit. Differences among dietary treatments were separated by Duncan's multiple range test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant difference (P > 0.05) were observed in number of born piglets, weaning pigs, survival rate, body weight of piglets at d 0, 7, 14, and 21, ADG and ADFI. At d 21, piglets fed with creep feed had a higher (P < 0.05) IgG compared with piglets fed with yogurt. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in WBC among treatments at d 21. In conclusion, yogurt substituted for creep feed had no adverse effect on growth performance in lactating piglets.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2019

The biological wastewater treatment is more eco-friendly and can be used effectively in wastewater for a variety of purposes than that of the conventional treatment. In particular, the wastewater treatment using microalgae in biological treatment processes has attracted great attention due to its ability to remove economically nutrients from wastewater and have many advantages as a renewable energy source. This study was investigated to establish the optimal growth conditions for microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. Additionally, the removal efficiencies of nutrients (N, P) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn) from the synthetic wastewater were evaluated. As a results, the optimal growth conditions were established at $28^{\circ}C$, pH 7, and light and dark cycle of 14 : 10 h. In the evaluation of nutrient removal efficiencies at each concentrations of 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 mg/L, the removal rates were 17.6~70% N and 8.4~34% P in the single treatment and 12.0~58.0% N and 3.0~40.3% P in the binary mixture treatment. In addition, the evaluation of heavy metal removal efficiencies at each concentrations of 10, 30 and 50 mg/L, the removal rates were 13.7~40.3% Cu and 10.0~30.0% Zn in the single treatment and 16.0~40.0% Cu and 12.0~20.0% Zn in the binary mixture treatment. Based on the results of the study, it appears that Scenedesmus obliquus can be used for the removal of nutrients and heavy metals from the swine wastewater.