• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.174-181
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• 2006

Objective : Based on the immunological dysfunction in RA and the immunological feature of Clematis mandshurica Maxim. herbal acupuncture solution (CM-HAS), this study examined whether subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of CM-HAS has anti-inflammatory effects on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in the rat. Methods : Complete Freund's adjuvant was used to induce AA in rats. Secondary paw swelling of AA rats was measured, and polyarthritis index was scored. The administration of CM-HAS (2, 5, 10 mg/kg) to the Sinsu-hyul (BL 23) acupuncture point subcutaneously (s.c.) inhibited the inflammatory response and restored the weight of body and immune organs of AA rats. In this study. inhibitory effect of CM-HAS on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was evaluated. The plant material selected for this study has been used in Korean medicine for the treatment of various diseases that are considered as inflammatory in nature, e.g. asthma, arthritis, rheumatism, fever, edema, infections, snakebite and related inflammatory diseases. Results : There were significant secondary inflammatory reactions in AA rats, accompanied with the simultaneous decrease of body and immune organs weight. The administration of CM-HAS (2, 5, 10 mg/kg, s.c.) improved the above changes significantly. CM-HAS showed inhibitory activity against COX-2, which supports their traditional uses. In this study, aspirin and indomethacin were used to contrast with CM-HAS as the COX-2 inhibitors. Conclusion: The findings of this study may explain at least in part why CM-HAS has been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 2009

Diabetic cataract is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Excess accumulation of sorbitol plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications such as cataract formation. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the extract of the aerial parts of Aster koraiensis (AK) on diabetic cataractogenesis. To examine this further, we evaluated sorbitol accumulation during cataract development using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, an animal model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetic rats were treated orally with AK (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) once a day orally for 9 weeks. In vehicle-treated diabetic rats, lens opacity was increased, and lens fiber swelling and membrane rupture were observed. In addition, sorbitol accumulation in diabetic lens was markedly enhanced. However, AK treatment delayed the progression of diabetic cataract through the inhibition of sorbitol accumulation, and prevented lens fiber degeneration in a dose-dependent manner. These observations suggest that AK treatment can delay the progression of lens opacification in the diabetic rats during the early diabetic cataractogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2017

Black-red ginseng (BRGP) exhibits more potent biological activities than white and red ginseng. However, the effect of BRGP on allergic inflammation has not been studied extensively. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effects of BRGP on allergic inflammation in vitro and in vivo. The effects of BRGP on pro-inflammatory mediators in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and A23187-stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1) and on trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice were evaluated. BRGP suppressed the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-8 from HMC-1 stimulated with PMA and A23187. Furthermore, the oral administration of BRGP markedly significantly reduced apparent severity of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, ear swelling, lymph node weight gains and serum IgE levels induced by TMA in mice. BRGP treatment also ameliorated epidermal hyperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells including mast cells. Taken together, BRGP possesses significant anti-atopic efficacy, suggesting that it could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for allergic inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.475-486
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• 2008

In this study, fire-retardant chemicals were melt with mixed composition ratios of dibasic ammonium phosphate and each half of boric acid and borax in hot water, in which hammer-milled chips were immersed to increase swelling of waste particleboards. Also, fire-retardant treated particles from sawn lumber chip and recycled particleboard chip were composed in ratio of 70:30 in core layer to improve boards' properties. Retention ratio of fire-retardant chemicals for the particles for face layer was high due to high specific surface area, and that of sawn lumber chips was somewhat higher than that of recycled particleboard chips. The mixture of particles from sawn lumber chips and recycled PB of 70:30 in weight ratio exceeded bending strength of 100 $kgf/cm^2$. It seemed that the relatively greater portions of dibasic ammonium phosphate affected adversely to dimensional stability, however fire-retardants treatment resulted in distinct effect lowering formaldehyde emission such as $E_0$ type(0.5mg/$\ell$ or less) in KS F 3104. In fire-retardancy, the recycled boards with a mixed ratio of dibasic ammonium phosphate to boric acid borax(50:50 mixture) of 70% to 30% in weight satisfied fire-retardancy 3rd grade in KS F 2271, and also this composition from cone calorimeter test met same standard grade figuring total heat release of 4.6MJ/$m^2$.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2003

Experiments were carried out to investigate the accumulation and the histopathological changes in liver of juvenile rockfish, S. schlegeli, after sub-chronic dietary Cu (0, 50, 125, 250 and 500mg/kg) exposure for 60 days. Cu accumulation in liver was significantly increased with dietary exposure period and concentration for 60 days, and has a linear relation with dietary exposure days. After 60 days of Cu dietary exposure, the Cu concentration in the liver was $75.9\pm12.05,\;126.29\pm22.11\;and\;360.44\pm45.26\;{\mu}g/g$ dry weight and was approximately 11-fold, 18-fold and 51-fold higher than in the control diet group at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg Cu diet group. The accumulation factors were increased with the dietary exposure period in liver of rockfish. In the primary exposed stage, the effect of hepatic tissue in the rockfish exposed to dietary Cu observed enlargement of hepatocytes nuclei, activity of hepatic cells and the swelling of hepatic cells. While exposed time and concentration were increased, the distinct granulation, irregular shape and necrosis of hepatic cells were observed. It was observed that granule degeneration and necrosis showed a part of cells in hepatic tissue after 60 days at 500 mg/kg.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.278-283
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• 2001

Objective : Massive cerebral infarction could be accompanied by severe brain swelling and death secondary to transtentorial herniation. Approximately 10% to 15% of middle cerebral artery infarctions are associated with this phenomenon. However, the effectiveness and timing of decompressive surgery are still controversial. In this study, we present our results on the effect of decompressive craniectomy in life threatening cerebral infarction. Method : We retrospectively analyzed 15 patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy for massive cerebral infarction from January 1997 to April 1999. Surgical indication was based on the clinical signs such as neurological deterioration, pupillary reflex, and radiological findings. Clinical outcome was assessed by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Results : All 15 patients(five men, ten women ; mean age, 52.3 years ; right 11, left 4) were treated with wide craniectomy and duroplasty. The average time interval between onset of symptom and surgical decompression was 2.9 days. Clinical signs of uncal herniation(anisocoria, or fixed and dilated pupils) were presented in 13 of 15 patients. Mean Glasgow coma scale(GCS) was 12.4 points on admission, 8.1 points on preoperative state and 11.8 points postoperatively. Overall outcomes were favorable in 5 cases(Glasgow outcome scale : GOS I, II), unfavorable in 6 cases(Glasgow outcome scale : GOS III, IV) and dead in 4 cases. Conclusion : Early decompressive craniectomy before brain stem compression is considered as an effective lifesaving procedure for massive cerebral infarction unresponsive to aggressive medical therapy.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.332-337
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• 2012

The primary objective of this work is to find the properties of sustained release dissolution pattern depending on solubility of drugs, so venlafaxine HCl and carbamazepine tablets were made by using polymer wich various particle size. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) has been utilized in this study as an excipient that is one of the most widely used polymers for an oral sustained release formulation, and drug release pattern was strongly influenced by swelling rate depending on particle size of HPMC. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to investigate the surface of tablets with various HPMC particle size, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was employed to investigate the crystallization of drugs in tablets. The release model equation was applied to analyze the main mechanism of drug release pattern. The results demonstrate that drug release pattern is controlled by the drug solubility and HPMC particle size.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1980

The grafting studies were concentrated on working out the methodology for radiation of flame retardants to polyester/cotton (65/35) blend fabric. The Fyrol 76 was used as a flame retardant in develping methodology for localizing flame retardants on the surface of the blend fabric. By judicious control of the swelling conditions, time_of contact with the monomer, and dose rate, locating the graft in the fiber became possible. The yield of the graft polymerization was depended upon the total dose and the preswelling conditions. Oxygen Index was used to evaluate the effect of the location of Fyrol 76 and other flame retardants within the surface upon the flame retardance efficiencies. To get a better flame retardance efficiency by :the localized grafting of Fyrol 76 to polyester/cotton blend fabric, a technique of one step processing at room temperature was developed substituting the ordinary two-step processing at high temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.787-796
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• 2017

A low dimensional stability and poor bending strength properties were main problems in particleboard manufacturing. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of mixed wood species and urea-formaldehyde (UF) or urea-melamine-formaldehyde (UMF) resins on the physical and mechanical properties of three-layer particleboards. The ratio of face/core/back layer was 1 : 2 : 1. The resin content of 12% for both UF resins and UMF resins (UF/MF = 70/30% w/w) was used. The results of this study showed that the utilization of S.mahagony shaving using both UF and UMF resins caused a decrease in the thickness swelling and water absorption of the boards. Thickness swellings of particleboard made of Sengon/Sengon/Sengon (SSS), Mahogany/Mahogany/Mahogany (MMM), Sengon/Mahogany/Sengon (SMS), and Mahogany/Sengon/Mahogany (MSM) were in the range of 23%, 12~16%, 14~16%, and 13~21%, respectively. The board bonded with UMF resin demonstrated better dimensional stability than that bonded with UF resin alone. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of particleboards made of S. mahagony shaving in the surface layer in both MMM and MSM boards were better than those of the SSS and SMS. MOE of MMM and MSM board was in the ranges of 24,000 to $26,000kg.cm^{-2}$ and 18,000 to $21,000kg.cm^{-2}$ respectively. Meanwhile, the MOR of board was in the ranges of 200 to $240kg.cm^{-2}$ and 190 to $228kg.cm^{-2}$, respectively.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2004

Proton exchange membrane composed of PVA/PAM/ZrP was prepared and effect of PAM and ZrP contents on properties and performance of the membrane were investigated. PAM as a crosslinking agent was mixed into PVA solution with different concentration (7∼11 wt%) and the PVA/PAM solution was cast to prepare PVA/PAM crosslinked membrane. The membrane was treated in the solution of zirconyl chloride and phophoric acid to make a PVA/PAM/ZrP composite membrane. Methanol permeability, ion conductivity, swelling and ion exchange capacity of the membranes with different ZrP concentration were $10^{-8}∼l0^{-6}$ $\textrm{cm}^2$/sec, $10^{-3}~10^{-2}$ S/cm, 0.26∼1.17 g $H_2O$/g membrane and 2.59∼5.1 meq/g membrane, respectively. Hethanol permeability and ion conductivity of the PVA/PAM/ZrP membrane were improved by 18% and 23%, respectively, compared to those of the PVA/PAM membrane.