• 교육시설
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to investigate present situation about occurrence of surplus classrooms by the merger and abolition of rural elementary schools, and to deduce basic architectural data for efficient utilization. It was examined based on the analysis of using pattern and interview of teachers of modernized elementary model schools. The occurrence ratio of surplus classrooms was about 30 to 60 percentages among seven investigated schools, the ratio was gradually increasing. Most of them were nearly leaving without certain practical use because of inaccessibility and low degree of diversion. The characteristic about diversion of surplus classroom was shown to change from special or learning room to living-related room and management-related room in order, finally, it was used a room for child care with a lapse of time. Long-tenn and continuous data accumulation for diversion and utilization of surplus classroom should be required.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.482-486
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• 2013

Assessment of nutrient balance in region unit is important to make a decision on nutrient management in agriculture. In this study, the nutrient demand in arable land and nutrient supply from livestock manure and chemical fertilizer were estimated from pig-concentrated areas. Three regions (H, I and J) were selected on the basis of pig numbers per unit area of arable land. In H and I regions, nitrogen amount from pig manure occupied about 50% of total livestock manure. Nutrient supply was three times higher compared to the nutrient demand in each of 3 regions. Soil available phosphate of higher pig-populated area in regional unit was higher than less populated livestock area. Therefore, livestock manure-derived regional management and monitoring of soil nutrient contents is necessary for the minimization and improvement of nutrient surplus.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2008

This paper aims at estimating consumer surplus for recreational sea fishing in Tongyeong coastal area using individual travel cost method. A Poisson model (PM), a negative binomial model (NBM), a truncated Poisson model (TPM), and a truncated negative binomial model (TNBM) are applied for individual travel cost method in order to account characteristics of count data (non-negative discrete data.) The survey was conducted for 462 inshore anglers using personal interview method in Tongyeong during July and October 2007. Respondents were asked about how often they do fishing, travel costs, catch, income, and so on. Because of over-dispersion problem in PM and TPM, NBM and TNBM were considered to be more appropriate statistically. All parameters estimated are statistically significant and theoretically valid. As the results based on TNBM, consumer surplus per trip was estimated to be 183,486 won, total consumer surplus per person and per year 3,399,658 won, and the marginal effect of consumer surplus on % changes in catch rate is 185,372 won.

• 에너지공학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2012

Electricity is the basic building block of economic development, and constitutes one of the vital infra-structural inputs in socio-economic development. The demand for electricity has been increasing due to extensive urbanization, industrialization, and a rise in the standard of living, as is the case with residential electricity consumption. This paper attempts to estimate the consumer surplus and the economic value of the residential consumption of electricity in Seoul to assist in decision-making in electricity management. The estimated consumer surplus represents the value of the area under the demand curve, above the actual price that is paid for residential electricity consumption. The estimated annual consumer surplus and economic value for the year 2005 amount to 2,144.7 and 3,727.4 billion won, respectively. The estimates per kWh were 184.9 and 316.0 won, respectively, which imply that the consumer surplus and the economic value of residential electricity consumption significantly outweigh the average price of electricity in 2005 of 91.1 won per kWh.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.1057-1066
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• 2006

용수는 인간의 생존과 산업생산에 있어서 필수적인 투입요소이다. 용수공급을 위해서는 많은 비용이 소요되지만 경제적 편익도 발생하며, 이에 대한 정보는 용수공급사업의 평가에서 중요하게 활용된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 서울시 가정용수 공급으로 인해 발생하는 경제적 편익을 추정하고자 한다. 특히 2001년부터 2004년까지의 기간을 대상으로 하여, 서울시 11개 수도사업소별로 연도별 소비자 잉여 및 경제적 가치를 추정한다. 소비자 잉여의 계산 과정에서 필요한 가격탄력성에 대한 정보는 서울시 가정용수 수요함수를 직접 추정하여 구했으며, 소비자 잉여의 계산은 최근에 개발된 산식을 이용한다. 서울시 가정용수 수요의 가격탄력성은 -0.810 및 -1.011이였으며, 이를 이용하여 계산된 소비자 잉여와 경제적 가치는 2003년의 경우 각각 1,319억원에서 1,646억원 및 3,986억원에서 4,313억원에 달한다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2013

본 연구는 주간동안 온실 내에서 발생되는 잉여 태양에너지 축열 시스템 설계에 필요한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 확보한 표준기상년 데이터를 이용하여 벤로형 온실을 대상으로 잉여 태양에너지를 분석하였다. 파프리카의 경우, 지역별 난방부하는 제주, 진주 및 대관령지역에 대해 각각 약 1,107.8GJ, 1,010.0GJ 및 3,118.5GJ로 분석되었다. 잉여 태양에너지의 경우, 제주지역 1,845.4GJ, 진주지역 1,881.8GJ, 대관령지역은 2,061.8GJ로 나타나 대관령지역이 제주 및 진주지역에 비해 각각 11.7% 및 9.6% 정도 크게 나타났다. 국화의 경우, 지역별 난방부하는 제주지역 1,202.5GJ, 진주지역 1,042.0GJ, 대관령지역은 3,288.6GJ 정도인 것으로 분석되었으며 지역별 차이는 파프리카의 경우와 유사였다. 잉여 태양에너지는 제주, 진주 및 대관령지역에 대해 각각 1,435.2GJ, 1,536.2GJ, 및 1,734.6GJ로 나타나 대관령 지역이 제주 및 진주지역에 비해 각각 20.9% 및 12.9% 정도 크게 나타났다. 파프리카를 재배하는 경우가 국화에 비해 상대적으로 지역에 관계없이 난방에너지가 차지하는 비중은 적고 잉여 태양에너지는 많은 경향이 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 대관령지역을 제외하면 잉여 태양에너지가 난방에 소요되는 에너지보다 많은 것을 알 수 있다. 소요 난방에너지는 지역 및 재배작물별로 다소 차이는 있지만, 오이가 일반적으로 많게 나타났으며, 그 다음으로 국화 및 파프리카 순이었다. 잉여 태양에너지는 대체적으로 파프리카, 오이 및 국화 순으로 많게 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2001

Sword bean belongs to the subgenus Canavalia in the genus Canavalia. White and reddish varieties in sword bean were tested to obtain the basic information for improving the yield, quality, and cultural environments through the quantitative growth analysis. Growing plants were sampled at intervals of 10 days from 20 days after sowing. Whole plant weight increased during the period of 11-20 days after sowing in both varieties. The weight of each organ between two varieties increased similarly except leaf area. Whole plant weight changed more close to pod weight than any other characters. The leaf areas of both varieties increased from 50 days after sowing, var. white displayed S type curved line but var. reddish displayed slow S type curved line. The SGR of whole plant weight in both varieties had 3 maxima and 2 minima, 3 maxima and first minimum were shown at the same period but the second minimum was shown at different period. Both varieties showed bimodal curved line. All SGR of each organ and leaf area were shown the 2 maxima and 1 minimum in both varieties. The changes of SLA and LAR were not remarkable between two varieties but these were united together with the maximum of whole plant weight and root weight. ULWR and ULWR were shown similar in both varieties. Reddish variety was more prosperous in early growth stage than white variety because SLA, LAR and LWR were high. In surplus weight, both varieties increased rapidly during the period of 111-120 days after sowing that was applicable to the maximum SGR of pod weight. Surplus weight of var. white increased markedly during the same period comparing those of var. reddish.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2009년도 학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.641-646
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• 2009

This study examines the effects of water shortage on agricultural wages in Northwest Bangladesh. For this study, meteorological data including information on the monthly temperature, precipitation, wind speed, hour of sunshine and humidity of six weather stations have been utilized during the monitoring period from 1985 to 2005. With the objective to analyze water surplus and water deficiency, a simple soil-water balance model and the modified Penman formula were applied to the Northwest Bangladesh. The seasonality of Mann-Kendell trend statistics has been used to identify the spatial variation of water surplus and deficiency throughout the region. For micro level verification of the result, a detailed field survey has been conducted within the study area. The results showed that the values of the potential evapotranspiration estimated by the modified Penmen equation were negative for certain periods. In this instance, the water deficiency of the district of Rajshahi was observed significantly in the period of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The field study also verified that because of such deficiency in water, the agricultural scenario of the area was widely influenced which lead to less agricultural production and less economic benefits.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2010

Biofuel based on available biomass in rural area could contribute to increase the vitality and income of rural residents. This study estimates the potential production and environmental benefits of biofuel production from surplus rice, rice straw, cow manure, and food waste in South Korea. We could produce about 2.4 billion liters of ethanol using surplus rice and rice straw and 841 million $m^3$ of methane from cow manure and food waste. 1.7 billion liters of gasoline and 800 million liters of diesel could be replaced with these potential biofuel productions, which can annually reduce 4.9 million ton $CO_2$ eq. GHGs.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.39-55
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• 2016

The rapid expansion of China's trade surplus since the mid-eighties and picking up until the onset of 2008-09 global financial crisis has been a key development in the world economy. While growing trade surplus of China has been viewed with cynicism borne out of an undervalued Yuan and for having being a member of WTO since 2001, many others argue that China's trade surplus reflect changes in China's economic and trade structure and associated shifts in its role within regional and global production chains. We address this issue by analyzing: (i) China's growing and changing trade structure as well as changing structure of trade surplus with the rest of the world, USA, Europe, Japan and rest of Asia, (ii) China's revealed comparative advantage (RCA) with the rest of the world, and (iii) how China's trade policies resulted into a shift in China's trade structure. We find that, not only China has made significant inroads in the world trade since its admission to WTO, but also there has been a noticeable shift in China's trade structure with specialization in high-end technology industries wherein China's exports aided by a well calibrated FDI policy.