• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.551-569
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• 2020

Vibration of vertically aligned-monolayered-nonuniform nanorods consist of functionally graded materials with elastic supports has not been investigated yet. To fill this gap, the problem is examined using the elasticity theories of Eringen and Gurtin-Murdoch. The geometrical and mechanical properties of the surface layer and the bulk are allowed to vary arbitrarily across the length. The nonlocal-surface energy-based governing equations are established using differential-type and integro-type formulations, and solved by employing the Galerkin method by exploiting admissible modes approach and element-free Galerkin (EFG). Through various comparison studies, the effectiveness of the EFG in capturing both nonlocal-differential/integro-based frequencies is proved. A constructive parametric study is also conducted, and the roles of nanorods' diameter, length, stiffness of both inter-rod's elastic layer and elastic supports, power-law index of both constituent materials and geometry, nonlocal and surface effects on the dominant frequencies are revealed.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.552-552
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• 2013

In our study we consider Al2O3 ceramic substrates for Plasma Surface Treatments in order to improve deposited diamond surface and increase diamond deposition rate by applying DBD (Dielectric Barrier Dischrge) system. Because Plasma Surface Treatments was used as a modification method of material surface properties like surface free energy, wettability, and adhesion. By applying Plasma Surface Treatments diamond films are deposited on the Al2O3 ceramic substrates. DC Arc Plasmatron with mathane and hydrogen gases is used. Deposited diamond films are investigated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) and XRD (X-ray Diffractometer). Then the C-H stretching of synthetic diamond films by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is studied. As a result, nanocrystalline diamond films were identified by using SEM and diamond properties in XRD peaks at (111, $43.8{\Box}$, (220, $75.3{\Box}$ and (311, $90.4{\Box}$ were shown. Absorption peaks in FTIR spectrum, caused by CHx sp3 bond stretching of CVD diamond films, were identified as well. Finally, we improved such parameters as depostion rate ($2.3{\mu}m$/h), diamond surface uniformity, and impurities level by applying Plasma Surface Treatments. These experimental results show the importance of Plasma Surface Treatments for diamond deposition by a plasma source.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.526-532
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• 2016

In this study, we synthesized a mediator immobilized biocatalyst([FCA/GOx]/PEI/CNT) by surface modification using ferrocene carboxylic acid(FCA), and evaluated its performance as anode catalyst for biofuel cell. Through the application of FCA on glucose oxidase (GOx), the free amine groups on the lysine residue of GOx surface reacted with carboxylic acid of FCA and make amide bond between GOx and FCA. As the result of that, the electron transfer of catalyst was increased up to 1.91 times($0.468mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$) than the catalyst without surface modification (GOx/PEI/CNT), and high maxium power density of $1.79mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ was gained.

• 공업화학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 폴리메틸메타아크릴에이트(polymethylmethacrylate : PMMA) 표면을 친수성으로 개질하기 위하여 불소와 산소의 혼합비율을 변수로 하여 함산소불소화를 실시하였다. 함산소불소화 처리 된 PMMA 표면 및 광투과 특성을 접촉각, 표면자유에너지. X-ray 광전자 분광기(XPS), UV-Vis 분광기를 통하여 분석하였다. 함산소불소화 처리된 PMMA의 표면은 친수화 되어 물 접촉각이 $69^{\circ}$에서 $44^{\circ}$로 감소하였다. 또한 PMMA의 표면자유에너지가 $46\;mN\;m^{-1}$ 에서 $58\;mN\;m^{-1}$로 증가하였다. 이는 함산소불소화를 통한 PMMA표면에 친수성 관능기의 형성으로 기인하였다. 또한, XPS 분석 결과로부터 함산소불소화 처리 시 PMMA 표면에 O/C비율이 증가하였고, 불소 부분압이 증가할수록 친수성을 나타내는 C-OH 결합의 �t량이 6.7%에서 24.8%로 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 함산소불소화 조건(상온, 총압 1 bar, 불소 및 산소 혼합비 5 : 5)에서는 함산소불소화가 PMMA의 광투과 특성에 영향을 주지 않으면서도 그 표면특성이 개선됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이 결과로부터 함산소불소화는 PMMA 표면을 친수성으로 개질하는데 효과적인 방법으로 기대된다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.12-22
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• 2004

라디오 주파수(13.56 MHz) 무전극 종형 플라즈마 반응기를 이용하여 천연고무 가교체의 표면을 클로로디플루오로메탄으로 처리하였다. FT-적외선 분광분석으로 표면개질 정도를 정성적으로 조사하였다. 플라즈마 처리표면의 마찰힘은 플라즈마 처리시간 증가에 따라 감소하였다. 고무표면에 에틸렌글리콜과 물을 떨어뜨려 접촉각을 측정한 결과 플라즈마 처리에 따라 감소하는 것으로 미루어 플라즈마 개질에 따라 표면극성이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 유리판 표면을 동일조건으로 플라즈마 처리한 경우는 극성의 감소만이 확인되었다. 표면자유에너지의 London 비극성 및 극성요소를 계산하는데 있어서 기하평균법과 조화평균법이 유용한 것으로 확인되었다. 평균방법에 관계없이 플라즈마 처리시간이 증가함에 따라 표면자유에너지는 증가하였다 그러나 조화평균법으로 계산된 자유에너지가 기하평균법으로 계산된 값에 비해 상대적으로 높았다. 플라즈마 표면개질은 마찰의 계면, 히스테리시스, 점성요소들에 영향을 미침으로써 마찰계수를 변화시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.296-304
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• 2021

Research on the development of marine renewable energy is actively in progress. Various studies are being conducted on the development of wave energy converters. In this study, a numerical analysis of wave-energy extraction performance was performed according to the body shape and scale of the sloped oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC), which can be connected with the breakwater. The sloped OWC WEC was modeled in the time domain using a two-dimensional fully nonlinear numerical wave tank. The nonlinear free surface condition in the chamber was derived to represent the pneumatic pressure owing to the wave column motion and viscous energy loss at the chamber entrance. The free surface elevations in the sloped chamber were calculated at various incident wave periods. For verification, the results were compared with the 1:20 scaled model test. The maximum wave energy extraction was estimated with a pneumatic damping coefficient. To calculate the energy extraction of the actual size WEC, OWC models approximately 20 times larger than the scale model were calculated, and the viscous damping coefficient according to each size was predicted and applied. It was verified that the energy, owing to the airflow in the chamber, increased as the incident wave period increased, and the maximum efficiency of energy extraction was approximately 40% of the incident wave energy. Under the given incident wave conditions, the maximum extractable wave power at a chamber length of 5 m and a skirt draft of 2 m was approximately 4.59 kW/m.

• Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2015

This paper proposes a novel method for shape design of a Bezier surface with given boundary curves. The surface is defined as the minimizer of an extended membrane functional or an extended thin plate functional under the guidance of a specified normal field together with an initial prescribed surface. For given boundary curves and the guiding normal field, the free coefficients of a Bezier surface are obtained by solving a linear system. Unlike previous PDE based surface modeling techniques which construct surfaces just from boundaries, our proposed method can be used to generate smooth and fair surfaces that even follow a specified normal field. Several interesting examples are given to demonstrate the applications of the proposed method in geometric modeling.

• 센서학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.214-217
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• 2022

The effect of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) treatment with O₂ gas on the surface properties of poly(ether sulfone) (PES) was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the chemical characteristics of the O₂ plasma-treated PES films. The surface roughness of the pristine and O₂ plasma-treated PES films for different RF powers of the ICP was determined using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The contact angles of the PES films were also measured, using which the surface free energies were calculated. The O1s XPS spectra of the PES films revealed that the number of polar functional groups increased following the O₂ plasma treatment. The AFM analysis showed the average surface roughness increased from 1.01 to 4.48 nm as the RF power of the ICP was increased. The contact angle measurements revealed that the PES films became more hydrophilic as the RF power of the ICP was increased. The total surface energy increased with the RF power of the ICP, resulting from the increased polar energy component.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.281-290
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• 2012

Hydrodynamic analysis of a surface-piercing body with an open chamber was performed with incident regular waves and forced-heaving body motions. The floating body was simulated in the time domain using a 2D fully nonlinear numerical wave tank (NWT) technique based on potential theory. This paper focuses on the hydrodynamic behavior of the free surfaces inside the chamber for various input conditions, including a two-input system: both incident wave profiles and forced body velocities were implemented in order to calculate the maximum surface elevations for the respective inputs and evaluate their interactions. An appropriate equivalent linear or quadratic viscous damping coefficient, which was selected from experimental data, was employed on the free surface boundary inside the chamber to account for the viscous energy loss on the system. Then a comprehensive parametric study was performed to investigate the nonlinear behavior of the wave-body interaction.

• 폴리머
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2004

토코페롤을 함유하는 폴리($\varepsilon$-카프로락톤)(PCL) 마이크로캡슐은 액중건조법에 의하여 제조하였고, 제조 조건에 따른 마이크로캡슐의 특성과 PCL 필름을 사용하여 PCL의 분해거동을 측정하였다 제조된 마이크로캡슐의 크기 및 형태와 구조적 특성은 각각 SEM과 XRD를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 또한, 접촉각 측정을 통하여 심물질의 농도에 따른 마이크로캡슐의 표면자유에너지를 측정하였다. 실험결과, 마이크로캡슐은 유화제로 폴리(비닐 알코올)을 사용한 경우 안정된 구형의 마이크로캡슐이 형성되었고, 마이크로캡슐의 표면자유에너지와 PCL의 결정성은 감소하고, PCL 필름은 악 21일 후 분해가 시작되었다. 토코페롤의 방출특성은 UV/vis.에 의하여 측정하였으며, 마이크로캡슐의 방출속도는 교반속도의 증가와 함께 증가하였다. 이는 교반속도의 증가와 함께 감소된 마이크로캡슐 입자 크기에 의한 방출용액과 마이크로캡슐 사이의 계면의 증가에 의한 것으로 판단된다.