• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2007

Urban streams have been severely degraded with wastewater and concrete structure over a prolonged period. The Chonggyecheon Restoration Project recovered a stream in the downtown Seoul with landscaping, plantings and bridges after the cover concrete and elevated asphalt road were removed. The project has been criticized partly because it is not an ecological restoration but rather the development of an urban park with an unnaturally straight flowing stream, artificial building structures, and artificial water pumping from the Han River. Nevertheless, the public have praised the project and almost 100,000 visitors per day come to see the reeds, catfish, and ducks. The stream restoration project is attractive to central and regional government decision makers because it increases the public concern of landscape amenity. Several projects such as Sanjichon and Kaeumjungchon are on going and proposed. These projects have a common and different respect in scope and procedure. The Chonggyecheon project in the process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and prior environmental review system (PERS) reviewed the environmental impacts before development. Kaeumjungchon in the PERS and Sanjichon without EIA and PERS are reviewed. EIA and PERS systems contribute to checking the ecological sustainability of the restoration projects. A stream restoration project is a very complex task, so an integrated approach from plan to project is needed for ecologically sound restoration. Ecological stream restoration requires 1) an assessment of the entire stream ecosystem 2) establishing an ecologically sound management system of the stream reflecting not only benefits for people but also flora and fauna; 3) developing the site-specific design criteria and construction techniques including habitat restoration, flood plains conservation, and fluvial management; 4) considering the stream watershed in land use plan, EIA, PERS, and strategic environmental assessment (SEA). Additionally the process needs to develop the methodologies to enhance stakeholder's participation during planning, construction, and monitoring.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.60-70
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• 2007

Green space infrastructures for three cities, Gwacheon, Uiwang, and Hanam, were analyzed in terms of the area of urban parks per capita, the percentage of green space area, the area of green space per capita, and the percentage of vegetation cover in residential area, etc., which are commonly used as criteria for urban green space planning. The differences in green space infrastructure among these three cities were compared to the satisfaction level of residents for their green space. The area of parks per capita corresponded to the satisfaction level when Seoul Great Park in Gwacheon and Misa Park in Hanam were not included. Although these two huge parks accounted more than 90% of the area of urban parks in Gwacheon and Hanam, they serve more people from outside the cities and not likely visited by residents due to lacking of daily accessibility. The percentage of vegetation cover in residential area were considered to affect the satisfaction of residents for green space, whereas the total area of green space or the percentage of green space area in the cities was not related to the satisfaction level. It suggests that the distributions and accessibilities of green space and park service are more important for satisfaction than total green space area indicating urban sustainability.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제59권
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• pp.3-26
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to examine the several points at issue in international technology transfer contract from licensor's and licensee's perspectives, and to refer them when the licensor and the licensee draw up the contract. This author analyzed the critical points of the related provisions of ICC Model International Technology Transfer Contract(2009) by citing the explanations of the Introduction of the Model Contract. The provisions of the Model Contract are generally divided into two categolies; specific conditions and general conditions. This author selected four topics in the specific conditions; Contents of the Contract, Royalty, Modification and/or Improvements of Products, and Territory and Competition. Likewise this author selected three topics in the general conditions; Resolutions of Disputes, Applicable Law and Taxes. Both parties need to be mindful of the following points in the above topics, when they draw up the contract. First, both parties should make the definitions of special terminologies clear, which are included in the Contract. Second, before the parties sign the Contract, they should check any approvals to be necessary by the both countries' governments. Third, for the calculation of the royalty, they should clear the criteria, the scope, and the object. Fourth, as the local laws or regional laws regarding the territory limitation and taxation are mandatory, any provisions of the Contract should not be inconsistent with them. Therefore, both parties should check before-hand the local laws or rules related with the provisions of the Contract. Fifth, when the parties draw up the Contract, they should examine the Provisions of Dispute Resolution in consideration of the Governing Law. Thus both parties decide to make the technology transfer contract, the three aspects namely profitability, legal conflict with mandatory rules, and sustainability of the business resulting from the Contract should be examined in advance, and then proceed the business using the technology transfer.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.197-207
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• 2014

In this study, the functional priority of wetlands was determined through analysis of previous research. To determine relative importance, three processes were performed. First, quantitative values from the case studies were normalized. Second, non-quantitative values were prioritized based on standard criteria. Third, equal weight was applied as long as there was no special consideration regarding a particular value's disproportionate priority in the research. Finally, results were grouped into large, medium, and small classes.In this study, the functions of the medium class were found to be the most significant, in the following order of priority: water supply and ground water recharge; culture and recreation; biodiversity; product; water quality control; flood control; erosion control; moderation of climate change; and provision of biochemical matter. To verify these results, we compared our findings with those of an assessment that used the Rapid Assessment Method (RAM) on the same type of study area. Whereas this comparison indicated some correlations by the culture, water storage, and genetic sustainability functions, it suggested a lack of such relationship by the water purification and flood prevention functions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3173-3177
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• 2016

Background: The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) in Lebanon provides cancer drugs free of charge for uninsured patients who account for more than half the total case-load. Other categories of cancer care are subsidized under more stringent eligibility criteria. MOPH's large database offers an excellent opportunity to analyze the cost of cancer treatment in Lebanon. Materials and Methods: Using utilization and spending data accumulated at MOPH during 2008-2013, the cost to the public budget of cancer drugs was assessed per case and per drug type. Results: The average annual cost of cancer drugs was 6,475$ per patient. Total cancer drug costs were highest for breast cancer, followed by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which together represented 74% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure. The annual average cancer drug cost per case was highest for CML ($31,037), followed by NHL ($11,566). Trastuzumab represented 26% and Imatinib 15% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure over six years. Conclusions: Sustained increase in cancer drug cost threatens the sustainability of MOPH coverage, so crucial for socially vulnerable citizens. To enhance the bargaining position with pharmaceutical firms for drug cost containment in a small market like Lebanon, drug price comparisons with neighboring countries which have already obtained lower prices may succeed in lowering drug costs.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.193-223
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• 2014

최근 환경문제에 대한 구조적인 해결책을 찾는 과정에서 사회-기술 시스템이 하나의 핵심적인 분석단위가 되고 있다. 또한 지속가능성이라는 복잡한 도전과제에 대응하기 위해 전환이론에 관한 연구도 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문은 이와 같은 지속가능한 사회-기술 전환을 거버닝하기 위해 어떻게 접근할 수 있는지의 문제를 정부의 관점에서 다루고 있다. 보다 구체적으로, 전환이론과 거버넌스 이론을 접목하여 사회-기술 전환을 위한 정책 거버넌스를 유형화함으로써, 전환목표 달성을 위한 정부의 역할모델과 전환정책 설계를 위한 실천적 프레임워크를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 사회적 조정수준과 전환압력이 발생하는 위치를 전환정책 거버넌스를 유형화화기 위한 핵심 맥락으로 설정하고, 주도적 정책 거버넌스, 촉진적 정책 거버넌스, 조정적 정책 거버넌스, 설득적 정책 거버넌스 등 4가지 거버넌스 유형을 도출하여 각각의 특징과 사례를 논의하였다. 이와 같은 접근은 분석적 측면에서 각 유형별로 전환을 촉진하는 정책기능의 차이를 비교할 수 있는 가이드라인을 제공하는 한편, 규범적 측면에서는 정책입안자가 어떻게 효과적인 전환정책을 설계할 수 있을 것인지에 대한 판단기준을 제공하는데 기여할 수 있다. 또한 이론적 측면에서는 혁신정책 관점의 전환이론을 기존의 거버넌스 이론과 접목함으로써, 양 연구의 간극을 줄이고 전환에 대한 거버넌스적 고찰을 구체적인 전환이론과 연계하는데 기여할 수 있다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.62-71
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to conduct surveys on demanders using financial aid projects to prevent industrial accidents and to improve them. It is divided into clean business and loan support business through the structured questionnaire. In the case of clean business, the following results were obtained. Most of the applications were received within three months after application. The most important factor considered by the consumer is the amount of support, which is considered to consider the substantial improvement as follows.The expectation for the reduction of industrial accidents after the project was 96.1% and compared to before and after the actual business, it showed a 46.8% decrease from the previous year. In addition, the cost decreased by 21.8%, the facility utilization rate increased by 24.4%, the sales increased by 15.9%, and the average number of workers increased by 6.0. As for the sustainability of the business, 86.6% of the respondents said that they should continue to do so. The following results were obtained in the case of loan support projects. Industrial accidents decreased by 45.2% from the previous year. Costs decreased by 19.4%, facility utilization rose by 26.7%, sales increased by 14.9%, and the number of workers increased by an average of 2.8. In the case of suppliers, prevention of industrial accidents at the business sites participating in the clean business was the highest factor (67.0%). 89% of respondents were aware of the disposal criteria for ineligible suppliers. 50.6% of the respondents answered that it is appropriate to maintain the current level, and 39.4% of respondents answered that they should strengthen. The prices for the support items were more than 15% higher than the market prices.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2018

Since the protection the of human being from natural disaster and atmospheric factors have become an essential requirement, some attempts have been taken place to provide shelter and create a safe environment to a more comfortable life with welfare. For this purpose, using existing resources in nature and exploiting them in a different manner have been taken into account. Initially, the performed exploitations for construction had the least damage to the environment, but over time and as a result of population growth, aggressive exploitation of nature has led to destroying effects on the environment and resulted in consequences such as pollution and environmental destruction. Thus, the construction industry has been identified as the top pollutant factors of the environment. Among various construction factors, the building materials used in this industry are considered as the most important effective factors on the environment, as they have direct influences on the environment from the beginning of construction of the final steps. This research focuses on the review of the most of the existing green materials definitions and various approaches towards using eco-efficient construction materials. It presents and discusses possible ways of reducing the destructive effects on the environment by selecting and using green materials, review current literature and highlight the necessity of applying such materials in future constructions in all communities. This paper provides a base for this purpose that sustainable development communities and environment is realized by elimination of environmental pollution and approaching the criteria of green building by using sustainable materials.

• 정보화정책
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.3-33
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• 2021

본 논문의 목적은 4차 산업 핵심 기술 중의 하나인 블록체인에 대한 비즈니스적 관점의 해석을 통해 기술과 경영의 괴리를 축소하여 블록체인의 비즈니스화를 촉진하고, 동 분야에 대한 국내외 연구 동향을 분석하여 향후 연구방향을 제시하기 위함이다. 본 연구에서는 '구글학술검색', 'ScienceDirect' 및 'DBpia'를 통해서 식별된 블록체인 관련 연구문헌과 블록체인 기반 공급망 추적성 분야의 연구논문(해외 109편, 국내 6편)을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 분산애플리케이션을 지향하는 3세대 블록체인이 등장한 이후 관련 연구가 활성화되고 있다. (2) 주요 연구분야는 기술(공학) 분야는 블록체인의 확장성 영역에, 비즈니스(적용) 분야는 블록체인기반 공급망 추적성 분야에 집중되어 있다. (3) 해외에 비해 국내 연구결과는 매우 열악하다. (4) 향후 4차 산업 사회의 구현과 글로벌 협업을 위해 블록체인을 기술이 아닌 비즈니스 서비스의 수단이라는 인식이 확산되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2022

Background: Research in environmental health (EH) is of crucial strategic importance for contemporary society. It is becoming even more critical in light of the increasingly rapid pace of environmental changes, opportunities, and threats. Objectives: This study aimed to identify trends and the prospective of environmental health research using SWOT analysis. Methods: The trends in environmental health research were reviewed in previous studies and reports. Reviewed manuscripts were searched for using the keywords of 'environmental health' and 'environmental hygiene' in the KCI (Korean Journal of Citation Index), KISS (Korean Academic Information), PubMed, and Google Scholar. Results: It is essential to center the EH research agenda around key priorities focusing on technological innovation, job creation, and the increasingly prominent role of the private sector. Given the rapidly evolving global sustainability agenda, greater clarity on the ever-increasing sources of complexity and growing expectations of the public might be needed. This requires the identification of criteria to identify EH research priorities with the ultimate goal of maximizing societal benefit. Public health relevance, such as extent and severity of health impact, level of exposure, and inequalities of effects, could be included. Conclusions: Considering the recent interest in and importance of environmental health, a comprehensive approach to environmental health research should be required through the application of the latest science and technology, citizen participation, and environmental health surveillance systems.