• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 1995

The prevention of excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer get an attention in Korea not only for minimizing $NO_3^-$ contamination of groundwater but also for establishment of environmental friendly sustainable agriculture. In order to find out the dynamics of $NO_3^-$ in barley rhizosphere and its suitability for nitrogen fertilization strategies and for environmental control, the accumulation of $NO_3^-$ in 3 layer, 0~30cm, 30~60cm, 60~90cm of soil profile has been detected in winter barley pro-duction system. It showed the recommended N fertilization rate for winter barley cause the $NO_3^-$ contamination of groundwater through $NO_3^-$ leaching during winter. The $NO_3^-$ content of 0~90cm soil depth have directly reflected the amount of basal N fertilization in the early spring, but not 0~30cm and 0~60cm soil depth. The contents of $NO_3^-$ measured to 0~30cm, 0~60cm soil depth were not significanly correlated with yield but the contents of $NO_3^-$ measured to 90cm soil depth was highly correlated with yield. Nitrogen fertilizer requirement could be estimated accurately by soil test and it provides field specific N rate recommendation for spring N application to winter barley. It was concluded that $N_{min}$ method could be applied to korean climatic and soil condition for optimal fertilizer application rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.252-252
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• 2017

Nowadays water shortage is becoming one of the biggest problems in the Korea. Many different methods are developed for conservation of water. Soil water management has become the most indispensable factor for augmenting the crop productivity especially on soybean (Glycine max L.) because of their high susceptibility to both water stress and water logging at various growth stages. The farmers have been using irrigation techniques through manual control which farmers irrigate lands at regular intervals. Automatic irrigation systems are convenient, especially for those who need to travel. If automatic irrigation systems are installed and programmed properly, they can even save you money and help in water conservation. Automatic irrigation systems can be programmed to provide automatic irrigation to the plants which helps in saving money and water and to discharge more precise amounts of water in a targeted area, which promotes water conservation. The objective of this study was to determine the possible effect of automatic irrigation systems based on soil moisture on soybean growth. This experiment was conducted on an upland field with sandy loam soils in Department of Southern Area Crop, NICS, RDA. The study had three different irrigation methods; sprinkle irrigation (SI), surface drip irrigation (SDI) and fountain irrigation (FI). SI was installed at spacing of $7{\times}7m$ and $1.8m^3/hr$ as square for per irrigation plot, a lateral pipe of SDI was laid down to 1.2 m row spacing with $2.3L\;h^{-1}$ discharge rate, the distance between laterals was 20 cm spacing between drippers and FI was laid down in 3m interval as square for per irrigation plot. Soybean (Daewon) cultivar was sown in the June $20^{th}$, 2016, planted in 2 rows of apart in 1.2 m wide rows and distance between hills was 20 cm. All agronomic practices were done as the recommended cultivation. This automatic irrigation system had valves to turn irrigation on/off easily by automated controller, solenoids and moisture sensor which were set the reference level as available soil moisture levels of 30% at 10cm depth. The efficiency of applied irrigation was obtained by dividing the total water stored in the effective root zone to the applied irrigation water. Results showed that seasonal applied irrigation water amounts were $60.4ton\;10a^{-1}$ (SI), $47.3ton\;10a^{-1}$ (SDI) and $92.6 ton\;10a^{-1}$ (FI), respectively. The most significant advantage of SDI system was that water was supplied near the root zone of plants drip by drip. This system saved a large quantity of water by 27.5% and 95.6% compared to SI, FI system. The average soybean yield was significantly affected by different irrigation methods. The soybean yield by different irrigation methods were $309.7kg\;10a^{-1}$ from SDI $282.2kg\;10a^{-1}$ from SI, $289.4kg\;10a^{-1}$ from FI, and $206.3kg\;10a^{-1}$ from control, respectively. SDI resulted in increase of soybean yield by 50.1%, 7.0% 9.8% compared to non-irrigation (control), FI and SI, respectively. Therefore, the automatic irrigation system supplied water only when the soil moisture in the soil went below the reference. Due to the direct transfer of water to the roots water conservation took place and also helped to maintain the moisture to soil ratio at the root zone constant. Thus the system is efficient and compatible to changing environment. The automatic irrigation system provides with several benefits and can operate with less manpower. In conclusion, improving automatic irrigation system can contribute greatly to reducing production costs of crops and making the industry more competitive and sustainable.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2010

The use of green manure crop for sustainable agriculture can reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and herbicides, and the cultivation area of the green manure crop has gradually increased. However, there has been little information about appropriate use of spring-sown green manure crop in the central regions of Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different legume crops on application of sown green manure in spring. Each of the green manure crops including alfalfa, chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, crotalaria, hairy vetch, lupin, red clover and white clover was grown in upland soil of silt loam. The dry weight and C/N ratio of all crops increased throughout the growing period, while C/N ratio of all crops during growing period was lower than 25. The highest value of dry weight among the green manure crops was observed in crimson clover, followed by red clover, lupin, chinese milk vetch and alfalfa. Also, the highest value of contents of nitrogen, phosphous and potassium of green manure crops were observed in hairy vetch, alfalfa and crimson clover, respectively. And the values were 41.3, 4.3 and 35.9 g $kg^{-1}$, respectively. In terms of nitrogen yield, crimson clover that showed 71 kg N $ha^{-1}$ was the highest yield among the green manure crops, followed by chinese milk vetch of 51 kg $ha^{-1}$, red clover of 46 kg $ha^{-1}$, and hairy vetch of 41 kg $ha^{-1}$. These results suggest that crimson clover, chinese milk vetch, red clover, and hairy vetch could be a suitable green manure crop for spring sowing.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2010

The agricultural techniques of environmental friendly using the green manure crops have been required recently more to have the safety agricultural products and to reduce the use of fertilizers and agricultural chemicals. The utilization of green manure crops related closely to cropping system would be very important. The purposes of this study are both to investigate the effects of green manure crops of hairy vetch, legume, and rye, gramineae, and to compare the effects between them in rice cultivation. The hairy vetch and rye were treated as green manure crops into paddy soil at 10 days before the rice transplanting. The plant height was increased gradually from the maximum tillering to the heading growth stage, showing that it was the highest with treatment of conventional cultivation in 2007 and the highest with hairy vetch in 2008. The number of tillers was higher with treatment of hairy vetch and hairy vetch+rye than those with the conventional cultivation. Dry weight was also higher with hairy vetch than that with the conventional, while it was lower clearly in rye than those in hairy vetch and conventional. According to the high tilller number and spikelet number per panicle out of the yield components relatively, the yield of rough rice was increased to about 6% and 8% in 2007 and 2008, respectively, comparing with the yield in the conventional cultivation. Based on these results, the hairy vetch would be a good green manure crop in rice cultivation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.29-41
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• 2014

Ecosystem services provide various benefits to human beings, but are considered to be free of cost. To protect ecosystems in an economically sustainable way, several developing countries have adopted a policy known as the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) that compensates upstream services with monetary incentives collected from service users. Vietnam is one of the countries that have enacted a nationwide PES policy. However, the policy in Vietnam requires further development in order to evaluate the spatial priority zones based on the quantification of ecosystem services. To obtain a recent and high-quality land cover map, we first classified the land cover in the Da River basin, in northern Vietnam, using Landsat dataset. We then applied a water balance theory and an USLE equation to assess hydrological ecosystem services concerning water supply and sediment retention. Following the assessment, we identified the priority areas for hydrological ecosystem services exclusively for forest environments. We found that the quantity and distribution of services from forests varied, due to the topography, climate, and land cover. According to a quantile distribution, Mt. Phu Luong, Mt. Fansipan, and Hoang Lien National Park were evaluated as high service areas in terms of both water yield and sediment retention. As a result, this assessment method can help construct spatial priority zones concerning ecosystem service distribution, and can also contribute to benefit sharing by indicating which forest and landowners require compensation.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.467-476
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• 2013

With increasing interest in environmental issues and the quality of surface water becoming inadequate for water supply, the Korean government has launched a groundwater development policy to satisfy the demand for clean water. To drive this policy effectively, it is essential to guarantee the accuracy of sustainable groundwater yield and groundwater use amount. In this study, groundwater use was monitored over several years at various locations in Korea (32 cities/counties in 5 provinces) to obtain accurate groundwater use data. Statistical analysis of the results was performed as a method for estimating rational groundwater use. For the case of groundwater use for living purposes, we classified the cities/counties into three regional types (urban, rural, and urban-rural complex) and divided the groundwater facilities into five types (domestic use, apartment housing, small-scale water supply, schools, and businesses) according to use. For the case of agricultural use, we defined three regional types based on rainfall intensity (average rainfall, below-average rainfall, and above-average rainfall) and the facilities into six types (rice farming, dry-field farming, floriculture, livestock-cows, livestock-pigs, and livestock-chickens). Finally, we developed groundwater-use estimation equations for each region and use type, using cluster analysis and regression model analysis of the monitoring data. The results will enhance the reliability of national groundwater statistics.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.456-462
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• 2012

In the new changing scenario, the goal of agriculture is shifting from traditional to sustainable and environment-friendly agriculture. Therefore, in this experiment, we analyzed economic efficiency of two methods of rice cultivation i.e. new cultural method and conventional method, at farmers' fields. In the new cultural method, cost of materials and machines (rice-transplanting and sowing machine) was found 245% higher than the conventional method. Depreciation of cost and working hours were also higher in the new cultural method by 1.9 and 1.1 time, respectively. However, cost of seeds and seedbed soil were 44.0% and 49.2% lower and total material cost was 4.4% lower than the conventional method. In the new cultural method, overall working cost of nursery raising and transplanting per 10a was 229.8% higher than the conventional method. However, in spite of high input cost, yield of rice in new cultural method was higher by 6.7% than the conventional method. Our results showed that new cultural method was better than the conventional method except the input cost. If government provide 80% subsidy for machine cost then its input cost will be reduced by 45.4% than the conventional method.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2016

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is one of the important aspects of economic production of sorghums in sustainable agriculture. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of different N application rates and its split N application methods on productivity, growth characteristics, N accumulation, N use efficiency (NUE), and feed value of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids. Treatments consisted of five N application rates (0, 150, 200, 250, and $300kg\;ha^{-1}$) and two split N application methods (40% in basal N, 30% at the growing stage, and 30% after the first harvest vs. 50% in basal N and 50% after the first harvest). Plant height, leaf width, and stem diameter were increased ($p{\leq}0.05$) with increasing N fertility rates at each harvest. Chlorophyll content (expressed as SPAD values) was the highest at a rate of $300\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1)$ (first harvest, 46.32; second harvest, 33.09). It was the lowest at zero N (first harvest, 21.56; second harvest, 18.5). Total N, N uptake, and NUE were increased with higher N rates. Split N application had little effect on total N, amount of N uptake, or NUE. Total dry matter yields were the highest ($21,715\;kg\;ha^{-1}$) at a rate of $300\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. It was the lowest ($10,054\;kg\;ha^{-1}$) at zero N. Our results suggest that more than $300\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ can improve dry matter yield to be above 116% compared to zero N, thus enhancing the agronomic characters of sorghums. However, no significant effect had been found for split N application. Further work is needed to determine the optimal N levels and the effect of split N application rates.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.840-846
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• 2012

Global climate changes caused by $CO_2$ emissions are currently debated around the world; green sources of energy are being sought as alternatives to replace fossil fuels. The sustainable use of biogas for energy production does not contribute to $CO_2$ emission and has therefore a high potential to reduce them. Catalytic steam reforming of a model biogas ($CH_4:CO_2$ = 60%:40%) is investigated to produce $H_2$-rich synthesis gas. The biogas utilized 3D-IR matrix burner in which the surface combustion is applied. The ruthenium catalyst was used inside a reformer. Parametric screening studies were achieved as Steam/Carbon ratio, biogas component ratio, Space velocity and Reformer temperature. When the condition of Steam/Carbon ratio, $CH_4/CO_2$ ratio, Space velocity and Refomer temperature were 3.25, 60% : 40%, $14.7L/g{\cdot}hr$ and $550^{\circ}C$ respectively, the hydrogen concentration and methane conversion rate were showed maximum values. Under the condition mentioned above, $H_2$ yield, $H_2$/CO ratio, CO selectivity and energy efficiency were 0.65, 2.14, 0.59, 51.29%.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.893-909
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to consider the interaction between surface water and groundwater in basin scale by developing TANK_GS model. The soil moisture structure of tank model with 3 tanks is improved to simulate the appropriate stream-aquifer interactions. Maximum likelihood method is applied to calibrate parameters with variance functions to deal with heteroscedasticity of residuals. The parameters of improved TANK_GS model and variance function are simultaneously estimated by Simulated Annealing method, a global optimization technique. The results of TANK-GE are compared to those of the SWMM-GE model which had been developed to consider the stream-aquifer interactions. The new TANK_GS model and SWMM-GE model are applied to Gapcheon basin, which belongs to Geum River basin. TANK_GS model showed better model performance compared to the original TANK model and characterized the relationship of stream-aquifer interactions as satisfactorily as the SWMM-GE model. The sustainable groundwater yield can be estimated for the regional water resources planning using the TANK_GS model